During the second half of 2024, X (formerly Twitter) received 97,006 removal requests from government entities. In October 2022, Elon Musk acquired Twitter for 44 billion US dollars. As a result of the deal, the company was taken off the stock market and no transparency reports were available in 2022 and 2023.

High Frequency Indicator: This dataset compiles year- and month-wise data from 2021 to the present on the number and distribution of user grievances received by X (formerly Twitter), along with the actions taken by the platform. The data is based on the monthly transparency reports published under Rule 4(1)(d) of the Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021.

From June 2021 to August 2025, X reported grievance data in absolute numbers across various categories such as illegal activities, IP-related infringements, Abuse/Harassment, Child Sexual Exploitation, Defamation, Hateful Conduct, Impersonation, Misinformation, etc. During this period, the dataset reflects these absolute values directly.

Beginning September 2025, X discontinued reporting grievance counts by category in absolute numbers and instead published percentage share distributions of grievances and URLs actioned. The transparency reports continued to provide the total number of grievances received and total URLs actioned, from which the dataset estimates the absolute category-wise values by applying the reported percentage shares. Additionally, for comparability across the entire time series, percentage shares for months prior to September 2025 have been computed based on the reported absolute values.

General description

This data file is a compilation of national greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) inventories, sourced from the Common Reporting Tables (CRTs) that countries submit to the UNFCCC. The CRTs themselves require significant manipulation before one can begin any data analysis. The objective of this dataset is therefore to put the national inventories into a tidy, consistent format that better suits user needs. I sourced the original CRT files from the UNFCCC (e.g. https://unfccc.int/ghg-inventories-annex-i-parties/2024; https://unfccc.int/first-biennial-transparency-reports) and reformatted their summary reports into a single tidy, structured data table.

Data structure

The national GHG inventories provide emissions estimates along four dimensions: countries x years x sectors x gases.

Countries: currently only Annex I countries consistently submit CRTs each year. Non-Annex I countries submit at irregular intervals, although this may change. Recently there have also been significant delays in submissions as as countries move to the new reporting format. The full list of countries covered and associated files is in the "countries" tab of the spreadsheet.

Years: reporting starts in 1990 and runs until two years prior to the publication of each inventory (e.g. inventories submitted in 2024 report up to 2022).

Sectors: emissions are split into sectors as set out by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Task Force on National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (TFI). The six main sectors are (1) Energy, (2) Industrial processes and product use, (3) Agriculture, (4) Land use, land-use change and forestry, (5) Waste, and (6) Other. A general description of the sectors is available in the TFI guidance. In this data file the five high level sectors are split into 41 individual categories, which is the most detailed level of reporting provided in the CRT summary sheets. I have included only the data from "leaf nodes" in the sector hierarchy, which are sectors that have no further child sectors. This means that you can safely sum up all sectors for each country without double counting. The higher level sector categories are provided as variables for convenient aggregation. The "sector" tab of the spreadsheet shows which sectors are included and how they fit into the TFI hierarchy. Memo items like international bunkers are provided as a separate tab in the data files (currently with emissions values for all available levels of the hierarchy).

Gases: countries report emissions from CO2, CH4, N2O and F-gases (HFCs, PFCs, NF3, SF6). I have converted emissions from the different gases to CO2 equivalents using global warming potentials with a 100 year time horizon from the IPCC 5th Assessment Report (GWP100 AR5). More recent GWP100 values have been published in the IPCC AR6, but I have not yet figured out if it is possible to extract F-gases from every CRT in original units, which would be necessary to update the values. CH4 and N2O can be reconverted into their original units by dividing by 28 and 265, respectively. A full list of global warming potentials can be found here.

What can I use this data for?

The national GHG inventories are a formal part of the Paris Agreement and are intended to facilitate the tracking of progress towards national and global climate objectives. As such this data can be used to evaluate whether or not countries are progressing towards their stated goals (e.g. the NDCs and long-term net zero targets). It can also be used for a wide range of other applications, such as to track the effectiveness and outcomes of different policy interventions. Finally, it provides insight on which countries have fulfilled their obligations under Paris to submit timely and complete Biennial Transparency Reports.

The dataset is currently not complete for all countries. It is therefore not suited to tracking total global GHG emissions. For that purpose, I recommend to use one of the other 3rd party datasets such as EDGAR, PRIMAP, CEDS, or the Global Carbon Budget for CO2 emissions.

Note that there is also an ongoing debate on the differences between national inventory reporting of LULUCF emissions and removals versus estimates from global bookkeeping models. This has significant implications for national and global net zero targets. It is important to be aware of those nuances when using national inventory LULUCF data.

Summary figures

You can find here: https://lambwf.github.io/Tidy-GHG-Inventories/

Potential future updates

Country coverage: I will semi-regularly check the UNFCCC submissions and include new CRTs as they are released.

Activity data: The CRTs contain underlying data on activities, fuel use and emissions factors. These are especially useful for tracking changes and attributing the impacts of policies. I may start to include these in future versions as a separate sheet.

Code availability

The Github repository is here: https://github.com/lambwf/Tidy-GHG-Inventories/

And the main script for extracting CRTs is here: https://github.com/lambwf/Tidy-GHG-Inventories/blob/main/read_crts.Rmd

Changelog

v1.0

The data is now available in two sheets: a "long" and a "wide" version.

The European Union has been created from individual national sheets of the EU-28, as it has not yet submitted a CRT.

The data now includes memo items (e.g. intl. bunkers, multilateral operations, etc.) as a separate tab.

3 countries are currently excluded as they submitted non-standard CRTs (e.g. they have missing sheets or different layouts): Tunisia, Venezuela and Zimbabwe

78 countries are available as of this version.

v0.3

10 new countries added with recent CRTs

There is now an issue with Ghana: totals do not match the bottom up accounts. Reason currently unknown.

v0.2

13 new countries added with recent CRTs

Fixed an issue where N2O emissions on unspecified managed soils were not included in bottom-up estimates for several countries. This required creating a new category in the LULUCF sector with the sector code "4.x." to capture the residual emissions here.

Fixed an issue where reported "Unspecified mix of HFCs and PFCs" were not included

Global x market size 2025 was XX Million. x Industry compound annual growth rate (CAGR) will be XX% from 2025 till 2033.

High Frequency Indicator: The dataset contains year- and month-wise compiled data from the year 2021 to till date on number general queries received by X (Twitter) about its user accounts.

The data compiled is based on the monthly transparency reports published by Koo in accordance with Rule 4(1)(d) of the Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021 (IT Rules, 2021)

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Request Dear Information Team, This is an information request relating to losses and special payments. Please include the information for each of the following periods; 2018-19, 2019-20 and 2020-21: * The total number of cases of losses in each year. * The total cost of losses in each year. * An itemisation of each loss including what it was for and how much it cost. * The total number of special payments in each year. * The total value of special payments in each year. * An itemisation of each special payment including what it was for and how much it cost ##Response ###2019-20 and 2020-21 The information you requested is being withheld as it falls under the exemption in section 22(1) of the Freedom of Information Act. In applying this exemption we have balanced the public interest in withholding the information against the public interest in disclosing the information. The below web link sets out the exemption in full. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2000/36/section/22 Please see the below factors in favour of maintaining the exemption, and in favour disclosure of the information. ###Factors for Disclosure Public Accountability/transparency in relation to information on public funds. ###Factors for withholding * An audit by the National Audit Office is on-going, in relation to the financial information which will be included in our Annual Report and Accounts. Disclosure of the information prior to conclusion of those audits could prejudice those audits. * This is work in progress and has not been completed, the incremental advantage to releasing this information now (rather than upon the planned publication date) is outweighed by the fact that the plans have not been finalised and may be subject to significant change and therefore it is inappropriate to disclose at the present time. * The information could be used to produce a news article which later proves to be an incorrect/inaccurate reflection of the final approved figures. * Transparency will be achieved when the data is published in the annual reports Based on the above, I consider that the advantage to releasing this information now (rather than upon the planned publication) is outweighed by the potential prejudice to the audit process, and the completeness and consistency of the data provided. Although an exact date for publication of the annual reports has yet to be agreed, it is hoped that the reports containing the requested information will be published later this year. Please keep checking at the below web link for updates: https://www.nhsbsa.nhs.uk/what-we-do/strategy-business-plan-and-annual-report ###2018-19 Under Section 21 of the Act, we are not required to provide information in response to a request if it is already reasonably accessible to you. Total value of, and number of, losses and special payments are available in our annual report and accounts, published at the below web link: https://www.nhsbsa.nhs.uk/sites/default/files/2020-01/NHSBSA%20Annual%20Report%202018-19%20%28V1%29%20Online%20-%2001.2020.pdf Details of losses and special payments can be found in table 24, on page 77 of the report. ###Itemisation of Losses Please be aware that I have decided not to release an itemised list of each loss as this information relates to an identifiable individual customer. There this information falls under the exemption in Section 40 subsections 2 and 3(A)(a) of the Freedom of Information Act. This is because it would breach the first data protection principle as: a) It is not fair to disclose these people's personal details to the world and is likely to cause damage or distress to our customers. b) These details are not of sufficient interest to the public to warrant an intrusion into the privacy of those customers. Although the figures which will be published for 2019-20 and 2020-21 will not include the itemised list requested, the itemisation is being refused for the same reasons outlined above. Please click the below web link to see the exemption in full. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2000/36/section/40 ###Itemisation of Special Payments Please note that for the same reasons outlined above, we are unable to disclose an itemised list of special payments. However, some figures in our itemised list of special payments are not unique to an individual. Examples of figures of payments which were not unique are as follows: PS100 x 6 PS250 x 43 PS500 x 66 PS1,000 x 13 All special payments were recorded against the category of "Ex-Gratia payment". ###Data Queries If you have any queries regarding the data provided, or if you plan on publishing the data please contact nhsbsa.foirequests@nhs.net ensuring you quote the above reference. This is important to ensure that the figures are not misunderstood or misrepresented. If you plan on producing a press or broadcast story based upon the data please contact nhsbsa.communicationsteam@nhs.net. This is important to ensure that the figures are not misunderstood or misrepresented.