AB-Testing-Project

Experiment Overview: Free Trial Screener

At the time of this experiment, Udacity courses currently have two options on the course overview page: "start the free trial", and "access course materials". If the student clicks "start the free trial", they will be asked to enter their credit card information, and then they will be enrolled in a free trial for the paid version of the course. After 14 days, they will automatically be charged unless they cancel first. If the student clicks "access course materials", they will be able to view the videos and take the quizzes for free, but they will not receive coaching support or a verified certificate, and they will not submit their final project for feedback.

In the experiment, Udacity tested a change where if the student clicked "start the free trial", they were asked how much time they had available to devote to the course. If the student indicated 5 or more hours per week, they would be taken through the checkout process as usual. If they indicated fewer than 5 hours per week, a message would appear indicating that Udacity courses usually require a greater time commitment for successful completion, and suggesting that the student might like to access the course materials for free. At this point, the student would have the option to continue enrolling in the free trial or access the course materials for free instead. This screenshot shows what the experiment looks like.

1. Experiment Design

1.1 Unit of Diversion (provided by Udacity)

The unit of diversion is a cookie, although if the student enrols in the free trial, they are tracked by user-id from that point forward. The same user-id cannot enrol in the free trial in free trial twice. For users that do not enrol, their user-id is not tracked in the experiment, even if they were signed in when they visited the course overview page.

1.2 Initial Hypothesis

The hypothesis was that this might set clearer expectations for students upfront, thus reducing the number of frustrated students who left the free trial because they didn't have enough time—without significantly reducing the number of students to continue past the free trial and eventually complete the course. If this hypothesis held true, Udacity could improve the overall student experience and improve coaches' capacity to support students who are likely to complete the course. (Provided by Udacity)

Based on the information above, we can set some initial hypothesis: (these are just iniinitial hypothesis and we will revise them further)

1. H0: the change has no effect on the number of students who enrol on the free trial.
   H1: the change reduces the number of students who enrol on the free trial.

2. H0: the change has no effect on the number of students who leave the free trial.
   H1: the change reduces the number of students who leave the free trial.

3. H0: the change has no effect on the probability of students who continue the free trial after 14 days.
   H1: the change increases the probability of students who continue the free trial after 14 days.
   (since we cannot say the number will be increased or decreased here, we use probability.)

1.3 Metric Choice

there are seven choices from Udacity below.

• Number of cookies: That is, a number of unique cookies to view the course overview page. (dmin=3000)
• Number of user-ids: That is, the number of users who enrol in the free trial. (dmin=50)
• Number of clicks: That is, the number of unique cookies to click the "Start free trial" button (which happens before the free trial screener is the trigger). (dmin=240)
• Click-through-probability: That is, the number of unique cookies to click the "Start free trial" button divided by the number of unique cookies to view the course overview page. (dmin=0.01)
• Gross conversion: That is, the number of user-number of user-ids to complete checkout and enrol in the free trial divided by the number of unique cookies to click the "Start free trial" button. (dmin= 0.01)
• Retention: That is, the number of user-ids to remain enrolled past the 14-day boundary (and thus make at least one payment) divided by the number of user-ids to complete checkout. (dmin=0.01)
• Net conversion: That is, number of user-ids to renumber of user-ids to remain enrolled past the 14-day boundary (and thus make at least one payment) divided by the number of user-ids to remain enrolled past the 14-day boundary (and thus make at least one payment) divided by the number of unique cookies to click the "Start free trial" button. (dmin= 0.0075)

dmin means the practical significance boundary for each metric, that is, the difference that would have to be observed before that was a meaningful change for the business, is given in par...

Dataset

This dataset was created by Marwan Diab

Contents

Data

Abstract

These resources comprise a large and diverse collection of multi-site, multi-modality, and multi-cancer clinical DICOM images from 538 subjects infused with synthetic PHI/PII in areas encountered by TCIA curation teams. Also provided is a TCIA-curated version of the synthetic dataset, along with mapping files for mapping identifiers between the two.

This new MIDI data resource includes DICOM datasets used in the Medical Image De-Identification Benchmark (MIDI-B) challenge at MICCAI 2024. They are accompanied by ground truth answer keys and a validation script for evaluating the effectiveness of medical image de-identification workflows. The validation script systematically assesses de-identified data against an answer key outlining appropriate actions and values for proper de-identification of medical images, promoting safer and more consistent medical image sharing.

Introduction

Medical imaging research increasingly relies on large-scale data sharing. However, reliable de-identification of DICOM images still presents significant challenges due to the wide variety of DICOM header elements and pixel data where identifiable information may be embedded. To address this, we have developed an openly accessible synthetic dataset containing artificially generated protected health information (PHI) and personally identifiable information (PII).

These resources complement our earlier work (Pseudo-PHI-DICOM-data ) hosted on The Cancer Imaging Archive. As an example of its use, we also provide a version curated by The Cancer Imaging Archive (TCIA) curation team. This resource builds upon best practices emphasized by the MIDI Task Group who underscore the importance of transparency, documentation, and reproducibility in de-identification workflows, part of the themes at recent conferences (Synapse:syn53065760) and workshops (2024 MIDI-B Challenge Workshop).

This framework enables objective benchmarking of de-identification performance, promotes transparency in compliance with regulatory standards, and supports the establishment of consistent best practices for sharing clinical imaging data. We encourage the research community to use these resources to enhance and standardize their medical image de-identification workflows.

Methods

Subject Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria

The source data were selected from imaging already hosted in de-identified form on TCIA. Imaging containing faces were excluded, and no new human studies were performed for his project.

Data Acquisition

To build the synthetic dataset, image series were selected from TCIA’s curated datasets to represent a broad range of imaging modalities (CR, CT, DX, MG, MR, PT, SR, US) , manufacturers including (GE, Siemens, Varian , Confirma, Agfa, Eigen, Elekta, Hologic, KONICA MINOLTA, others) , scan parameters, and regions of the body. These were processed to inject the synthetic PHI/PII as described.

Data Analysis

Synthetic pools of PHI, like subject and scanning institution information, were generated using the Python package Faker (https://pypi.org/project/Faker/8.10.3/). These were inserted into DICOM metadata of selected imaging files using a system of inheritable rule-based templates outlining re-identification functions for data insertion and logging for answer key creation. Text was also burned-in to the pixel data of a number of images. By systematically embedding realistic synthetic PHI into image headers and pixel data, accompanied by a detailed ground-truth answer key, our framework enables users transparency, documentation, and reproducibility in de-identification practices, aligned with the HIPAA Safe Harbor method, DICOM PS3.15 Confidentiality Profiles, and TCIA best practices.

Usage Notes

This DICOM collection is split into two datasets, synthetic and curated. The synthetic dataset is the PHI/PII infused DICOM collection accompanied by a validation script and answer keys for testing, refining and benchmarking medical image de-identification pipelines. The curated dataset is a version of the synthetic dataset curated and de-identified by members of The Cancer Imaging Archive curation team. It can be used as a guide, an example of medical image curation best practices. For the purposes of the De-Identification challenge at MICCAI 2024, the synthetic and curated datasets each contain two subsets, a portion for Validation and the other for Testing.

To link a curated dataset to the original synthetic dataset and answer keys, a mapping between the unique identifiers (UIDs) and patient IDs must be provided in CSV format to the evaluation software. We include the mapping files associated with the TCIA-curated set as an example. Lastly, for both the Validation and Testing datasets, an answer key in sqlite.db format is provided. These components are for use with the Python validation script linked below (4). Combining these components, a user developing or evaluating de-identification methods can ensure they meet a specification for successfully de-identifying medical image data.

Robotic Asphalt Density Testing Market Outlook

As per our latest research, the global robotic asphalt density testing market size reached USD 420 million in 2024, reflecting a robust surge in adoption across infrastructure projects worldwide. The market is projected to expand at a CAGR of 10.8% during the forecast period, with the market size forecasted to reach USD 1,034 million by 2033. This significant growth is primarily driven by increasing demand for automation and precision in road construction and maintenance, as well as stringent government regulations regarding pavement quality and safety.

The rapid growth of the robotic asphalt density testing market is fueled by the urgent need for enhanced accuracy and consistency in quality control processes within the construction sector. Traditional manual testing methods are often time-consuming, labor-intensive, and susceptible to human error, which can compromise the integrity of road surfaces and lead to costly repairs. Robotic systems, on the other hand, offer automated, non-destructive, and highly repeatable testing capabilities, ensuring that asphalt compaction meets regulatory standards. The integration of advanced sensors and real-time data analytics in these robotic solutions enables construction companies to optimize their workflows, reduce project timelines, and minimize operational costs, further accelerating market expansion.

Another key growth driver is the growing emphasis on infrastructure modernization and expansion, particularly in emerging economies. Governments worldwide are investing heavily in upgrading transportation networks, including roads, highways, airport runways, and parking lots, to support economic development and urbanization. These large-scale projects require high levels of quality assurance and documentation, making robotic asphalt density testing systems indispensable for contractors and government agencies alike. Moreover, the ability of robotic testers to operate efficiently in challenging environments and deliver consistent results has made them a preferred choice for projects where reliability and safety are paramount.

Technological advancements in the field of robotics and material testing have also played a pivotal role in the market's upward trajectory. The introduction of portable robotic testers, fixed robotic systems, and integrated solutions equipped with nuclear, non-nuclear, and electromagnetic technologies has diversified the product landscape, catering to a broad spectrum of applications and end-users. The continuous evolution of these technologies, coupled with the integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning for predictive maintenance and data-driven decision-making, is expected to further enhance the performance and adoption of robotic asphalt density testing solutions across the globe.

From a regional perspective, North America currently dominates the robotic asphalt density testing market, accounting for the largest share in 2024. This is attributed to the region’s well-established infrastructure, early adoption of automation technologies, and stringent regulatory standards for road construction. However, the Asia Pacific region is anticipated to witness the fastest growth over the forecast period, fueled by rapid urbanization, increasing government investments in infrastructure, and rising awareness about the benefits of robotic testing solutions. Europe and the Middle East & Africa are also poised for steady growth, supported by ongoing infrastructure development and modernization initiatives.

Product Type Analysis

The product type segment in the robotic asphalt density testing market encompasses portable robotic testers, fixed robotic systems, and integrated robotic solutions. Portable robotic testers are gaining significant traction due to their flexibility, ease of deployment, and suitability for on-site testing in diverse environments. These compact devices are designed to be easily transported and operated by construction crews, enabling real-time density measurements during various stages of road construction and maintenance. Their portability not only enhances productivity but also reduces downtime, making them an attractive option for contractors aiming to optimize resource utilization and project timelines.

Fixed robotic systems, on the other hand, are typically installed at centralized testing faci

The global Hepatitis B Test Kit market is experiencing robust growth, driven by increasing prevalence of Hepatitis B virus infections worldwide, rising awareness about the disease, and expanding screening programs. The market size in 2025 is estimated at $2.5 billion, reflecting a significant increase from previous years. Considering a conservative Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 7% (a figure reflective of similar diagnostic markets), we project the market to reach approximately $4.2 billion by 2033. This growth is fueled by several key factors: advancements in diagnostic technology leading to more accurate, rapid, and cost-effective tests; increased government initiatives promoting Hepatitis B vaccination and screening; and the growing adoption of point-of-care testing enabling faster diagnosis in underserved regions. However, certain factors may constrain market growth. These include the high cost of sophisticated diagnostic equipment, particularly in low-income countries, and the potential for the emergence of resistant strains of the Hepatitis B virus which may necessitate the development of new diagnostic tools. The market is segmented by test type (ELISA, chemiluminescence, rapid diagnostic tests), end-user (hospitals, clinics, diagnostic laboratories), and geographic regions. Major players like DiaSorin, JAL Medical, Fujirebio, and others are actively engaged in research and development, contributing to the market's evolution through innovations in test accuracy and accessibility. The competitive landscape is characterized by both established players and emerging companies, resulting in a dynamic market with ongoing innovation and expansion.

The Vegetation Conduction Ignition Test Program was established by the Powerline Bushfire Safety Program (PBSP) as a limited duration research project. In May 2013, the PBSP sponsored a workshop of …Show full descriptionThe Vegetation Conduction Ignition Test Program was established by the Powerline Bushfire Safety Program (PBSP) as a limited duration research project. In May 2013, the PBSP sponsored a workshop of government and industry stakeholders and research institutions to identify priority research areas. Research into vegetation conduction ignition was identified as a high priority. The PBSP subsequently established the vegetation conduction ignition test program to: · Better understand bushfire ignition processes in powerline faults that involve vegetation – in particular, identify any ‘worst case’ species suitable for use in subsequent tests of powerline protection technologies; and · Create a reference data base of fault signatures for vegetation conduction faults with the aim of supporting development of improved fault detection technologies. The vegetation conduction ignition tests complement earlier test programs that studied arc-ignition, both in metal-to-metal earth faults near vegetation and in ‘wire on ground’ earth faults. In detail, the objectives of the vegetation conduction ignition test program were to: Identify the species of trees, bushes and grasses that represent the highest fire risk from electrical conduction; Identify the risk posed by smouldering material or flames due to volatile vapours produced during the conduction of electricity; Identify how this risk varies over a summer period due to the vegetation drying; Identify how this risk varies with wind speed; Record the electrical signatures of many different vegetation contacts and fire starts for future electrical signature recognition research; and Develop a list of worst case vegetation and the test conditions for use in further testing of powerline protection systems. The vegetation conditions assumed for the testing were those that exist on days of high buhshfire risk plus any variations that may be caused by other factors such as long periods of drought. A large data base of fault signature records was successfully gathered during the test program, including low-noise wide-band recordings of network voltage and vegetation fault current. The fault signature data base produced in the test program comprises about 50,000 files totalling more than 300GB of data. The 1038 tests generated a large amount of data – test logs, visible and infrared video files, low and high frequency voltage and current records, laboratory analysis records, sample collection and storage records. Usage Tips: Refer to the Vegetation Ignition Test Report appendicies A,B,C and G for further detail on the recording approach and how the MatLab charts were developed. To access the files, you should first use the Fault Signature Basic Run Sheet as a navigation tool to select a suitable test. Each .pnrf file contains all the sampled voltages and currents for a particular test. Once you have the test number, you can open the ‘Gen3i data files’ folder and open the corresponding test file using the Perception Free Viewer (available at www.hbm.com), e.g. the test file for Test 123 is file VT123.pnrf, etc. Selected samples can be exported from the viewer to an Excel spreadsheet (or other format) if required. To view the 'tdms' files (in the IND data folder) you will need to download LabView (or a similar software) - (available at www.ni.com/download-labview) If you would like to discuss this data with the PBSP, please email fault.signature@ecodev.vic.gov.au

Solar PV Module Testing Service Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global Solar PV Module Testing Service market size was valued at USD 1.54 billion in 2024. The market is projected to reach USD 3.41 billion by 2033, expanding at a robust CAGR of 9.2% during the forecast period. The primary growth factor driving this market is the increasing deployment of solar energy solutions worldwide, coupled with stringent regulatory standards and the growing emphasis on quality assurance for solar photovoltaic (PV) modules.

The ongoing transition toward renewable energy sources has been a key catalyst for the expansion of the Solar PV Module Testing Service market. Governments across the globe are implementing ambitious solar energy targets and offering incentives to promote solar installations. This shift has led to a surge in the production and deployment of solar PV modules, necessitating rigorous testing to ensure performance, reliability, and safety. As manufacturers strive to differentiate their products and comply with international standards, the demand for comprehensive PV module testing services has intensified. Additionally, the increasing complexity of solar technologies, such as bifacial modules and advanced thin-film technologies, further accentuates the need for specialized testing protocols, thereby fueling market growth.

Another significant growth driver is the rising awareness among end-users and project developers regarding the long-term benefits of certified and tested solar PV modules. Solar installations represent substantial capital investments, and stakeholders are keen to mitigate risks associated with module failure, degradation, or safety issues. Testing services provide assurance regarding product quality, performance under diverse environmental conditions, and compliance with global certification requirements. This assurance not only safeguards investments but also enhances the bankability of solar projects, making them more attractive to financiers and investors. As a result, the integration of testing services into the project development lifecycle has become a standard industry practice, further propelling the Solar PV Module Testing Service market.

Technological advancements and digitalization are also playing a pivotal role in shaping the market landscape. Innovations in testing methodologies, such as advanced simulation techniques, real-time performance monitoring, and automated testing systems, are improving the accuracy and efficiency of PV module evaluations. Moreover, the advent of data analytics and IoT-enabled testing platforms allows for predictive maintenance and early fault detection, reducing downtime and operational costs. These technological enhancements are enabling service providers to offer value-added solutions, thereby expanding their customer base and reinforcing the market’s upward trajectory.

Regionally, the Asia Pacific region dominates the Solar PV Module Testing Service market, accounting for the largest share in 2024. This dominance is attributed to the region’s booming solar industry, particularly in China, India, and Southeast Asia, where massive solar installations are underway. North America and Europe are also significant contributors, driven by favorable regulatory frameworks and the presence of leading testing laboratories. Meanwhile, emerging markets in Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are witnessing accelerated growth, supported by increasing solar investments and efforts to diversify energy portfolios. The global market’s regional dynamics underscore the importance of localized testing services to address specific climatic and regulatory requirements.

Service Type Analysis

The Solar PV Module Testing Service market by service type encompasses performance testing, reliability testing, safety testing, certification testing, and other specialized services. Performance testing remains the cornerstone of the market, as it evaluates the actual energy output of PV modules

This record provides an overview of the scope and research output of NESP Marine Biodiversity Hub Project B1 - "Road testing decision support tools via case study applications". No data outputs are expected for this project. This project will deploy advances in decision-support to assist Commonwealth Marine Reserve managers progress the implementation of evidence-based adaptive management throughout the reserve estate. Two case studies will treat selected decision problems in detail. Specifically: • The identification of decision thresholds that may trigger a change in management, framed within Parks Australia’s performance monitoring template. • The prioritisation of information acquisition through research and monitoring. The two case studies involve coherent integration of ecological models, social and organisational value judgements, and economic analysis. Planned Outputs • Progress reports describing interim outcomes of the (a) decision thresholds and (b) research and monitoring prioritisation case studies. • At least two publications in high impact peer-reviewed journals. • Two final reports describing outcomes of the (a) decision thresholds and (b) research and monitoring prioritisation case studies. • At least two publications in high impact peer-reviewed journals. • Training and associated materials

Solar PV Testing Laboratory Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global Solar PV Testing Laboratory market size reached USD 1.42 billion in 2024, driven by the increasing demand for reliable and efficient solar photovoltaic (PV) systems worldwide. The market is expected to expand at a robust CAGR of 8.1% from 2025 to 2033, reaching a projected value of USD 2.74 billion by 2033. The primary growth factor fueling this market is the rapid adoption of solar energy across residential, commercial, industrial, and utility sectors, necessitating stringent testing and certification standards to ensure safety, performance, and quality compliance.

The growth trajectory of the Solar PV Testing Laboratory market is significantly influenced by the global shift towards renewable energy sources and the increasing penetration of solar PV installations. Governments and regulatory bodies across major economies are implementing strict quality assurance and safety standards for solar products, creating a compelling need for advanced testing and certification services. As the solar industry matures, stakeholders are focusing on reducing system failures and increasing the longevity of PV modules, which can only be achieved through comprehensive testing protocols. The proliferation of new solar technologies, such as bifacial modules, thin-film PV, and smart inverters, also necessitates specialized testing services, further propelling market growth.

Another critical driver for the Solar PV Testing Laboratory market is the escalating investment in solar infrastructure by both public and private entities. The expansion of utility-scale solar projects, coupled with the integration of distributed solar systems in urban and rural areas, is amplifying the demand for third-party testing laboratories. These laboratories play a pivotal role in ensuring that PV systems meet international standards such as IEC, UL, and ISO, which are prerequisites for grid connectivity and financing. The increasing focus on bankability and insurability of solar assets is encouraging project developers and manufacturers to opt for certified testing laboratories, thereby expanding the market footprint.

Technological advancements and digitalization are further shaping the landscape of the Solar PV Testing Laboratory market. The integration of data analytics, artificial intelligence, and IoT-enabled monitoring in testing procedures is enhancing the accuracy, speed, and reliability of performance and safety assessments. Laboratories are leveraging automation and remote testing capabilities to cater to a geographically diverse client base, reducing turnaround times and operational costs. The emergence of new business models, such as mobile testing labs and on-site certification services, is also contributing to the market’s evolution, making testing more accessible and cost-effective for stakeholders across the solar value chain.

Regionally, the market exhibits strong growth prospects in Asia Pacific, North America, and Europe, with Asia Pacific leading the charge due to its massive solar deployment programs and supportive policy frameworks. North America and Europe are characterized by mature regulatory environments and a high emphasis on quality assurance, while emerging markets in Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are witnessing rapid adoption of solar PV technologies, creating new opportunities for testing laboratories. The regional dynamics are influenced by factors such as government incentives, local manufacturing capabilities, and the presence of established testing infrastructure, all of which shape the competitive landscape and growth potential of the Solar PV Testing Laboratory market.

Service Type Analysis

The Service Type segment of the Solar PV Testing Laboratory market encompasses a diverse range of offerings, including Performance Testing, Safety Testing, Certification Services, Quality Assurance, and Others. Performance testing remains a cornerstone se

High-Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) Test System Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global High-Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) Test System market size reached USD 1.68 billion in 2024, reflecting a robust demand for reliable power transmission infrastructure worldwide. The market is expected to expand at a CAGR of 7.4% from 2025 to 2033, reaching a projected value of USD 3.19 billion by 2033. This growth is primarily driven by the accelerating investments in grid modernization, increasing adoption of renewable energy, and the rising need for efficient long-distance power transmission solutions. As per our latest research, the HVDC Test System market is experiencing a significant transformation, fueled by both technological advancements and global energy transition trends.

A critical growth factor for the HVDC Test System market is the escalating integration of renewable energy sources into national and cross-border power grids. The proliferation of wind, solar, and hydroelectric projects, particularly in regions with abundant natural resources but distant from consumption centers, necessitates the deployment of HVDC transmission lines. These systems require rigorous testing to ensure operational reliability and safety, thereby driving the demand for advanced HVDC test systems. Moreover, the global shift towards decarbonization and sustainable energy infrastructure is compelling utilities and grid operators to invest in state-of-the-art test equipment capable of handling higher voltages and complex network configurations. As a result, manufacturers are focusing on innovations that enhance test accuracy, reduce downtime, and comply with evolving international standards.

Another significant driver is the modernization of aging power infrastructure, especially in developed economies. Many countries are undertaking large-scale grid refurbishment projects to replace outdated alternating current (AC) transmission lines with more efficient HVDC systems. This transition is critical for minimizing transmission losses, improving grid stability, and accommodating variable renewable energy flows. The process requires comprehensive testing of new HVDC installations, including cables, transformers, and converters, to ensure seamless integration with existing networks. Consequently, there is a surge in demand for versatile HVDC test systems that can address a wide range of testing scenarios, from factory acceptance tests to on-site commissioning and maintenance.

Technological advancements in HVDC test system components, such as test transformers, measuring instruments, and control systems, are also contributing to market growth. The development of digital and automated test solutions enables real-time monitoring, data analytics, and remote diagnostics, significantly enhancing the efficiency and reliability of testing procedures. Furthermore, the adoption of modular and scalable test systems allows end-users to tailor solutions to specific project requirements, optimizing capital expenditure and operational flexibility. These innovations are particularly beneficial for industrial and research applications, where precision and adaptability are paramount.

From a regional perspective, Asia Pacific dominates the HVDC Test System market, accounting for the largest share in 2024, driven by massive investments in grid expansion and renewable energy integration in countries such as China, India, and Japan. North America and Europe follow closely, benefiting from ongoing grid modernization initiatives and the deployment of interconnectors for cross-border electricity trade. Meanwhile, Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are emerging as promising markets, supported by government-led electrification programs and the development of large-scale renewable energy projects. The regional outlook remains positive, with each region presenting unique opportunities and challenges for market participants.

Product Type Analysis

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The data have been used in an investigation for a PhD thesis in English Linguistics on similarities and differences in the use of the progressive aspect in two different language systems, English and Persian, both of which have the grammaticalised progressive. It is an application of the Heidelberg-Paris model of investigation into the impact of the progressive aspect on event conceptualisation. It builds on an analysis of single event descriptions at sentence level and re-narrations of a film clip at discourse level, as presented in von Stutterheim and Lambert (2005) DOI: 10.1515/9783110909593.203; Carroll and Lambert (2006: 54–73) http://libris.kb.se/bib/10266700; and von Stutterheim, Andermann, Carroll, Flecken & Schmiedtová (2012) DOI: 10.1515/ling-2012-0026. However, there are system-based typological differences between these two language systems due to the absence/presence of the imperfective-perfective categories, respectively. Thus, in addition to the description of the status of the progressive aspect in English and Persian and its impact on event conceptualisation, an important part of the investigation is the analysis of the L2 English speakers’ language production as the progressives in the first languages, L1s, exhibit differences in their principles of use due to the typological differences. The question of importance in the L2 context concerns the way they conceptualise ongoing events when the language systems are different, i.e. whether their language production is conceptually driven by their first language Persian.

The data consist of two data sets as the study includes two linguistic experiments, Experiment 1 and Experiment 2. The data for both experiments were collected by email. Separate forms of instructions, and language background questions were prepared for the six different informant groups, i.e. three speaker groups and two experimental tasks, as well as a Nelson English test https://www.worldcat.org/isbn/9780175551972 on the proficiency of English for Experiment 2 was selected and modified for the L2 English speaker group. Nelson English tests are published in Fowler, W.S. & Coe, N. (1976). Nelson English tests. Middlesex: Nelson and Sons. The test battery provides tests for all levels of proficiency. The graded tests are compiled in ten sets from elementary to very advanced level. Each set includes four graded tests, i.e. A, B, C, and D, resulting in 40 separate tests, each with 50 multiple-choice questions. The test entitled 250C was selected for this project. It belongs to the slot 19 out of the 40 slots of the total battery. The multiple-choice questions were checked with a native English professional and 5 inadequate questions relevant for pronunciation were omitted. In addition, a few modifications of the grammar questions were made, aiming at including questions that involve a contrast for the Persian L2 English learner with respect to the grammars of the two languages. The omissions and modifications provide an appropriate grammar test for very advanced Iranian learners of L2 English who have learnt the language in a classroom setting. The data set collected from the informants are characterised as follows: The data from Experiment 1 functions as the basis for the description of the progressive aspect in English, Persian and L2 English, while the data from Experiment 2 is the basis for the analysis of its use in a long stretch of discourse/language production for the three speaker groups. The parameters selected for the investigation comprised, first, phasal decomposition, which involves the use of the progressive in unrelated single motion events and narratives, and uses of begin/start in narratives. Second, granularity in narratives, which relates to the overall amount of language production in narratives. Third, event boundedness (encoded in the use of 2-state verbs and 1-state verbs with an endpoint adjunct) partly in single motion events and partly in temporal shift in narratives. Temporal shift is defined as follows: Events in the narrative which are bounded shift the time line via a right boundary; events with a left boundary also shift the time line, even if they are unbounded. Fourth, left boundary comprising the use of begin/start and try in narratives. Finally, temporal structuring, which involves the use of bounded versus unbounded events preceding the temporal adverbial then in narratives (The tests are described in the documentation files aspectL2English_Persian_Exp2Chi-square-tests-in-SPSS.docx and aspectL2English_Persian_Exp2Chi-square-tests-in-SPSS.rtf). In both experiments the participants watched a video, one relevant for single event descriptions, the other relevant for re-narration of a series of events. Thus, two different videos with stimuli for the different kinds of experimental tasks were used. For Experiment 1, a video of 63 short film clips presenting unrelated single events was provided by Professor Christiane von Stutterheim, Heidelberg University Language & Cognition (HULC) Lab, at Heidelberg University, German, https://www.hulclab.eu/. For Experiment 2, an animation called Quest produced by Thomas Stellmach 1996 was used. It is available online at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uTyev6OaThg. Both stimuli have been used in the previous investigations on different languages by the research groups associated with the HULC Lab. The informants were asked to describe the events seen in the stimuli videos, to record their language production and send it to the researcher. For Experiment 2, most part of the L1 English data were provided by Prof. von Stutterheim, Heidelberg University, making available 34 re-narrations of the film Quest in English. 24 of them were selected for the present investigation. The project used six different informant groups, i.e. fully separate groups for the two experiments. The data from single event descriptions in Experiment 1 were analysed quantitatively in Excel. The re-narrations of Experiment 2 were coded in NVivo 10 (2014) providing frequencies of various parametrical features (Ltd, Nv. (2014). NVivo QSR International Pty Ltd, Version 10. Doncaster, Australia: QSR International). The numbers from NVivo 10 were analysed statistically in Excel and SPSS (2017). The tools are appropriate for this research. Excel suits well for the smaller data load in Experiment 1 while NVivo 10 is practical for the large amount of data and parameters in Experiment 2. Notably, NVivo 10 enabled the analysis of the three data sets to take place in the same manner once the categories of analysis and parameters had been defined under different nodes. As the results were to be extracted in the same fashion from each data set, the L1 English data received from the Heidelberg for Experiment 2 were re-analysed according to the criteria employed in this project. Yet, the analysis in the project conforms to the criteria used earlier in the model.

# TestSmellDescriber-ReplicationPackage

1) "1_Emails-Sent-To-Participants" contains:

1. Email-WS1.docx and Email-WS1.pdf
2. Email-WS2.docx and Email-WS2.pdf

As explained in the paper the experiment was conducted offline, i.e.,
we have send via email to the participants the required experimental material
with instructions about the tasks to perform. During the tasks the participants were guided via
Google Forms (shared in the above e-mail), this also to collect information about the performed activities.
As reported in the emails we send to each participant an experiment package composed by (i) a
pre-questionnaire (to collect information about the profile and experience of each participant),
(ii) surveys with instructions and materials to perform the tasks, and (iii) a post-questionnaire.
Before the study, we explained to the participants the expected tasks:
two maintenance and evolution tasks, each involving two pairs of Java and test classes.

2) "2_Information-about-smells-and-refactoring-operations" contains,
as reported in the paper, to facilitate the two tasks "we provided
the document <"Test Smells & Refactorings.pdf"> describing the notion of a test/code smells, the types
of smells potentially affecting test cases and the recommended refactoring operations to remove them.

3) "3_Information-about-the-smells-detected" contains:
(a) "Summary for apache-ofbiz-16.11.04" contains name of all the smelly classes and name of the smell(s) each Java/test
class has.
(b) "Summary for at method level apache-ofbiz-16.11.04" contains name of the classes with name of the smelly
methods and name of the smell
each method is suffering with.

4) "4_Surveys-Sent-To-Participants" contains
the 4 surveys (in pdf format) performed by the participants.

1. Pre-Task TSD survey.pdf includes Brief Introduction of this experiment and question related to basic information of participants.
2. Task 1 TSD survey.pdf includes testing task 1, additional information to perform the task 1 and questions related to the task 1.
3. Task 2 TSD Survey.pdf includes testing task 2, additional information to perform the task 2 and questions related to the task 2.
4. Post-Task TSD survey.pdf includes questions regarding the TestSmellDescriber tools performance and usefulness, provides opportunity
to suggest modifications and questions related to consiceness, completness and precision of the whole survey and tasks.

5) "5_Templates-defined-and-used-to-generate-the-summaries".
As reported in the paper, "by leveraging the SWUM model TestSmellDescriber generates descriptions at
different levels of abstraction, as reported in Figure 1 of the paper:
- a short and long method description,
- a short and long refactoring description,
- and a quantitative description of the smell in the context of the whole project.
The descriptions are generated, as done in previous work, with natural "language templates" that are
augmented by the information that is gathered from the smell detection process.

6) "6_Working-Dataset" contains the two workspaces we gave to the participants for executing the tasks.

a) “Workspace1-Sent-To-Participants” contains the java projects we selected for our experiment;
in this case, we have selected 2 target classes, needs to be smell free, one class without
summaries and another with summaries
b) “Workspace2-Sent-To-Participants” contains the java projects we selected for our experiment;
in this case, we have selected 2 target classes, needs to be smell free, one class without
summaries and another with summaries
c) It is important to mention the test/Java classes used in the study are are located in the
workspaces in the following relative paths:
1) ...\src\framework\base\src\main\java\org\apache\ofbiz\base\util\string\test\FlexibleStringExpanderTests.java
2) ...\src\framework\base\src\main\java\org\apache\ofbiz\base\util\test\TimeDurationTests.java
3) ...\src\framework\base\src\main\java\org\apache\ofbiz\base\util\string\FlexibleStringExpander.java
4) ...\src\framework\base\src\main\java\org\apache\ofbiz\base\util\TimeDuration.java
5) ...\src\framework\base\src\main\java\org\apache\ofbiz\base\util\collections\test\FlexibleMapAccessorTests.java
6) ...\src\framework\base\src\main\java\org\apache\ofbiz\base\util\cache\test\UtilCacheTests.java
7)...\src\framework\base\src\main\java\org\apache\ofbiz\base\util\collections\FlexibleStringExpander.java
8) ...\src\framework\base\src\main\java\org\apache\ofbiz\base\util\cache\UtilCache.java

7) "7_Results-of-the-questionnaires" contains a folder "data-analysis" containing
- "data" folder which contains:
- in "figs" several figures about the main results achieved (some of them used in the paper).
- the file "full_results-testsmelldescriber-anonymized.csv" reporting all results
of the involved study participants. It was used to compute the statistics reported in the paper by using the
R script which is in the folder "R-script" (explained later in the readme file).
- "R-script" folder which contains
- "analysis.R" the script files used to computed all statistics explained in section study
and reported in the papers. The script automatically generates the figures in the folder
"data/figs".
- "summary - Post-Task TSD Survey.pdf" - It reports the summary of results of the post-experiment questionnaires
- "summary - Pre-Experiment TSD Survey.pdf" - It reports the summary of results of the pre-experiment questionnaires
- "summary---Task1-Survey.pdf" - It reports the summary of results of the of the post-task questionnaire
- "summary---Task2-Survey.pdf" - It reports the summary of results of the post-task questionnaire
- "tasks-participants" contains the information the participants provided us about the performed changes.

8) "8_TestSmellDescriber-research-prototype" contains the
prototypical version of TestSmellDescriber we used to generate the summaries
evaluated for the experiments. We provide information on how to use and run the tool
on the provided data.

The global market for COVID-19, Flu A, and Flu B antigen detection kits experienced significant growth from 2019 to 2024, driven primarily by the COVID-19 pandemic. While precise figures for market size and CAGR are unavailable in the provided data, a reasonable estimation can be made based on industry reports and market trends. Considering the substantial increase in demand during the pandemic's peak and the continued need for rapid influenza testing, we can project a 2025 market size of approximately $5 billion. This market is expected to maintain a healthy growth trajectory, albeit at a slower pace compared to the pandemic years, with a projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 8% from 2025 to 2033. This sustained growth reflects the ongoing need for rapid, point-of-care diagnostics for respiratory illnesses, particularly in healthcare settings like hospitals and clinics. The market is segmented by application (hospital, clinic, other) and test type (lateral flow immunoassay, fluorescent PCR, colloidal gold, other), with lateral flow immunoassay currently dominating due to its ease of use and cost-effectiveness. Key drivers for this market include the increasing prevalence of respiratory infections, the need for rapid diagnosis to facilitate timely treatment and infection control measures, and advancements in diagnostic technology leading to improved accuracy and sensitivity. Trends such as the development of multiplex tests capable of simultaneously detecting multiple pathogens and the integration of digital technologies for data management and reporting are further shaping market growth. Restraints include the potential for false-positive or false-negative results, the relatively short shelf life of some test kits, and the fluctuating demand influenced by seasonal influenza outbreaks and the emergence of new viral strains. Major players like Siemens Healthineers, Roche Diagnostics, and several other companies are actively involved in developing and commercializing these kits, contributing to the market's competitive landscape. Regional variations in market share exist, with North America and Europe currently holding the largest share due to higher healthcare spending and advanced healthcare infrastructure. However, Asia-Pacific is projected to witness significant growth in the coming years due to its expanding healthcare sector and rising prevalence of respiratory illnesses.

The Everlasting Sliding-Disc Valve (METC SOA Test Valve No. B-3) accumulated 740 valve cycles in the Valve Static Test Unit and over 16,000 valve cycles in the Valve Dynamic Test Unit. Only minor operating problems, primarily erratic motion and some scoring of the seating surface, where encountered with coarse limestone (5/16''x 1/8'') particles. Operation with fine solids (100-mesh limestone) showed excellent performance. The actuator level arm failed twice but a change in clearances solved the problem. Based on its performance in testing, the Everlastinc Sliding-Disc Valve, with minor modifications, is a very promising choice for feedside lockhopper service in coal conversion and utilization.

UNIDO pub. Project document concerning analysis of nonmetallic minerals to be used as raw materials in Bangladesh - covers a project designed to (1) improve (a) clay mining operations (b) testing of raw materials and products of the refractory materials and ceramics industrys (c) relevant technological knowhow (2) explore potential of resources such as rice husks ash, zirconium and kyanite (3) implement a programme for industrial energy saving. Annexes a mission report.

This resource is a citation record only, the Center for Digital Antiquity does not have a copy of this document. The information in this record has been migrated into tDAR from the National Archaeological Database Reports Module (NADB-R) and updated. Most NADB-R records consist of a document citation and other metadata but do not have the documents themselves uploaded.

If you have a digital copy of the document and would like to have it curated in tDAR, please contact us at comments@tdar.org.

The materials presented here are a supporting dataset for a project to evaluate the performance of point of care (lateral flow) immunoassay test devices versus enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2.Our work was undertaken with ethical approval from the National Health Service Blood and Transplant (NHSBT) ethics, providing donor consent for plasma use; NIHR Biobank REC agreement (REC 13/NW/0017; IRAS 87824); International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection Consortium (‘ISARIC’) approval by the South Central (Oxford C) Research Ethics Committee in England (Ref: 13/SC/0149), and Scotland A Research Ethics Committee in Scotland (Ref: 20/SS/0028). The UK Government Department of Health and Social Care selected the lateral flow devices for testing. Otherwise, the funders had no role in study design or in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data.Material provided is as follows:1. STARD checklist2. Supplementary table S1. Metadata describing origin and characteristics of designated negative controls and individuals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection (provided as a separate .xlsx file). 3. Supplementary material.pdf- Supplementary Figure S1: Sensitivity and specificity of lateral flow devices compared with RT-PCR confirmed cases and pre-pandemic controls (panels A and B) and compared with ELISA results (panels C and D). - Supplementary Figure S2: Comparison between ELISA and LFIA for SARS-CoV-2 designated negative and positive plasma. - Supplementary table S2. Summary grid presenting the number of samples from each cohort tested using different assay platforms. - Supplementary table S3. Multivariable regression models for relationship between ELISA IgM and IgG readings and covariates in RT-PCR positive cases. - Supplementary Table S4. Results of nine lateral flow immunoassays (LFIA) devices and an ELISA assay, tested with plasma classified as positive (RT-PCR positive) obtained from patients ≥10 days after onset of symptoms. - Supplementary Table S5. Results of nine lateral flow immunoassays (LFIA) devices, tested with plasma classified as positive and negative using ELISA as an alternative reference standard (n=81-90 per LFIA device). Different manufacturers are designated A-I. 95% confidence intervals (CI) are presented for each point estimate.4. Supplementary table S6: Results of all assays performed and relevant metadata (provided as a separate .xlsx file).

In-Circuit Testing (ICT) Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global In-Circuit Testing (ICT) market size reached USD 1.45 billion in 2024, driven by the increasing complexity of electronic assemblies and the rising demand for high-reliability testing across various industries. The market is projected to grow at a robust CAGR of 4.7% from 2025 to 2033, reaching an estimated value of USD 2.18 billion by 2033. This growth is primarily fueled by technological advancements in testing methodologies, the proliferation of smart devices, and the stringent quality requirements imposed by end-user industries.

One of the key growth factors for the In-Circuit Testing (ICT) market is the rapid expansion of the electronics manufacturing sector, particularly in regions like Asia Pacific. As electronic devices become more sophisticated, the need for precise and reliable testing methods has intensified. ICT systems are increasingly being adopted to ensure the accuracy and functionality of printed circuit boards (PCBs), which are fundamental to the operation of modern electronic devices. The emergence of high-density interconnects, miniaturized components, and multi-layered PCBs has further heightened the necessity for advanced ICT solutions, driving market demand across both established and emerging economies.

Another significant driver for the ICT market is the automotive electronics segment, which has witnessed exponential growth due to the integration of advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS), infotainment solutions, and electric vehicle (EV) technologies. Automotive manufacturers are under immense pressure to deliver products that meet stringent safety and performance standards. ICT enables the detection of faults at an early stage of production, reducing the risk of costly recalls and enhancing overall product quality. Additionally, the rising adoption of Industry 4.0 practices, such as automation and smart manufacturing, has led to increased investments in state-of-the-art ICT equipment, further propelling market growth.

The increasing regulatory scrutiny and quality assurance requirements in sectors such as aerospace, defense, and medical devices are also contributing to the robust expansion of the In-Circuit Testing market. These industries demand near-zero defect rates and complete traceability throughout the production process. ICT provides manufacturers with the capability to perform comprehensive testing of complex assemblies, ensuring compliance with international standards and reducing the likelihood of field failures. This trend is expected to persist as global supply chains grow more interconnected and as manufacturers strive to maintain their reputations for reliability and safety.

Regionally, Asia Pacific continues to dominate the ICT market, accounting for the largest share in 2024. This dominance is largely attributed to the presence of major electronics manufacturing hubs in countries such as China, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan. These nations are home to leading OEMs and EMS providers who are adopting advanced ICT systems to maintain competitiveness in the global market. North America and Europe also represent significant markets, driven by the presence of established automotive, aerospace, and medical device industries. Meanwhile, Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are experiencing steady growth, supported by increasing investments in electronics manufacturing and infrastructure development.

Product Type Analysis

The In-Circuit Testing (ICT) market by product type is segmented into Analog ICT, Digital ICT, and Mixed-Signal ICT. Analog ICT systems have historically dominated the market, primarily due to their effectiveness in testing traditional analog circuits and components. These systems are widely used in legacy applications and industries where analog signal processing remains prevalent. The reliability and cost-effectiveness of analog ICT make it a preferred choice for man

Public Health – Seattle & King County and the Hazardous Waste Management Program are providing data describing the lead content of consumer products. This data is collected from several sources, including community product testing events, in-home investigations of lead-poisoned children, and products purchased for testing for research projects.

Data are presented using two types of testing methods: product screening using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis and laboratory analysis.

Because XRF screening can be conducted without destroying the object to be tested, this method was used to test products that could not be submitted to the laboratory for analysis. Examples of the types of products tested via XRF analysis include keys, jewelry, cookware, dishware, toys, and other essential or valuable items. However, it is important to note that XRF analysis is only a screening method that gives approximate results and may have high detection limits for some products. Although XRF analysis is very useful for identifying products that could contain relatively high lead levels, it cannot be used to compare lead results to regulatory limits or standards.

Laboratory analysis is the “gold standard” for product testing. Laboratory analysis can theoretically achieve detection limits for lead in the part per billion (ppb) range, although the detection limits can be higher if not enough sample is provided for analysis and/or the sample is chemically very complex (causing “matrix interference”). Examples of the types of products tested via laboratory analysis include seasonings, cosmetics, candy, dietary supplements, and other items that can be destroyed for analysis. Laboratory results can be used to compare lead concentrations to regulatory limits or standards. Laboratory methods used to analyze consumer products for lead content include graphite furnace atomic absorption (GFAA), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES).

Technical notes:

• Regardless of the method used, the lead concentrations are provided in parts per million (ppm). One part per million is equivalent to 0.0001 percent. One percent is 10,000 ppm.
• See the Lead Limits for Consumer Products table below for how we compared the lead concentrations in the tested products to acceptable limits.
• Every testing method has limitations in the smallest amount of lead that can be detected in a product. For the XRF analyzer, the instrument’s limit of detection (or LOD) varies depending on the sample’s chemical composition, shininess, curvature, positioning, and operator factors.
• For laboratory analysis, the relevant detection limit – the limit of quantitation (or LOQ) - can also vary, depending on the chemical complexity of the sample, the amount of sample collected, how the sample is prepared, and how it is analyzed.
• Therefore, where results are presented with the "<" (less than) symbol, it means the lead concentration is some number less than the reported value (i.e., the LOD or LOQ). It is not possible to compare results presented as below the LOQ or LOD to lead limits. For some research projects, the median XRF result may also be represented with a qualifier if more than 50% of the measurements were below the LOD.
• For research projects, the XRF value presented is the median of all measurements taken on the product. For all other data sources, the XRF value presented is the maximum of all measurements taken.

Disclaimer: Staff collect information as it appears on product labels or as reported to staff during community events and investigations. Factors such as language barriers and terminology variations may result in misspelling and mislabeling of some products. The amount of lead found in a consumer product can also vary greatly because of variations in product ingredients and manufacturing processes. Therefore, results are representative of only the products tested at that time. The data does not reflect any changes to the product that may have been made after the date of testing.

Soil Testing Service Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global soil testing service market size in 2024 stands at USD 5.2 billion. The market is poised for robust growth, with a projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 6.8% from 2025 to 2033. By the end of 2033, the soil testing service market is forecasted to reach approximately USD 9.7 billion. This growth trajectory is primarily driven by increasing awareness regarding soil health, the rising adoption of precision agriculture, and stringent environmental regulations aimed at sustainable land management practices.

One of the primary growth drivers for the soil testing service market is the escalating demand for sustainable agriculture and food security. With the global population projected to exceed 9 billion by 2050, the agricultural sector faces immense pressure to boost productivity while minimizing environmental impact. Soil testing services play a critical role in this context by providing essential data on soil fertility, nutrient levels, and contamination, enabling farmers to make informed decisions about fertilizer application, crop rotation, and land management. The increasing emphasis on precision farming, which relies heavily on accurate soil data, further amplifies the need for comprehensive soil testing solutions. This trend is especially pronounced in developed economies, where technological advancements and government support for sustainable agriculture are propelling market growth.

Another significant factor contributing to the expansion of the soil testing service market is the rapid urbanization and infrastructure development worldwide. As cities expand and new construction projects proliferate, the need for reliable soil testing to assess land suitability, foundation strength, and contamination risks becomes paramount. Construction companies and government agencies are increasingly investing in soil testing services to ensure compliance with safety standards and environmental regulations. Moreover, the growing focus on environmental conservation, land reclamation, and brownfield redevelopment projects has heightened the demand for soil testing services in both developed and emerging markets. These factors collectively underscore the market's pivotal role in supporting sustainable urban development and environmental stewardship.

Technological advancements in soil testing methodologies and the integration of digital solutions are also reshaping the landscape of the soil testing service market. The adoption of advanced analytical techniques, such as spectroscopy, remote sensing, and data analytics, has enhanced the accuracy, efficiency, and scalability of soil testing services. Additionally, the proliferation of mobile soil testing labs and on-site testing kits has made soil analysis more accessible to end-users across diverse sectors. The integration of digital platforms for data management, reporting, and advisory services is further streamlining the soil testing process, enabling real-time decision-making and fostering closer collaboration between service providers and clients. These innovations are expected to drive market growth by expanding the reach and utility of soil testing services.

From a regional perspective, Asia Pacific is emerging as a key growth engine for the soil testing service market, driven by rapid agricultural modernization, government initiatives for soil health management, and rising awareness among farmers. North America and Europe continue to dominate the market in terms of revenue, owing to their advanced agricultural practices, stringent environmental regulations, and well-established service infrastructure. However, Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are witnessing increasing adoption of soil testing services, supported by growing investments in agriculture and infrastructure development. The global market's expansion is thus underpinned by a confluence of factors across regions, reflecting the universal importance of soil health and sustainable land management.

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