AB-Testing-Project

Experiment Overview: Free Trial Screener

At the time of this experiment, Udacity courses currently have two options on the course overview page: "start the free trial", and "access course materials". If the student clicks "start the free trial", they will be asked to enter their credit card information, and then they will be enrolled in a free trial for the paid version of the course. After 14 days, they will automatically be charged unless they cancel first. If the student clicks "access course materials", they will be able to view the videos and take the quizzes for free, but they will not receive coaching support or a verified certificate, and they will not submit their final project for feedback.

In the experiment, Udacity tested a change where if the student clicked "start the free trial", they were asked how much time they had available to devote to the course. If the student indicated 5 or more hours per week, they would be taken through the checkout process as usual. If they indicated fewer than 5 hours per week, a message would appear indicating that Udacity courses usually require a greater time commitment for successful completion, and suggesting that the student might like to access the course materials for free. At this point, the student would have the option to continue enrolling in the free trial or access the course materials for free instead. This screenshot shows what the experiment looks like.

1. Experiment Design

1.1 Unit of Diversion (provided by Udacity)

The unit of diversion is a cookie, although if the student enrols in the free trial, they are tracked by user-id from that point forward. The same user-id cannot enrol in the free trial in free trial twice. For users that do not enrol, their user-id is not tracked in the experiment, even if they were signed in when they visited the course overview page.

1.2 Initial Hypothesis

The hypothesis was that this might set clearer expectations for students upfront, thus reducing the number of frustrated students who left the free trial because they didn't have enough time—without significantly reducing the number of students to continue past the free trial and eventually complete the course. If this hypothesis held true, Udacity could improve the overall student experience and improve coaches' capacity to support students who are likely to complete the course. (Provided by Udacity)

Based on the information above, we can set some initial hypothesis: (these are just iniinitial hypothesis and we will revise them further)

1. H0: the change has no effect on the number of students who enrol on the free trial.
   H1: the change reduces the number of students who enrol on the free trial.

2. H0: the change has no effect on the number of students who leave the free trial.
   H1: the change reduces the number of students who leave the free trial.

3. H0: the change has no effect on the probability of students who continue the free trial after 14 days.
   H1: the change increases the probability of students who continue the free trial after 14 days.
   (since we cannot say the number will be increased or decreased here, we use probability.)

1.3 Metric Choice

there are seven choices from Udacity below.

• Number of cookies: That is, a number of unique cookies to view the course overview page. (dmin=3000)
• Number of user-ids: That is, the number of users who enrol in the free trial. (dmin=50)
• Number of clicks: That is, the number of unique cookies to click the "Start free trial" button (which happens before the free trial screener is the trigger). (dmin=240)
• Click-through-probability: That is, the number of unique cookies to click the "Start free trial" button divided by the number of unique cookies to view the course overview page. (dmin=0.01)
• Gross conversion: That is, the number of user-number of user-ids to complete checkout and enrol in the free trial divided by the number of unique cookies to click the "Start free trial" button. (dmin= 0.01)
• Retention: That is, the number of user-ids to remain enrolled past the 14-day boundary (and thus make at least one payment) divided by the number of user-ids to complete checkout. (dmin=0.01)
• Net conversion: That is, number of user-ids to renumber of user-ids to remain enrolled past the 14-day boundary (and thus make at least one payment) divided by the number of user-ids to remain enrolled past the 14-day boundary (and thus make at least one payment) divided by the number of unique cookies to click the "Start free trial" button. (dmin= 0.0075)

dmin means the practical significance boundary for each metric, that is, the difference that would have to be observed before that was a meaningful change for the business, is given in par...

Analysis of ‘Mobile Games A/B Testing - Cookie Cats’ provided by Analyst-2 (analyst-2.ai), based on source dataset retrieved from https://www.kaggle.com/mursideyarkin/mobile-games-ab-testing-cookie-cats on 14 February 2022.

--- Dataset description provided by original source is as follows ---

Context

This dataset includes A/B test results of Cookie Cats to examine what happens when the first gate in the game was moved from level 30 to level 40. When a player installed the game, he or she was randomly assigned to either gate_30 or gate_40.

Content

The data we have is from 90,189 players that installed the game while the AB-test was running. The variables are:

userid: A unique number that identifies each player. version: Whether the player was put in the control group (gate_30 - a gate at level 30) or the group with the moved gate (gate_40 - a gate at level 40). sum_gamerounds: the number of game rounds played by the player during the first 14 days after install. retention_1: Did the player come back and play 1 day after installing? retention_7: Did the player come back and play 7 days after installing?

When a player installed the game, he or she was randomly assigned to either.

Acknowledgements

This dataset is taken from DataCamp Cookie Cat is a hugely popular mobile puzzle game developed by Tactile Entertainment

Thanks to them for this dataset! 😻

--- Original source retains full ownership of the source dataset ---

Dataset

This dataset was created by Marwan Diab

Contents

Data

Abstract

These resources comprise a large and diverse collection of multi-site, multi-modality, and multi-cancer clinical DICOM images from 538 subjects infused with synthetic PHI/PII in areas encountered by TCIA curation teams. Also provided is a TCIA-curated version of the synthetic dataset, along with mapping files for mapping identifiers between the two.

This new MIDI data resource includes DICOM datasets used in the Medical Image De-Identification Benchmark (MIDI-B) challenge at MICCAI 2024. They are accompanied by ground truth answer keys and a validation script for evaluating the effectiveness of medical image de-identification workflows. The validation script systematically assesses de-identified data against an answer key outlining appropriate actions and values for proper de-identification of medical images, promoting safer and more consistent medical image sharing.

Introduction

Medical imaging research increasingly relies on large-scale data sharing. However, reliable de-identification of DICOM images still presents significant challenges due to the wide variety of DICOM header elements and pixel data where identifiable information may be embedded. To address this, we have developed an openly accessible synthetic dataset containing artificially generated protected health information (PHI) and personally identifiable information (PII).

These resources complement our earlier work (Pseudo-PHI-DICOM-data ) hosted on The Cancer Imaging Archive. As an example of its use, we also provide a version curated by The Cancer Imaging Archive (TCIA) curation team. This resource builds upon best practices emphasized by the MIDI Task Group who underscore the importance of transparency, documentation, and reproducibility in de-identification workflows, part of the themes at recent conferences (Synapse:syn53065760) and workshops (2024 MIDI-B Challenge Workshop).

This framework enables objective benchmarking of de-identification performance, promotes transparency in compliance with regulatory standards, and supports the establishment of consistent best practices for sharing clinical imaging data. We encourage the research community to use these resources to enhance and standardize their medical image de-identification workflows.

Methods

Subject Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria

The source data were selected from imaging already hosted in de-identified form on TCIA. Imaging containing faces were excluded, and no new human studies were performed for his project.

Data Acquisition

To build the synthetic dataset, image series were selected from TCIA’s curated datasets to represent a broad range of imaging modalities (CR, CT, DX, MG, MR, PT, SR, US) , manufacturers including (GE, Siemens, Varian , Confirma, Agfa, Eigen, Elekta, Hologic, KONICA MINOLTA, others) , scan parameters, and regions of the body. These were processed to inject the synthetic PHI/PII as described.

Data Analysis

Synthetic pools of PHI, like subject and scanning institution information, were generated using the Python package Faker (https://pypi.org/project/Faker/8.10.3/). These were inserted into DICOM metadata of selected imaging files using a system of inheritable rule-based templates outlining re-identification functions for data insertion and logging for answer key creation. Text was also burned-in to the pixel data of a number of images. By systematically embedding realistic synthetic PHI into image headers and pixel data, accompanied by a detailed ground-truth answer key, our framework enables users transparency, documentation, and reproducibility in de-identification practices, aligned with the HIPAA Safe Harbor method, DICOM PS3.15 Confidentiality Profiles, and TCIA best practices.

Usage Notes

This DICOM collection is split into two datasets, synthetic and curated. The synthetic dataset is the PHI/PII infused DICOM collection accompanied by a validation script and answer keys for testing, refining and benchmarking medical image de-identification pipelines. The curated dataset is a version of the synthetic dataset curated and de-identified by members of The Cancer Imaging Archive curation team. It can be used as a guide, an example of medical image curation best practices. For the purposes of the De-Identification challenge at MICCAI 2024, the synthetic and curated datasets each contain two subsets, a portion for Validation and the other for Testing.

To link a curated dataset to the original synthetic dataset and answer keys, a mapping between the unique identifiers (UIDs) and patient IDs must be provided in CSV format to the evaluation software. We include the mapping files associated with the TCIA-curated set as an example. Lastly, for both the Validation and Testing datasets, an answer key in sqlite.db format is provided. These components are for use with the Python validation script linked below (4). Combining these components, a user developing or evaluating de-identification methods can ensure they meet a specification for successfully de-identifying medical image data.

Robotic Asphalt Density Testing Market Outlook

As per our latest research, the global robotic asphalt density testing market size reached USD 420 million in 2024, reflecting a robust surge in adoption across infrastructure projects worldwide. The market is projected to expand at a CAGR of 10.8% during the forecast period, with the market size forecasted to reach USD 1,034 million by 2033. This significant growth is primarily driven by increasing demand for automation and precision in road construction and maintenance, as well as stringent government regulations regarding pavement quality and safety.

The rapid growth of the robotic asphalt density testing market is fueled by the urgent need for enhanced accuracy and consistency in quality control processes within the construction sector. Traditional manual testing methods are often time-consuming, labor-intensive, and susceptible to human error, which can compromise the integrity of road surfaces and lead to costly repairs. Robotic systems, on the other hand, offer automated, non-destructive, and highly repeatable testing capabilities, ensuring that asphalt compaction meets regulatory standards. The integration of advanced sensors and real-time data analytics in these robotic solutions enables construction companies to optimize their workflows, reduce project timelines, and minimize operational costs, further accelerating market expansion.

Another key growth driver is the growing emphasis on infrastructure modernization and expansion, particularly in emerging economies. Governments worldwide are investing heavily in upgrading transportation networks, including roads, highways, airport runways, and parking lots, to support economic development and urbanization. These large-scale projects require high levels of quality assurance and documentation, making robotic asphalt density testing systems indispensable for contractors and government agencies alike. Moreover, the ability of robotic testers to operate efficiently in challenging environments and deliver consistent results has made them a preferred choice for projects where reliability and safety are paramount.

Technological advancements in the field of robotics and material testing have also played a pivotal role in the market's upward trajectory. The introduction of portable robotic testers, fixed robotic systems, and integrated solutions equipped with nuclear, non-nuclear, and electromagnetic technologies has diversified the product landscape, catering to a broad spectrum of applications and end-users. The continuous evolution of these technologies, coupled with the integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning for predictive maintenance and data-driven decision-making, is expected to further enhance the performance and adoption of robotic asphalt density testing solutions across the globe.

From a regional perspective, North America currently dominates the robotic asphalt density testing market, accounting for the largest share in 2024. This is attributed to the region’s well-established infrastructure, early adoption of automation technologies, and stringent regulatory standards for road construction. However, the Asia Pacific region is anticipated to witness the fastest growth over the forecast period, fueled by rapid urbanization, increasing government investments in infrastructure, and rising awareness about the benefits of robotic testing solutions. Europe and the Middle East & Africa are also poised for steady growth, supported by ongoing infrastructure development and modernization initiatives.

Product Type Analysis

The product type segment in the robotic asphalt density testing market encompasses portable robotic testers, fixed robotic systems, and integrated robotic solutions. Portable robotic testers are gaining significant traction due to their flexibility, ease of deployment, and suitability for on-site testing in diverse environments. These compact devices are designed to be easily transported and operated by construction crews, enabling real-time density measurements during various stages of road construction and maintenance. Their portability not only enhances productivity but also reduces downtime, making them an attractive option for contractors aiming to optimize resource utilization and project timelines.

Fixed robotic systems, on the other hand, are typically installed at centralized testing faci

IEEE 1547.2 Compliance Testing Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the IEEE 1547.2 Compliance Testing market size reached USD 410.7 million globally in 2024, reflecting the rapid adoption of distributed energy resources and increasing grid modernization activities worldwide. The market is poised to grow at a robust CAGR of 10.1% from 2025 to 2033, with the total value expected to reach USD 970.5 million by 2033. The primary growth drivers include stringent regulatory requirements for grid interconnection, growing investments in renewable energy infrastructure, and the rising need for reliable and safe integration of distributed energy resources (DERs).

The growth of the IEEE 1547.2 Compliance Testing market is primarily fueled by the global transition toward clean energy and the proliferation of distributed energy resources such as solar PV, wind turbines, and energy storage solutions. Utilities and grid operators are increasingly focusing on maintaining grid stability and safety as the penetration of DERs accelerates. The IEEE 1547.2 standard provides comprehensive guidelines for testing and verifying the interconnection of these resources to the electric grid, ensuring compliance with safety, performance, and interoperability requirements. As more countries implement policies to encourage renewable integration, the demand for rigorous compliance testing is expected to surge, further propelling market growth.

Another significant growth factor is the advancement and deployment of smart grid technologies, which necessitate robust compliance testing protocols for seamless operation. The integration of advanced metering infrastructure, demand response systems, and automated grid control solutions requires consistent adherence to IEEE 1547.2 standards to prevent operational disruptions and ensure interoperability. Furthermore, the evolving landscape of electric vehicles and microgrids, both of which rely on grid interconnection, has heightened the need for comprehensive compliance testing. These technological advancements, coupled with increasing investments in grid modernization projects, are anticipated to create substantial growth opportunities for market participants.

Additionally, the market is witnessing increased collaboration between regulatory bodies, utilities, and independent power producers to standardize compliance testing processes. This collaborative approach is fostering innovation in testing methodologies and driving the development of advanced hardware and software solutions tailored to IEEE 1547.2 requirements. As the complexity of distributed energy systems grows, stakeholders are prioritizing compliance to mitigate risks associated with grid instability, cyber threats, and equipment failure. The heightened focus on grid resilience and reliability is expected to sustain the upward trajectory of the IEEE 1547.2 Compliance Testing market over the forecast period.

From a regional perspective, North America dominates the IEEE 1547.2 Compliance Testing market, accounting for over 42% of the global revenue in 2024, driven by aggressive renewable energy targets, supportive regulatory frameworks, and significant investments in grid infrastructure. Europe follows closely, with countries such as Germany, the UK, and France leading in distributed energy adoption and compliance initiatives. The Asia Pacific region is emerging as a high-growth market, fueled by rapid urbanization, rising energy demand, and government incentives for clean energy projects. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are also witnessing increased activity, albeit at a slower pace, as they ramp up efforts to modernize their power sectors and enhance grid reliability.

Testing Type Analysis

The Testing Type segment of the IEEE 1547.2 Compliance Testing market is categorized into Type Testing, Production Testing, Commissioning Testing, and Peri

# TestSmellDescriber-ReplicationPackage

1) "1_Emails-Sent-To-Participants" contains:

1. Email-WS1.docx and Email-WS1.pdf
2. Email-WS2.docx and Email-WS2.pdf

As explained in the paper the experiment was conducted offline, i.e.,
we have send via email to the participants the required experimental material
with instructions about the tasks to perform. During the tasks the participants were guided via
Google Forms (shared in the above e-mail), this also to collect information about the performed activities.
As reported in the emails we send to each participant an experiment package composed by (i) a
pre-questionnaire (to collect information about the profile and experience of each participant),
(ii) surveys with instructions and materials to perform the tasks, and (iii) a post-questionnaire.
Before the study, we explained to the participants the expected tasks:
two maintenance and evolution tasks, each involving two pairs of Java and test classes.

2) "2_Information-about-smells-and-refactoring-operations" contains,
as reported in the paper, to facilitate the two tasks "we provided
the document <"Test Smells & Refactorings.pdf"> describing the notion of a test/code smells, the types
of smells potentially affecting test cases and the recommended refactoring operations to remove them.

3) "3_Information-about-the-smells-detected" contains:
(a) "Summary for apache-ofbiz-16.11.04" contains name of all the smelly classes and name of the smell(s) each Java/test
class has.
(b) "Summary for at method level apache-ofbiz-16.11.04" contains name of the classes with name of the smelly
methods and name of the smell
each method is suffering with.

4) "4_Surveys-Sent-To-Participants" contains
the 4 surveys (in pdf format) performed by the participants.

1. Pre-Task TSD survey.pdf includes Brief Introduction of this experiment and question related to basic information of participants.
2. Task 1 TSD survey.pdf includes testing task 1, additional information to perform the task 1 and questions related to the task 1.
3. Task 2 TSD Survey.pdf includes testing task 2, additional information to perform the task 2 and questions related to the task 2.
4. Post-Task TSD survey.pdf includes questions regarding the TestSmellDescriber tools performance and usefulness, provides opportunity
to suggest modifications and questions related to consiceness, completness and precision of the whole survey and tasks.

5) "5_Templates-defined-and-used-to-generate-the-summaries".
As reported in the paper, "by leveraging the SWUM model TestSmellDescriber generates descriptions at
different levels of abstraction, as reported in Figure 1 of the paper:
- a short and long method description,
- a short and long refactoring description,
- and a quantitative description of the smell in the context of the whole project.
The descriptions are generated, as done in previous work, with natural "language templates" that are
augmented by the information that is gathered from the smell detection process.

6) "6_Working-Dataset" contains the two workspaces we gave to the participants for executing the tasks.

a) “Workspace1-Sent-To-Participants” contains the java projects we selected for our experiment;
in this case, we have selected 2 target classes, needs to be smell free, one class without
summaries and another with summaries
b) “Workspace2-Sent-To-Participants” contains the java projects we selected for our experiment;
in this case, we have selected 2 target classes, needs to be smell free, one class without
summaries and another with summaries
c) It is important to mention the test/Java classes used in the study are are located in the
workspaces in the following relative paths:
1) ...\src\framework\base\src\main\java\org\apache\ofbiz\base\util\string\test\FlexibleStringExpanderTests.java
2) ...\src\framework\base\src\main\java\org\apache\ofbiz\base\util\test\TimeDurationTests.java
3) ...\src\framework\base\src\main\java\org\apache\ofbiz\base\util\string\FlexibleStringExpander.java
4) ...\src\framework\base\src\main\java\org\apache\ofbiz\base\util\TimeDuration.java
5) ...\src\framework\base\src\main\java\org\apache\ofbiz\base\util\collections\test\FlexibleMapAccessorTests.java
6) ...\src\framework\base\src\main\java\org\apache\ofbiz\base\util\cache\test\UtilCacheTests.java
7)...\src\framework\base\src\main\java\org\apache\ofbiz\base\util\collections\FlexibleStringExpander.java
8) ...\src\framework\base\src\main\java\org\apache\ofbiz\base\util\cache\UtilCache.java

7) "7_Results-of-the-questionnaires" contains a folder "data-analysis" containing
- "data" folder which contains:
- in "figs" several figures about the main results achieved (some of them used in the paper).
- the file "full_results-testsmelldescriber-anonymized.csv" reporting all results
of the involved study participants. It was used to compute the statistics reported in the paper by using the
R script which is in the folder "R-script" (explained later in the readme file).
- "R-script" folder which contains
- "analysis.R" the script files used to computed all statistics explained in section study
and reported in the papers. The script automatically generates the figures in the folder
"data/figs".
- "summary - Post-Task TSD Survey.pdf" - It reports the summary of results of the post-experiment questionnaires
- "summary - Pre-Experiment TSD Survey.pdf" - It reports the summary of results of the pre-experiment questionnaires
- "summary---Task1-Survey.pdf" - It reports the summary of results of the of the post-task questionnaire
- "summary---Task2-Survey.pdf" - It reports the summary of results of the post-task questionnaire
- "tasks-participants" contains the information the participants provided us about the performed changes.

8) "8_TestSmellDescriber-research-prototype" contains the
prototypical version of TestSmellDescriber we used to generate the summaries
evaluated for the experiments. We provide information on how to use and run the tool
on the provided data.

Pendulum Impact Testing Machine for Metal Charpy Testing Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global Pendulum Impact Testing Machine for Metal Charpy Testing market size reached USD 421.6 million in 2024. The market is poised for robust expansion, projected to reach USD 734.2 million by 2033 at a CAGR of 6.3% over the forecast period. This growth is primarily fueled by increasing demand for precise mechanical property testing in critical industries such as automotive, aerospace, and construction, where ensuring material reliability and safety is paramount.

The most significant growth driver for the Pendulum Impact Testing Machine for Metal Charpy Testing market is the intensifying focus on material quality and structural integrity across multiple sectors. As global manufacturing standards become more stringent, industries are increasingly relying on advanced impact testing solutions to guarantee compliance with international safety and performance norms. The proliferation of high-strength and lightweight alloys in automotive and aerospace applications necessitates rigorous impact resistance verification, further propelling the market. Additionally, the rise of automated production lines and Industry 4.0 initiatives has amplified the need for reliable, high-throughput testing equipment, fostering innovation and adoption of digital pendulum impact testing machines.

Another crucial factor contributing to market growth is the surge in research and development activities, particularly in emerging economies. Governments and private organizations are investing heavily in infrastructure and technological advancements, which include the modernization of testing laboratories and educational institutions. This investment is not only boosting the demand for advanced testing machines but also encouraging the development of more sophisticated and user-friendly equipment. The integration of digital technologies and data analytics in impact testing machines is enhancing test precision, repeatability, and data management, making them indispensable tools in quality assurance protocols.

Moreover, the expansion of end-use industries such as construction, energy, and defense is providing substantial impetus to the market. The construction sector, in particular, is witnessing a boom in both developed and developing regions, driving the need for robust material testing to ensure durability and safety in large-scale projects. The aerospace and defense sectors are also demanding highly accurate and reliable impact testing solutions due to the critical nature of their operations. The growing emphasis on sustainability and the adoption of new materials with unique properties are further accelerating the demand for advanced pendulum impact testing machines, as manufacturers seek to validate these materials for widespread use.

From a regional perspective, Asia Pacific stands out as the fastest-growing market, supported by rapid industrialization, expanding manufacturing bases, and increasing investments in quality control infrastructure. North America and Europe continue to lead in terms of technological advancements and adoption of digital testing solutions, driven by strict regulatory frameworks and a strong focus on innovation. Meanwhile, Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are gradually catching up, propelled by infrastructure development and the establishment of new testing laboratories. Collectively, these regional trends underscore the global momentum behind the Pendulum Impact Testing Machine for Metal Charpy Testing market and its critical role in ensuring material safety and reliability across industries.

Product Type Analysis

The product type segment of the Pendulum Impact Testing Machine for Metal Charpy Testing market is broadly categorized into Analog Pendulum Impact Testing Machines, Digital Pendulum Impact Testing Machines, and Others. Analog machines, while traditional, remain popular in regions where cost sensitivity is high and basic compliance is sufficient for

Test Management Software Market Outlook 2032

The global test management software market size was USD 1.31 Billion in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 2.85 Billion by 2032, expanding at a CAGR of 9% during 2024–2032. The market growth is attributed to the increased need for quality assurance and growth in agile development.



Increasing demand for superior quality products in a shortened time frame is driving the test management software market toward significant growth. The need for understanding the complexity and scope of projects, maintaining high-quality standards, and ensuring smooth software functionality has become essential as distinct sectors strive for enhanced workflow efficiency.



Developers across the globe are increasingly employing test management software as a solution for addressing such needs systematically. Test management software fosters teamwork, reduces repetition, enhances overall productivity when implemented effectively, and allows for greater accountability, thereby promoting product quality and business growth.



Recognizing the growing trend of adopting such management tools, various enterprises in numerous industries are incorporating this software in their daily operational cycle. The need to effectively manage and monitor the process of software testing and bug detection plays an integral role in this rising trend. It helps in identifying problem areas and speeding up the process of development and delivery as test management software provides features that allow for the creation of multiple test cases and their execution.



Crucial driving factors behind the market include the rising need for end-to-end traceability and real-time visibility of testing processes. Test management software provides an integrated platform where development and testing teams collaborate and communicate effectively, leading to a streamlined testing process. This collaborative measure saves time and reduces the costs associated leading to creating new opportunities for the players in the market.

Impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) on the <span lang=&quo

The Vegetation Conduction Ignition Test Program was established by the Powerline Bushfire Safety Program (PBSP) as a limited duration research project. In May 2013, the PBSP sponsored a workshop of …Show full descriptionThe Vegetation Conduction Ignition Test Program was established by the Powerline Bushfire Safety Program (PBSP) as a limited duration research project. In May 2013, the PBSP sponsored a workshop of government and industry stakeholders and research institutions to identify priority research areas. Research into vegetation conduction ignition was identified as a high priority. The PBSP subsequently established the vegetation conduction ignition test program to: · Better understand bushfire ignition processes in powerline faults that involve vegetation – in particular, identify any ‘worst case’ species suitable for use in subsequent tests of powerline protection technologies; and · Create a reference data base of fault signatures for vegetation conduction faults with the aim of supporting development of improved fault detection technologies. The vegetation conduction ignition tests complement earlier test programs that studied arc-ignition, both in metal-to-metal earth faults near vegetation and in ‘wire on ground’ earth faults. In detail, the objectives of the vegetation conduction ignition test program were to: Identify the species of trees, bushes and grasses that represent the highest fire risk from electrical conduction; Identify the risk posed by smouldering material or flames due to volatile vapours produced during the conduction of electricity; Identify how this risk varies over a summer period due to the vegetation drying; Identify how this risk varies with wind speed; Record the electrical signatures of many different vegetation contacts and fire starts for future electrical signature recognition research; and Develop a list of worst case vegetation and the test conditions for use in further testing of powerline protection systems. The vegetation conditions assumed for the testing were those that exist on days of high buhshfire risk plus any variations that may be caused by other factors such as long periods of drought. A large data base of fault signature records was successfully gathered during the test program, including low-noise wide-band recordings of network voltage and vegetation fault current. The fault signature data base produced in the test program comprises about 50,000 files totalling more than 300GB of data. The 1038 tests generated a large amount of data – test logs, visible and infrared video files, low and high frequency voltage and current records, laboratory analysis records, sample collection and storage records. Usage Tips: Refer to the Vegetation Ignition Test Report appendicies A,B,C and G for further detail on the recording approach and how the MatLab charts were developed. To access the files, you should first use the Fault Signature Basic Run Sheet as a navigation tool to select a suitable test. Each .pnrf file contains all the sampled voltages and currents for a particular test. Once you have the test number, you can open the ‘Gen3i data files’ folder and open the corresponding test file using the Perception Free Viewer (available at www.hbm.com), e.g. the test file for Test 123 is file VT123.pnrf, etc. Selected samples can be exported from the viewer to an Excel spreadsheet (or other format) if required. To view the 'tdms' files (in the IND data folder) you will need to download LabView (or a similar software) - (available at www.ni.com/download-labview) If you would like to discuss this data with the PBSP, please email fault.signature@ecodev.vic.gov.au

This record provides an overview of the scope and research output of NESP Marine Biodiversity Hub Project B1 - "Road testing decision support tools via case study applications". No data outputs are expected for this project. This project will deploy advances in decision-support to assist Commonwealth Marine Reserve managers progress the implementation of evidence-based adaptive management throughout the reserve estate. Two case studies will treat selected decision problems in detail. Specifically: • The identification of decision thresholds that may trigger a change in management, framed within Parks Australia’s performance monitoring template. • The prioritisation of information acquisition through research and monitoring. The two case studies involve coherent integration of ecological models, social and organisational value judgements, and economic analysis. Planned Outputs • Progress reports describing interim outcomes of the (a) decision thresholds and (b) research and monitoring prioritisation case studies. • At least two publications in high impact peer-reviewed journals. • Two final reports describing outcomes of the (a) decision thresholds and (b) research and monitoring prioritisation case studies. • At least two publications in high impact peer-reviewed journals. • Training and associated materials

Perovskite Solar Tandem Testing Service Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global perovskite solar tandem testing service market size reached USD 142.5 million in 2024, with a robust growth momentum driven by increased investments in renewable energy technologies and the rapid adoption of next-generation solar cells. The market is projected to expand at a CAGR of 21.9% during the forecast period from 2025 to 2033, reaching a forecasted value of USD 1,139.3 million by 2033. This impressive growth is primarily attributed to the escalating demand for high-efficiency photovoltaic solutions, the proliferation of research and development activities, and the urgent need for reliable testing frameworks to ensure the commercial viability of perovskite solar tandem cells.

The primary growth factor propelling the perovskite solar tandem testing service market is the significant technological advancements in perovskite solar cell architectures. Perovskite tandem cells, which stack perovskite materials atop traditional silicon or other photovoltaic layers, have demonstrated record-breaking efficiencies in laboratory settings. As commercial interest grows, rigorous testing services become indispensable to validate performance claims, optimize device architectures, and ensure long-term operational stability. The industry’s transition from research-scale prototypes to scalable manufacturing is further intensifying the demand for specialized testing services, as stakeholders seek to mitigate risks associated with material degradation, environmental exposure, and operational reliability.

Another crucial driver is the increasing regulatory scrutiny and evolving certification requirements in the global solar industry. As governments and international bodies set ambitious renewable energy targets, there is a heightened focus on quality assurance and standardized testing protocols for emerging photovoltaic technologies. Perovskite solar tandem testing services play a pivotal role in facilitating compliance with these standards, enabling manufacturers and research institutes to demonstrate product reliability and safety. The availability of comprehensive testing solutions—ranging from device performance evaluation to material characterization—ensures that perovskite solar modules can meet the stringent benchmarks necessary for market entry and large-scale deployment.

Furthermore, the market is benefiting from a surge in public and private investment in clean energy innovation. Major economies are channeling funds into solar research, pilot projects, and technology commercialization initiatives, with perovskite tandem cells at the forefront of these efforts. This influx of capital is fostering collaborations between academia, industry, and independent testing laboratories, accelerating the development of advanced testing methodologies tailored to the unique properties of perovskite materials. As a result, the perovskite solar tandem testing service market is witnessing a rapid expansion in its service portfolio, catering to the diverse needs of module manufacturers, research institutes, and certification bodies.

Regionally, Asia Pacific stands out as the largest and fastest-growing market for perovskite solar tandem testing services, underpinned by a robust manufacturing ecosystem, proactive government policies, and a burgeoning solar installation base. China, Japan, and South Korea are leading the charge in both perovskite research and commercial pilot projects, creating substantial demand for high-quality testing and certification services. North America and Europe are also witnessing substantial growth, driven by strong R&D activities, supportive regulatory frameworks, and the presence of leading research institutions. Meanwhile, emerging markets in Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are gradually embracing perovskite technologies, presenting untapped opportunities for testing service providers.

Service Type Analysis

The perovskite solar tandem testing service

UNIDO pub. Project document concerning analysis of nonmetallic minerals to be used as raw materials in Bangladesh - covers a project designed to (1) improve (a) clay mining operations (b) testing of raw materials and products of the refractory materials and ceramics industrys (c) relevant technological knowhow (2) explore potential of resources such as rice husks ash, zirconium and kyanite (3) implement a programme for industrial energy saving. Annexes a mission report.

The global market for COVID-19, Flu A, and Flu B antigen detection kits experienced significant growth from 2019 to 2024, driven primarily by the COVID-19 pandemic. While precise figures for market size and CAGR are unavailable in the provided data, a reasonable estimation can be made based on industry reports and market trends. Considering the substantial increase in demand during the pandemic's peak and the continued need for rapid influenza testing, we can project a 2025 market size of approximately $5 billion. This market is expected to maintain a healthy growth trajectory, albeit at a slower pace compared to the pandemic years, with a projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 8% from 2025 to 2033. This sustained growth reflects the ongoing need for rapid, point-of-care diagnostics for respiratory illnesses, particularly in healthcare settings like hospitals and clinics. The market is segmented by application (hospital, clinic, other) and test type (lateral flow immunoassay, fluorescent PCR, colloidal gold, other), with lateral flow immunoassay currently dominating due to its ease of use and cost-effectiveness. Key drivers for this market include the increasing prevalence of respiratory infections, the need for rapid diagnosis to facilitate timely treatment and infection control measures, and advancements in diagnostic technology leading to improved accuracy and sensitivity. Trends such as the development of multiplex tests capable of simultaneously detecting multiple pathogens and the integration of digital technologies for data management and reporting are further shaping market growth. Restraints include the potential for false-positive or false-negative results, the relatively short shelf life of some test kits, and the fluctuating demand influenced by seasonal influenza outbreaks and the emergence of new viral strains. Major players like Siemens Healthineers, Roche Diagnostics, and several other companies are actively involved in developing and commercializing these kits, contributing to the market's competitive landscape. Regional variations in market share exist, with North America and Europe currently holding the largest share due to higher healthcare spending and advanced healthcare infrastructure. However, Asia-Pacific is projected to witness significant growth in the coming years due to its expanding healthcare sector and rising prevalence of respiratory illnesses.

The global Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Panel Rapid Test Kit market is experiencing robust growth, driven by increasing HBV prevalence globally, particularly in developing nations, coupled with rising demand for point-of-care diagnostics and improved healthcare infrastructure in several regions. The market's expansion is further fueled by the introduction of advanced technologies, such as colloidal gold and immunoassay methods, offering rapid and accurate HBV detection. Government initiatives promoting disease surveillance and prevention programs, coupled with increasing awareness campaigns, also contribute to market growth. While the market shows strong potential, challenges remain, including the need for affordable and accessible testing in resource-limited settings, the potential for false-positive or false-negative results depending on the test method and operator proficiency, and stringent regulatory approvals for new products. The market is segmented by application (hospital, clinic, others) and type (colloidal gold method, immunoassay, others), with hospitals and clinics representing significant market segments. Leading companies are focusing on research and development to improve test accuracy, sensitivity, and speed, while simultaneously expanding their geographical reach to cater to the growing demand in underserved regions. This competitive landscape is characterized by a mix of established players and emerging companies offering innovative testing solutions. The forecast period (2025-2033) projects sustained growth, with a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) likely exceeding 5%. This growth will be significantly influenced by factors such as the continued prevalence of HBV infections, advancements in rapid diagnostic technology leading to more accurate and rapid test results, and increased investment in healthcare infrastructure, particularly in emerging markets. However, factors like variations in healthcare spending across different regions and the potential for substitute testing methods may influence the market's trajectory. Market segmentation analysis will reveal opportunities for players focused on specific applications or technologies, with an emphasis on providing cost-effective and reliable solutions for wider accessibility. The geographic distribution shows robust growth across regions, with North America and Europe maintaining strong market shares while Asia-Pacific is anticipated to witness the highest growth rate due to expanding healthcare infrastructure and increasing disease prevalence.

Public Health – Seattle & King County and the Hazardous Waste Management Program are providing data describing the lead content of consumer products. This data is collected from several sources, including community product testing events, in-home investigations of lead-poisoned children, and products purchased for testing for research projects.

Data are presented using two types of testing methods: product screening using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis and laboratory analysis.

Because XRF screening can be conducted without destroying the object to be tested, this method was used to test products that could not be submitted to the laboratory for analysis. Examples of the types of products tested via XRF analysis include keys, jewelry, cookware, dishware, toys, and other essential or valuable items. However, it is important to note that XRF analysis is only a screening method that gives approximate results and may have high detection limits for some products. Although XRF analysis is very useful for identifying products that could contain relatively high lead levels, it cannot be used to compare lead results to regulatory limits or standards.

Laboratory analysis is the “gold standard” for product testing. Laboratory analysis can theoretically achieve detection limits for lead in the part per billion (ppb) range, although the detection limits can be higher if not enough sample is provided for analysis and/or the sample is chemically very complex (causing “matrix interference”). Examples of the types of products tested via laboratory analysis include seasonings, cosmetics, candy, dietary supplements, and other items that can be destroyed for analysis. Laboratory results can be used to compare lead concentrations to regulatory limits or standards. Laboratory methods used to analyze consumer products for lead content include graphite furnace atomic absorption (GFAA), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES).

Technical notes:

• Regardless of the method used, the lead concentrations are provided in parts per million (ppm). One part per million is equivalent to 0.0001 percent. One percent is 10,000 ppm.
• See the Lead Limits for Consumer Products table below for how we compared the lead concentrations in the tested products to acceptable limits.
• Every testing method has limitations in the smallest amount of lead that can be detected in a product. For the XRF analyzer, the instrument’s limit of detection (or LOD) varies depending on the sample’s chemical composition, shininess, curvature, positioning, and operator factors.
• For laboratory analysis, the relevant detection limit – the limit of quantitation (or LOQ) - can also vary, depending on the chemical complexity of the sample, the amount of sample collected, how the sample is prepared, and how it is analyzed.
• Therefore, where results are presented with the "<" (less than) symbol, it means the lead concentration is some number less than the reported value (i.e., the LOD or LOQ). It is not possible to compare results presented as below the LOQ or LOD to lead limits. For some research projects, the median XRF result may also be represented with a qualifier if more than 50% of the measurements were below the LOD.
• For research projects, the XRF value presented is the median of all measurements taken on the product. For all other data sources, the XRF value presented is the maximum of all measurements taken.

Biosafety & Biocontainment Testing Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global biosafety & biocontainment testing market size reached USD 2.47 billion in 2024, reflecting a robust growth trajectory driven by increasing regulatory scrutiny and heightened awareness of laboratory safety. The market is projected to expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.3% over the forecast period, reaching USD 4.86 billion by 2033. This notable growth is propelled by the rising prevalence of infectious diseases, stringent biosafety regulations, and the ongoing advancements in pharmaceutical and biotechnology research, which collectively underscore the critical importance of biosafety and biocontainment testing worldwide.

The primary growth driver for the biosafety & biocontainment testing market is the escalating need for stringent safety protocols in laboratories and manufacturing facilities, particularly those involved in handling pathogenic microorganisms and genetically modified organisms. With the global surge in biopharmaceutical production and the increasing complexity of biologics and vaccines, regulatory agencies such as the US FDA, EMA, and WHO have enforced rigorous biosafety standards. These regulations mandate comprehensive sterility, bioburden, and endotoxin testing, as well as authentication of cell lines, to ensure both product safety and environmental protection. The proliferation of high-containment laboratories, especially in the wake of recent pandemics, has further accentuated the demand for robust biosafety and biocontainment testing services.

Another significant factor fueling market growth is the technological evolution in testing methodologies and containment systems. Innovations in rapid microbiological methods, automation in sterility and bioburden testing, and advanced molecular diagnostics have transformed the landscape of biosafety testing. These technologies not only enhance the accuracy and reliability of test results but also improve throughput and operational efficiency. The integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning for data analysis and risk assessment in biosafety protocols is also gaining traction, enabling laboratories to proactively identify and mitigate potential biosafety risks. Furthermore, the growing trend of outsourcing testing services to specialized contract research organizations (CROs) is contributing to market expansion, as it provides cost-effective and expert-driven solutions for complex testing requirements.

The increasing incidence of emerging infectious diseases and the expansion of research activities in virology, immunology, and genetic engineering are also pivotal in driving the biosafety & biocontainment testing market. The global focus on pandemic preparedness, vaccine development, and the study of highly infectious pathogens has necessitated the establishment of higher biosafety level laboratories (BSL-3 and BSL-4). These facilities require rigorous and frequent biosafety testing to comply with international safety standards and prevent laboratory-acquired infections or environmental contamination. Additionally, the rise in academic and government-funded research projects, particularly in developing economies, is fostering the adoption of advanced biocontainment testing solutions.

From a regional perspective, North America continues to dominate the biosafety & biocontainment testing market due to its well-established healthcare infrastructure, presence of leading pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, and stringent regulatory framework. However, the Asia Pacific region is emerging as the fastest-growing market, driven by increasing investments in life sciences research, the proliferation of biomanufacturing facilities, and rising government initiatives to strengthen biosafety standards. Europe also holds a significant market share, supported by robust research activities and a strong regulatory environment. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are witnessing gradual growth, propelled by improving healthcare infrastructure and growing awareness of biosafety practices. The global market landscape is thus characterized by a dynamic interplay of regulatory, technological, and regional factors that collectively shape the future of biosafety and biocontainment testing.

The Everlasting Sliding-Disc Valve (METC SOA Test Valve No. B-3) accumulated 740 valve cycles in the Valve Static Test Unit and over 16,000 valve cycles in the Valve Dynamic Test Unit. Only minor operating problems, primarily erratic motion and some scoring of the seating surface, where encountered with coarse limestone (5/16''x 1/8'') particles. Operation with fine solids (100-mesh limestone) showed excellent performance. The actuator level arm failed twice but a change in clearances solved the problem. Based on its performance in testing, the Everlastinc Sliding-Disc Valve, with minor modifications, is a very promising choice for feedside lockhopper service in coal conversion and utilization.

Solar PV Module Testing Service Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global Solar PV Module Testing Service market size was valued at USD 1.54 billion in 2024. The market is projected to reach USD 3.41 billion by 2033, expanding at a robust CAGR of 9.2% during the forecast period. The primary growth factor driving this market is the increasing deployment of solar energy solutions worldwide, coupled with stringent regulatory standards and the growing emphasis on quality assurance for solar photovoltaic (PV) modules.

The ongoing transition toward renewable energy sources has been a key catalyst for the expansion of the Solar PV Module Testing Service market. Governments across the globe are implementing ambitious solar energy targets and offering incentives to promote solar installations. This shift has led to a surge in the production and deployment of solar PV modules, necessitating rigorous testing to ensure performance, reliability, and safety. As manufacturers strive to differentiate their products and comply with international standards, the demand for comprehensive PV module testing services has intensified. Additionally, the increasing complexity of solar technologies, such as bifacial modules and advanced thin-film technologies, further accentuates the need for specialized testing protocols, thereby fueling market growth.

Another significant growth driver is the rising awareness among end-users and project developers regarding the long-term benefits of certified and tested solar PV modules. Solar installations represent substantial capital investments, and stakeholders are keen to mitigate risks associated with module failure, degradation, or safety issues. Testing services provide assurance regarding product quality, performance under diverse environmental conditions, and compliance with global certification requirements. This assurance not only safeguards investments but also enhances the bankability of solar projects, making them more attractive to financiers and investors. As a result, the integration of testing services into the project development lifecycle has become a standard industry practice, further propelling the Solar PV Module Testing Service market.

Technological advancements and digitalization are also playing a pivotal role in shaping the market landscape. Innovations in testing methodologies, such as advanced simulation techniques, real-time performance monitoring, and automated testing systems, are improving the accuracy and efficiency of PV module evaluations. Moreover, the advent of data analytics and IoT-enabled testing platforms allows for predictive maintenance and early fault detection, reducing downtime and operational costs. These technological enhancements are enabling service providers to offer value-added solutions, thereby expanding their customer base and reinforcing the market’s upward trajectory.

Regionally, the Asia Pacific region dominates the Solar PV Module Testing Service market, accounting for the largest share in 2024. This dominance is attributed to the region’s booming solar industry, particularly in China, India, and Southeast Asia, where massive solar installations are underway. North America and Europe are also significant contributors, driven by favorable regulatory frameworks and the presence of leading testing laboratories. Meanwhile, emerging markets in Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are witnessing accelerated growth, supported by increasing solar investments and efforts to diversify energy portfolios. The global market’s regional dynamics underscore the importance of localized testing services to address specific climatic and regulatory requirements.

Service Type Analysis

The Solar PV Module Testing Service market by service type encompasses performance testing, reliability testing, safety testing, certification testing, and other specialized services. Performance testing remains the cornerstone of the market, as it evaluates the actual energy output of PV modules

Nondestructive Testing Systems for Inspection and Maintenance Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global market size for Nondestructive Testing (NDT) Systems for Inspection and Maintenance reached USD 12.1 billion in 2024, exhibiting robust growth driven by stringent quality control standards and increasing demand for reliable asset maintenance across industries. The market is poised to grow at a CAGR of 8.3% from 2025 to 2033, reaching a projected value of USD 24.4 billion by the end of the forecast period. The primary growth factor is the adoption of advanced NDT technologies in critical infrastructure, aerospace, and energy sectors to ensure safety, compliance, and operational efficiency.

The escalating emphasis on safety, regulatory compliance, and asset longevity is a significant driver for the Nondestructive Testing Systems for Inspection and Maintenance market. Industries such as oil & gas, aerospace, and power generation face stringent regulations regarding the integrity and safety of their assets. NDT systems offer the capability to detect faults, corrosion, and fatigue without causing damage to the components being inspected. This non-invasive approach not only reduces downtime and maintenance costs but also ensures that assets remain operational for longer periods, thereby maximizing return on investment. The increasing frequency of industrial accidents and failures has further underscored the importance of regular and reliable inspection, prompting organizations to invest in advanced NDT solutions.

Technological advancements are another critical growth factor in the NDT market. Innovations such as digital radiography, phased array ultrasonic testing, and real-time data analytics have revolutionized traditional inspection methods. These technologies provide higher accuracy, faster results, and the ability to inspect complex geometries, which are essential for modern industrial applications. The integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning into NDT systems is also enhancing predictive maintenance capabilities, enabling organizations to anticipate failures before they occur. This shift from reactive to proactive maintenance strategies is creating significant demand for state-of-the-art NDT systems, particularly in sectors where even minor failures can have catastrophic consequences.

The global expansion of infrastructure development and industrialization, especially in emerging economies, is catalyzing market growth. Countries in Asia Pacific, Latin America, and the Middle East are investing heavily in energy, transportation, and manufacturing infrastructure. These large-scale projects require rigorous inspection and maintenance protocols to ensure safety and durability. As a result, the adoption of NDT systems is witnessing a sharp uptick in these regions. Additionally, the growing awareness among asset owners about the long-term benefits of nondestructive inspection, such as reduced lifecycle costs and enhanced asset reliability, is fostering greater market penetration and driving sustained growth.

From a regional perspective, North America continues to lead the Nondestructive Testing Systems for Inspection and Maintenance market, owing to its mature industrial base, strict regulatory environment, and early adoption of cutting-edge technologies. However, Asia Pacific is emerging as the fastest-growing region, fueled by rapid industrialization, infrastructure upgrades, and increasing investments in energy and transportation sectors. Europe remains a significant market due to its focus on safety standards and technological innovation, while the Middle East & Africa and Latin America are showing promising growth trajectories as infrastructure modernization gains momentum. This regional diversity is shaping a dynamic and competitive global market landscape.

Technology Analysis

The Technology segment of the Nondestructive Testing Systems for Inspection and Maintenance market encompasses a variety of sophisticated inspection met