The present study on the historical development of social security in western Europe was created as part of the HIWED project (the abbreviation HIWED means: Historical Indicators of the Western European Democracies, Project leader: Wolfgang Zapf and Peter Flora), supported by the Volkswagen Stiftung. The main result is a comprehensive data manual about the political, social, and economic developments of western Europe in the period of 1815 and 1975.Jens Alber’s study with comparative statistics on the historical development of social security in Western European countries in a historical perspective is the ninth chapter of the first volume of the data manual. The focus is the quantitative description of the growth of social spending and of population groups covered by the social programs and services. The data collection includes data on revenues and expenditures of the accident, health, pension and unemployment insurance for 13 Western European countries since the introduction of the programs, as far as they were available in the national statistical yearbooks. The financial data are structured by type of expenditure and revenue categories. The social expenditure ratio is used as a measure of the socio-political efforts of a country.In this measure the social spending are set in relation to the national product (GDP). Finally, the description of changes in membership data (i.e. the group of people who are members of the four social insurances) is another data focus. Aside from collecting data Jens Alber published a macro-sociological study with analyzes of the development of social security in Western Europe. Jens Alber: Income Maintenance: The data manual´s 9th chapter “… presents data on the development of the major public social programmes. ‘Social security’ is defined following the practice of the International Labour Office. It embraces the four social insurance schemes (occupational injuries, health, pension, and unemployment insurance), public health, family allowances, social assistance, benefits to war victims, and the special transfers to civil servants. Data on the coverage of the four social insurance schemes are presented for the period from the introduction of a given type of insurance programme to 1975. Data on the expenditure and receipts of social security programmes are reported for the period from 1949 to 1974. Data are mainly presented country by country, in the form of tables and graphs. The chapter begins, however, with six comparative tables with selected ratios for all 13 countries. The first three of these comparative tables give ratios of various expenditure categories as percentages of gross domestic product (social security expenditure and social insurance and public health expenditure, both including administrative costs; benefit expenditure, excluding these costs for pensions, health, unemployment, and family allowances). The fourth table shows the part taken by public authorities and employers in the financing of social security and the last two of the comparative tables give coverage ratios, i.e. the members of insurance schemes (pension, medical benefit, occupational injuries and unemployment insurance) as a percentage of the labour force.The comparative part is followed by a series of tables and graphs with the national data on social security expenditure, its financing, and coverage of insurance schemes for each country. The first table gives the aggregate amounts of social security and social insurance expenditure, as well as its breakdown according to major programmes (public assistance, family allowances, public health, and the fur insurance schemes for health, pensions, occupational injuries and unemployment). All figures pertain to net expenditure, excluding transfers among single schemes. They refer either to calendar years or – in the case of Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom - to financial years ending in the stated calendar year. Expenditures for the single programmes do not add up to the reported total social security expenditure, because the outlays for a war victims and public employees are not included in the tables. Information on the percentage of total social security benefit expenditure spent for public employees, however, is contained in one of the graphs. Total social insurance expenditure corresponds to the sum of the four reported insurance schemes. The tables on the financing of social security report the receipts for total social security and total social insurance for the period from 1949 to 1974, as well as the receipts for the four major social insurance programmes in selected years. In addition to the aggregate figures, the percentage distribution of receipts by source of contribution is given. The three major sources are: insured persons, employers, and public authorities (summing up contributions by central government, receipts from local government bodies and special taxes allocated to social security). The last category, “other”, in...

Per capita national health expenditures in the United States have increased significantly since 1960. In 2023, national health expenditures amounted to **** thousand U.S. dollars per capita. For comparison, in 1960, per capital expenditures for health stood at *** U.S. dollars. According to recent data, the U.S. has some of the highest health care costs in the world. Health care expenditures With increased per capita health expenditures, U.S. health care expenditures as a percentage of the gross domestic product (GDP) have also increased over the decades. Among developed countries, the U.S. has the highest health expenditure as a proportion of the GDP. The high level of health costs in the U.S. may be attributable to high costs for prescribed drugs and health services as well as high administrative costs. Cost areas A large proportion of all health care spending in the U.S. is attributable to hospital care and physician and clinical services. In recent years, many sectors have seen an increase in health care spending. However, data suggests that prescription drugs have seen some of the most dramatic increases in spending in recent years. The annual prescription drug expenditures in the U.S. reached an all-time high by the end of 2022.

The health expenditure as a share of gross domestic product in Nigeria increased by 0.2 percentage points (+4.9 percent) in 2022. With 4.27 percent, the share thereby reached its highest value in the observed period. Estimates of current health expenditures include healthcare goods and services consumed each year. This indicator does not include capital health expenditures such as buildings, machinery, IT, and stocks of vaccines for emergency or outbreaks. Level of current health expenditure is expressed as a percentage of GDP.Find more statistics on other topics about Nigeria with key insights such as infant mortality rate, death rate, and total life expectancy at birth.

In 2023, life expectancy at birth in Nigeria was about 61.79 years. More specifically, this figure equaled 60 years for males and 64 years for females. Life expectancy at birth in Nigeria is among the lowest in Africa as well as in the world.