Definition of abbreviations: BMI  =  body mass index; FEV1  =  forced expiratory volume at one second; FVC  =  forced vital capacity.Categorical and continuous variables were assessed with chi-square test and two-sample t-test, respectively.†among ever smokers only.‡among current smokers only.

This statistic shows the results of a representative survey of the British Public in relation to the English Premier League, presenting the gender distribution of British Adults that watch Premier League football matches, by frequency and NRS social grade.

The NRS social grades are a system of demographic classification used in the United Kingdom. The grades are grouped here into ABC1 and C2DE; these are taken to equate to middle class and working class, respectively.

Within both ABC1 and C2DE social grade categories, the largest of share of respondents indicated that they never watch English Premier League football matches, with ** and ** percent respectively.

The prior distributions of demographic parameters for the ABC simulation.

This statistic shows the print and digital reach of Runner's World magazine in Great Britain from April 2019 to March 2020, by demographic group. Reach was higher among individuals from the ABC1 social class, with *** thousand individuals reached by the print title or its website.

Understanding how assemblages of species responded to past climate change is a central goal of comparative phylogeography and comparative population genomics, and an endeavor that has increasing potential to integrate with community ecology. New sequencing technology now provides the potential to gain complex demographic inference at unprecedented resolution across assemblages of non-model species. To this end, we introduce the aggregate site frequency spectrum (aSFS), an expansion of the site frequency spectrum to use single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) datasets collected from multiple, co-distributed species for assemblage-level demographic inference. We describe how the aSFS is constructed over an arbitrary number of independent population samples and then demonstrate how the aSFS can differentiate various multi-species demographic histories under a wide range of sampling configurations while allowing effective population sizes and expansion magnitudes to vary independently. We subs...

*Effective population size (expressed as 103 individuals) for A. halleri (hal), A. lyrata (lyr), and their ancestor (A).†Time (ka) of the split between A. halleri and A. lyrata.The 95% highest posterior density intervals are shown in parentheses.

Sequence alignmentsFasta files containing alignments of all sequence loci.Sequence_alignments.zipMicrosatellite genotypesText files containing tab-delimited tables of microsatellite genotypes (one individual per row).Microsatellite_genotypes.zipSummary statistics for ABC analysisText files containing summary statistics used in the ABC analysis.ABC_summarystatistics.zipInput files for ABC analysisInput files used for ABC analysis with ABCtoolbox/fastsimcoal.ABC_inputfiles.zipScripts for ABC analysisCustom-made scripts used in the ABC analysis with ABCtoolbox/fastsimcoal.ABC_scripts.zip

Conservation of the local genetic variation and evolutionary integrity of economically and ecologically important trees is a key aspect of studies involving forest genetics, and a population demographic history of the target species provides valuable information for this purpose. Here, the genetic structure of 48 populations of Betula maximowicziana was assessed using 12 expressed sequence tag–simple sequence repeat (EST-SSR) markers. Genetic diversity was lower in northern populations than southern ones and structure analysis revealed three groups: northern and southern clusters and an admixed group. Eleven more genomic-SSR loci were added and the demographic history of these three groups was inferred by approximate Bayesian computation (ABC). The ABC revealed that a simple split scenario was much more likely than isolation with admixture, suggesting that the admixture-like structure detected in this species was due to ancestral polymorphisms. The ABC analysis suggested that the population growth and divergence of the three groups occurred 96 800 (95% CI, 20 500–599 000) and 28 300 (95% CI, 8700–98 400) years ago, respectively. We need to be aware of several sources of uncertainty in the inference such as assumptions about the generation time, overlapping of generations, confidence intervals of the estimated parameters and the assumed model in the ABC. However, the results of the ABC together with the model-based maps of reconstructed past species distribution and palaeoecological data suggested that the modern genetic structure of B. maximowicziana originated prior to the last glacial maximum (LGM) and that some populations survived in the northern range even during the LGM.

Study species, sites, sampling years, and sample sizes that were the basis for estimations of Ne and comparisons of alternate demographic scenarios in ABC analysis.

Posterior distributions are estimated for the most likely scenario (i.e. scenario 1). The mean and median are given, along with 95% credibility intervals. All times (teuro, t1, t2, db and M) are in generations.NGT: current effective size of Grande Terre.NM0: current effective size of Maré.NT: current effective size of Toupéti.NM1: effective size of Maré during the post-colonisation bottleneck.teuro: constrained colonisation time on Maré around 1900 in scenario 1, corresponding to 30 to 50 generations.db: duration of the post-colonisation bottleneck.t1: time before present of colonisation of Maré in scenario 2, 3 and 4.t2: time before present of colonisation of Toupéti.M: time of second colonisation on Maré in scenario 3 after the first one at t1.r: admixture rate during the second colonisation event on Maré in scenario 3.

DataMEC-11-0816.R1Individuals genotypes of 1916 European Beech trees at 13 microsatellite markers

Estimates of the posterior distribution of the demographic parameters revealed by ABC analysis for the Scenario 3: Last Interglacial expansion of Cephalocereus columna-trajani.

Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of the participants at baseline that were included in the per-protocol analysis.

Demographic characteristics of the MTwiNS and ABC Brains samples.