*Scales adjusted for age/sex distribution of PRISM population, factor loadings and standard deviation using Australian National Health Survey values.ABS. National Health Survey. SF-36 Population Norms Australia: Australian Bureau Statistics, Commonwealth of Australia Catalogue No. 4399.0; 1997.

If the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) is to move NSDUH to a hybrid ABS/field-enumerated frame, several questions will need to be answered, procedures will need to be developed and tested, and costs and benefits will need to be weighed. This report outlines what is known to date, how it may be applied to NSDUH, and what additional considerations need to be addressed.

BackgroundMethylphenidate (MPH), a central nervous system stimulant primarily prescribed for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), has seen increasing rates of misuse and abuse, particularly in patients with dual diagnosis (co-occurring psychiatric disorders and substance use disorders/SUDs). The heightened risk of dependence and adverse effects in these vulnerable populations warrants a systematic review to assess the prevalence and pattern of abuse/misuse of MPH among patients within this population and to understand potential risk factors, patterns of misuse, and outcomes, including the impact on psychiatric symptoms and overall mental health, the effects on SUD (e.g., exacerbation or mitigation of symptoms), and the incidence of adverse events and complications (e.g., cardiovascular issues, psychological effects).MethodologyA systematic review was conducted in August-September 2024 using both PubMed and Scopus databases. The following search strategy was used: TITLE-ABS-KEY (methylphenidate OR Ritalin OR Concerta) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY (abuse OR misuse OR dependency OR addiction) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY (dual diagnosis OR comorbid psychiatric disorder OR psychiatric disorder AND substance use disorder). The systematic review was structured in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines and identified studies were assessed by title/abstract and full text screening against eligibility criteria.ResultsA total of 12 studies were selected for analysis after screening for relevance, quality, and adherence to inclusion criteria. Findings indicated that individuals with psychiatric disorders, particularly conduct disorder (N=593/1551 individuals), mood disorder (N=90/1551 individuals), anxiety disorder (N=66/1551 individuals), personality disorder (N=44/1551 individuals) and major depression disorder (N=40/1551 individuals), were more likely to misuse MPH. Co-occurring SUD, especially involving Alcohol Use Disorder (N=475/1551 individuals), Cannabis Use Disorder (N=371/1551 individuals), Nicotine Use Disorder (N=343/1551 individuals), Cocaine Use Disorder (N=68/1551 individuals), significantly elevated the risk. Misuse often involved higher doses than prescribed (N=84/1551 individuals) or using non-oral routes of administration (N=20/1551 individuals; e.g., snorting). Adverse outcomes included heightened risk of gastrointestinal events (N=201/1551 individuals), cardiovascular events (N=108/1551 individuals), psychosis (N=69/1551 individuals), and exacerbation of psychiatric symptoms (N=1082/1551 individuals).ConclusionMPH misuse and abuse are significant concerns in patients with psychiatric disorders and SUD. Risk factors include impulsivity, history of substance abuse, and access to prescription stimulants. Integrated therapeutic approaches and stricter prescription monitoring are recommended to mitigate misuse risks.Systematic review registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier CRD42024576724.

This dataset, released November 2018, contains data relating to female hospital admissions during 2016-2017 by principal diagnosis of: Parasitic disease, cancer, Blood-organ disease, metabolic disease, mental health disease, nervous system disease, eye disease, ear disease, circulatory system disease, respiratory system disease, digestive system disease, skin disease, musculoskeletal disease, genitourinary system disease, perinatal condition, congenital deformations, pregnancies and external causes. The data is by Population Health Area (PHA) 2016 geographic boundaries based on the 2016 Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS). Population Health Areas, developed by PHIDU, are comprised of a combination of whole SA2s and multiple (aggregates of) SA2s, where the SA2 is an area in the ABS structure. For more information please see the data source notes on the data. Source:Compiled by PHIDU using data from the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, supplied on behalf of Stateand Territory health departments for 2016/17; and the ABS Estimated Resident Population, 30 June 2016. AURIN has spatially enabled the original data. Data that was not shown/not applicable/not published/not available for the specific area ('#', '..', '^', 'np, 'n.a.', 'n.y.a.' in original PHIDU data) was removed.It has been replaced by by Blank cells. For other keys and abbreviations refer to PHIDU Keys.

This dataset, released November 2018, contains data relating to male hospital admissions during 2016-2017 by principal diagnosis of: Parasitic disease, cancer, Blood-organ disease, metabolic disease, mental health disease, nervous system disease, eye disease, ear disease, circulatory system disease, respiratory system disease, digestive system disease, skin disease, musculoskeletal disease, genitourinary system disease, perinatal condition, congenital deformations and external causes. The data is by Population Health Area (PHA) 2016 geographic boundaries based on the 2016 Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS). Population Health Areas, developed by PHIDU, are comprised of a combination of whole SA2s and multiple (aggregates of) SA2s, where the SA2 is an area in the ABS structure. For more information please see the data source notes on the data. Source: Compiled by PHIDU using data from the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, supplied on behalf of Stateand Territory health departments for 2016/17; and the ABS Estimated Resident Population, 30 June 2016. AURIN has spatially enabled the original data. Data that was not shown/not applicable/not published/not available for the specific area ('#', '..', '^', 'np, 'n.a.', 'n.y.a.' in original PHIDU data) was removed.It has been replaced by by Blank cells. For other keys and abbreviations refer to PHIDU Keys.

This dataset, released November 2018, contains data relating to female hospital admissions during 2016-2017 by principal diagnosis of: Parasitic disease, cancer, Blood-organ disease, metabolic disease, mental health disease, nervous system disease, eye disease, ear disease, circulatory system disease, respiratory system disease, digestive system disease, skin disease, musculoskeletal disease, genitourinary system disease, perinatal condition, congenital deformations, pregnancies and external causes. The data is by Population Health Area (PHA) 2016 geographic boundaries based on the 2016 Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS). Population Health Areas, developed by PHIDU, are comprised of a combination of whole SA2s and multiple (aggregates of) SA2s, where the SA2 is an area in the ABS structure. For more information please see the data source notes on the data. Source:Compiled by PHIDU using data from the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, supplied on behalf of Stateand Territory health departments for 2016/17; and the ABS Estimated Resident Population, 30 June 2016. AURIN has spatially enabled the original data. Data that was not shown/not applicable/not published/not available for the specific area ('#', '..', '^', 'np, 'n.a.', 'n.y.a.' in original PHIDU data) was removed.It has been replaced by by Blank cells. For other keys and abbreviations refer to PHIDU Keys.

This dataset, released June 2020, contains data relating to male hospital admissions during 2017-2018 by a principal diagnosis of Parasitic disease, cancer, Blood-organ disease, metabolic disease, mental health disease, nervous system disease, eye disease, ear disease, circulatory system disease, respiratory system disease, digestive system disease, skin disease, musculoskeletal disease, genitourinary system disease, perinatal condition, congenital deformations, pregnancies and external causes. The data is by Population Health Area (PHA) 2016 geographic boundaries based on the 2016 Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS). Population Health Areas, developed by PHIDU, are comprised of a combination of whole SA2s and multiple (aggregates of) SA2s, where the SA2 is an area in the ABS structure. For more information please see the data source notes on the data. Source: Compiled by PHIDU using data from the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, supplied on behalf of Stateand Territory health departments for 2017/18; and the average of the ABS Estimated Resident Population, 30 June 2017 and 30 June 2018. AURIN has spatially enabled the original data. Data that was not shown/not applicable/not published/not available for the specific area ('#', '..', '^', 'np, 'n.a.', 'n.y.a.' in original PHIDU data) was removed.It has been replaced by by Blank cells. For other keys and abbreviations refer to PHIDU Keys.

This dataset, released November 2018, contains data relating to hospital admissions during 2016-2017 by principal diagnosis of: Parasitic disease, cancer, Blood-organ disease, metabolic disease, mental health disease, nervous system disease, eye disease, ear disease, circulatory system disease, respiratory system disease, digestive system disease, skin disease, musculoskeletal disease, genitourinary system disease, perinatal condition, congenital deformations and external causes. The data is by Population Health Area (PHA) 2016 geographic boundaries based on the 2016 Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS). Population Health Areas, developed by PHIDU, are comprised of a combination of whole SA2s and multiple (aggregates of) SA2s, where the SA2 is an area in the ABS structure. For more information please see the data source notes on the data. Source: Compiled by PHIDU using data from the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, supplied on behalf of Stateand Territory health departments for 2016/17; and the ABS Estimated Resident Population, 30 June 2016. AURIN has spatially enabled the original data. Data that was not shown/not applicable/not published/not available for the specific area ('#', '..', '^', 'np, 'n.a.', 'n.y.a.' in original PHIDU data) was removed.It has been replaced by by Blank cells. For other keys and abbreviations refer to PHIDU Keys.

This dataset, released January 2020, contains for the time period of 2017-2018 the Estimated population, aged 18 years and over with diabetes mellitus; Estimated male population with mental and behavioural problems; Estimated female population with mental and behavioural problems; Estimated population with mental and behavioural problems; Estimated population with heart, stroke and vascular disease; Estimated population with asthma; Estimated population with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; Estimated population with arthritis; Estimated population with osteoporosis; The data is by Population Health Area (PHA) 2016 geographic boundaries based on the 2016 Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS). Population Health Areas, developed by PHIDU, are comprised of a combination of whole SA2s and multiple (aggregates of) SA2s, where the SA2 is an area in the ABS structure. For more information please see the data source notes on the data. Source: Estimates for Population Health Areas (PHAs) are modelled estimates and were produced by the ABS; estimates at the LGA and PHN level were derived from the PHA estimates. AURIN has spatially enabled the original data. Data that was not shown/not applicable/not published/not available for the specific area ('#', '..', '^', 'np, 'n.a.', 'n.y.a.' in original PHIDU data) was removed.It has been replaced by by Blank cells. For other keys and abbreviations refer to PHIDU Keys.

This dataset, released June 2020, contains data relating to hospital admissions during 2017-2018 by a principal diagnosis of Parasitic disease, cancer, Blood-organ disease, metabolic disease, mental health disease, nervous system disease, eye disease, ear disease, circulatory system disease, respiratory system disease, digestive system disease, skin disease, musculoskeletal disease, genitourinary system disease, perinatal condition, congenital deformations, pregnancies and external causes. The data is by Population Health Area (PHA) 2016 geographic boundaries based on the 2016 Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS). Population Health Areas, developed by PHIDU, are comprised of a combination of whole SA2s and multiple (aggregates of) SA2s, where the SA2 is an area in the ABS structure. For more information please see the data source notes on the data. Source: Compiled by PHIDU using data from the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, supplied on behalf of Stateand Territory health departments for 2017/18; and the average of the ABS Estimated Resident Population, 30 June 2017 and 30 June 2018. AURIN has spatially enabled the original data. Data that was not shown/not applicable/not published/not available for the specific area ('#', '..', '^', 'np, 'n.a.', 'n.y.a.' in original PHIDU data) was removed.It has been replaced by by Blank cells. For other keys and abbreviations refer to PHIDU Keys.

This dataset, released November 2018, contains data relating to male hospital admissions during 2016-2017 by principal diagnosis of: Parasitic disease, cancer, Blood-organ disease, metabolic disease, mental health disease, nervous system disease, eye disease, ear disease, circulatory system disease, respiratory system disease, digestive system disease, skin disease, musculoskeletal disease, genitourinary system disease, perinatal condition, congenital deformations and external causes. The data is by Population Health Area (PHA) 2016 geographic boundaries based on the 2016 Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS). Population Health Areas, developed by PHIDU, are comprised of a combination of whole SA2s and multiple (aggregates of) SA2s, where the SA2 is an area in the ABS structure. For more information please see the data source notes on the data. Source: Compiled by PHIDU using data from the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, supplied on behalf of Stateand Territory health departments for 2016/17; and the ABS Estimated Resident Population, 30 June 2016. AURIN has spatially enabled the original data. Data that was not shown/not applicable/not published/not available for the specific area ('#', '..', '^', 'np, 'n.a.', 'n.y.a.' in original PHIDU data) was removed.It has been replaced by by Blank cells. For other keys and abbreviations refer to PHIDU Keys.

This dataset, released October 2014, contains for the time period of 2011-2012 the Estimated population, aged 18 years and over with diabetes mellitus; Estimated population aged 18 years and over with high blood cholesterol; Estimated male population with mental and behavioural problems; Estimated female population with mental and behavioural problems; Estimated population with mental and behavioural problems; Estimated population aged 2 years and over with circulatory system diseases; Estimated population with respiratory system diseases; Estimated population with musculoskeletal system diseases. The data is by Population Health Area (PHA) 2016 geographic boundaries based on the 2016 Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS). Population Health Areas, developed by PHIDU, are comprised of a combination of whole SA2s and multiple (aggregates of) SA2s, where the SA2 is an area in the ABS structure. For more information please see the data source notes on the data. Source: Estimates for Population Health Areas (PHAs) are modelled estimates and were produced by the ABS;estimates at the LGA and PHN level were derived from the PHA estimates. AURIN has spatially enabled the original data. Data that was not shown/not applicable/not published/not available for the specific area ('#', '..', '^', 'np, 'n.a.', 'n.y.a.' in original PHIDU data) was removed.It has been replaced by by Blank cells. For other keys and abbreviations refer to PHIDU Keys.

This dataset, released November 2018, contains data relating to hospital admissions during 2016-2017 by principal diagnosis of: Parasitic disease, cancer, Blood-organ disease, metabolic disease, mental health disease, nervous system disease, eye disease, ear disease, circulatory system disease, respiratory system disease, digestive system disease, skin disease, musculoskeletal disease, genitourinary system disease, perinatal condition, congenital deformations and external causes. The data is by Population Health Area (PHA) 2016 geographic boundaries based on the 2016 Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS). Population Health Areas, developed by PHIDU, are comprised of a combination of whole SA2s and multiple (aggregates of) SA2s, where the SA2 is an area in the ABS structure. For more information please see the data source notes on the data. Source: Compiled by PHIDU using data from the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, supplied on behalf of Stateand Territory health departments for 2016/17; and the ABS Estimated Resident Population, 30 June 2016. AURIN has spatially enabled the original data. Data that was not shown/not applicable/not published/not available for the specific area ('#', '..', '^', 'np, 'n.a.', 'n.y.a.' in original PHIDU data) was removed.It has been replaced by by Blank cells. For other keys and abbreviations refer to PHIDU Keys.

This dataset, released June 2020, contains data relating to hospital admissions during 2017-2018 by a principal diagnosis of Parasitic disease, cancer, Blood-organ disease, metabolic disease, mental health disease, nervous system disease, eye disease, ear disease, circulatory system disease, respiratory system disease, digestive system disease, skin disease, musculoskeletal disease, genitourinary system disease, perinatal condition, congenital deformations, pregnancies and external causes. The data is by Population Health Area (PHA) 2016 geographic boundaries based on the 2016 Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS). Population Health Areas, developed by PHIDU, are comprised of a combination of whole SA2s and multiple (aggregates of) SA2s, where the SA2 is an area in the ABS structure. For more information please see the data source notes on the data. Source: Compiled by PHIDU using data from the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, supplied on behalf of Stateand Territory health departments for 2017/18; and the average of the ABS Estimated Resident Population, 30 June 2017 and 30 June 2018. AURIN has spatially enabled the original data. Data that was not shown/not applicable/not published/not available for the specific area ('#', '..', '^', 'np, 'n.a.', 'n.y.a.' in original PHIDU data) was removed.It has been replaced by by Blank cells. For other keys and abbreviations refer to PHIDU Keys.

This dataset, released January 2020, contains for the time period of 2017-2018 the Estimated population, aged 18 years and over with diabetes mellitus; Estimated male population with mental and behavioural problems; Estimated female population with mental and behavioural problems; Estimated population with mental and behavioural problems; Estimated population with heart, stroke and vascular disease; Estimated population with asthma; Estimated population with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; Estimated population with arthritis; Estimated population with osteoporosis; The data is by Population Health Area (PHA) 2016 geographic boundaries based on the 2016 Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS). Population Health Areas, developed by PHIDU, are comprised of a combination of whole SA2s and multiple (aggregates of) SA2s, where the SA2 is an area in the ABS structure. For more information please see the data source notes on the data. Source: Estimates for Population Health Areas (PHAs) are modelled estimates and were produced by the ABS; estimates at the LGA and PHN level were derived from the PHA estimates. AURIN has spatially enabled the original data. Data that was not shown/not applicable/not published/not available for the specific area ('#', '..', '^', 'np, 'n.a.', 'n.y.a.' in original PHIDU data) was removed.It has been replaced by by Blank cells. For other keys and abbreviations refer to PHIDU Keys.

This dataset, released June 2020, contains total Emergency department presentations by principal diagnosis, 2017/18. Presentations include Total presentations; Total presentations for certain infectious and parasitic diseases; Total presentations for mental and behavioural disorders; Total presentations for diseases of the circulatory system; Total presentations for diseases of the respiratory system; Total presentations for diseases of the digestive system; Total presentations for diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue; Total presentations for diseases of the genitourinary system; Total presentations for injury, poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes; Total presentations for factors influencing health status and contact with health services; Total presentations for other diseases/ conditions.

The data is by Population Health Area (PHA) 2016 geographic boundaries based on the 2016 Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS).

Population Health Areas, developed by PHIDU, are comprised of a combination of whole SA2s and multiple (aggregates of) SA2s, where the SA2 is an area in the ABS structure.

For more information please see the data source notes on the data.

Source: Compiled by PHIDU using data from the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, supplied on behalf of State and Territory health departments for 2017/18; and the average of the ABS Estimated Resident Population, 30 June 2017 and 2018.

AURIN has spatially enabled the original data. Data that was not shown/not applicable/not published/not available for the specific area ('#', '..', '^', 'np, 'n.a.', 'n.y.a.' in original PHIDU data) was removed.It has been replaced by by Blank cells. For other keys and abbreviations refer to PHIDU Keys.

This dataset, released June 2020, contains total Emergency department presentations by principal diagnosis, 2017/18. Presentations include Total presentations; Total presentations for certain infectious and parasitic diseases; Total presentations for mental and behavioural disorders; Total presentations for diseases of the circulatory system; Total presentations for diseases of the respiratory system; Total presentations for diseases of the digestive system; Total presentations for diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue; Total presentations for diseases of the genitourinary system; Total presentations for injury, poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes; Total presentations for factors influencing health status and contact with health services; Total presentations for other diseases/ conditions. The data is by Population Health Area (PHA) 2016 geographic boundaries based on the 2016 Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS). Population Health Areas, developed by PHIDU, are comprised of a combination of whole SA2s and multiple (aggregates of) SA2s, where the SA2 is an area in the ABS structure. For more information please see the data source notes on the data. Source: Compiled by PHIDU using data from the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, supplied on behalf of State and Territory health departments for 2017/18; and the average of the ABS Estimated Resident Population, 30 June 2017 and 2018. AURIN has spatially enabled the original data. Data that was not shown/not applicable/not published/not available for the specific area ('#', '..', '^', 'np, 'n.a.', 'n.y.a.' in original PHIDU data) was removed.It has been replaced by by Blank cells. For other keys and abbreviations refer to PHIDU Keys.

This dataset, released October 2014, contains for the time period of 2011-2012 the Estimated population, aged 18 years and over with diabetes mellitus; Estimated population aged 18 years and over with high blood cholesterol; Estimated male population with mental and behavioural problems; Estimated female population with mental and behavioural problems; Estimated population with mental and behavioural problems; Estimated population aged 2 years and over with circulatory system diseases; Estimated population with respiratory system diseases; Estimated population with musculoskeletal system diseases. The data is by Population Health Area (PHA) 2016 geographic boundaries based on the 2016 Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS). Population Health Areas, developed by PHIDU, are comprised of a combination of whole SA2s and multiple (aggregates of) SA2s, where the SA2 is an area in the ABS structure. For more information please see the data source notes on the data. Source: Estimates for Population Health Areas (PHAs) are modelled estimates and were produced by the ABS;estimates at the LGA and PHN level were derived from the PHA estimates. AURIN has spatially enabled the original data. Data that was not shown/not applicable/not published/not available for the specific area ('#', '..', '^', 'np, 'n.a.', 'n.y.a.' in original PHIDU data) was removed.It has been replaced by by Blank cells. For other keys and abbreviations refer to PHIDU Keys.

This dataset, released June 2020, contains Emergency department presentations for urgent by principal diagnosis, 2017/18. Presentations include Urgent presentations - Total; Urgent presentations for certain infectious and parasitic diseases; Urgent presentations for mental and behavioural disorders; Urgent presentations for diseases of the circulatory system; Urgent presentations for diseases of the respiratory system; Urgent presentations for diseases of the digestive system; Urgent presentations for diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue; Urgent presentations for diseases of the genitourinary system; Urgent presentations for injury, poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes; Urgent presentations for factors influencing health status and contact with health services; Urgent presentations for other diseases/ conditions, 2017/18. The data is by Population Health Area (PHA) 2016 geographic boundaries based on the 2016 Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS). Population Health Areas, developed by PHIDU, are comprised of a combination of whole SA2s and multiple (aggregates of) SA2s, where the SA2 is an area in the ABS structure. For more information please see the data source notes on the data. Source: Compiled by PHIDU using data from the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, supplied on behalf of State and Territory health departments for 2017/18; and the average of the ABS Estimated Resident Population, 30 June 2017 and 2018. AURIN has spatially enabled the original data. Data that was not shown/not applicable/not published/not available for the specific area ('#', '..', '^', 'np, 'n.a.', 'n.y.a.' in original PHIDU data) was removed.It has been replaced by by Blank cells. For other keys and abbreviations refer to PHIDU Keys.

This dataset, released June 2020, contains Emergency department presentations for non-urgent by principal diagnosis, 2017/18. Presentations include Non-urgent presentations - Total; Non-urgent presentations for certain infectious and parasitic diseases; Non-urgent presentations for mental and behavioural disorders; Non-urgent presentations for diseases of the circulatory system; Non-urgent presentations for diseases of the respiratory system; Non-urgent presentations for diseases of the digestive system; Non-urgent presentations for diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue; Non-urgent presentations for diseases of the genitourinary system; Non-urgent presentations for injury, poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes; Non-urgent presentations for factors influencing health status and contact with health services; Non-urgent presentations for other diseases/ conditions, 2017/18. The data is by Population Health Area (PHA) 2016 geographic boundaries based on the 2016 Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS). Population Health Areas, developed by PHIDU, are comprised of a combination of whole SA2s and multiple (aggregates of) SA2s, where the SA2 is an area in the ABS structure. For more information please see the data source notes on the data. Source: Compiled by PHIDU using data from the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, supplied on behalf of State and Territory health departments for 2017/18; and the average of the ABS Estimated Resident Population, 30 June 2017 and 2018. AURIN has spatially enabled the original data. Data that was not shown/not applicable/not published/not available for the specific area ('#', '..', '^', 'np, 'n.a.', 'n.y.a.' in original PHIDU data) was removed.It has been replaced by by Blank cells. For other keys and abbreviations refer to PHIDU Keys.