description: ACRIS Document Type and Class Code mappings for Codes in the ACRIS Real and Personal Property Master Datasets; abstract: ACRIS Document Type and Class Code mappings for Codes in the ACRIS Real and Personal Property Master Datasets

ACRIS State mapping for Codes in the ACRIS Real and Personal Property Legals Datasets

Party Names for Real Property Related Documents Recorded in ACRIS

Document Details for Real Property Related Documents Recorded in ACRIS

ACRIS Collateral Type mapping for Codes in the ACRIS Personal Property Master Dataset

Male anuran (frog and toad) advertisement calls associate with fitness and can respond to environmental cues such as rain and air temperature. Moonlight is thought to generally decrease call behaviors – perhaps as a response to increased perceived risk of predation – and this study sought to determine if artificial lighting produces a similar pattern. Using a handheld spotlight, light was experimentally introduced to natural anuran communities in ponds and streams. Custom call surveys where then used to measure anuran calls in paired unlit and lit conditions at six locations in central Texas. Among seven species heard, the number of frogs calling and call index declined in response to the acute light input. Local weather conditions could not explain differences between numbers of frogs calling between species, sites, survey order, or lighting order suggesting the main effect on number calling was light treatment. It appears acute artificial light alone can change calling behavior within several species in natural, mixed species assemblages.

One of the major challenges for researchers studying phylogeography and shallow-scale phylogenetics is the identification of highly-variable and informative nuclear loci for the question of interest. Previous approaches to marker generation have generally required extensive testing of loci of unknown utility from other systems or development of markers from the nearest model organism with genomic resources. Here, we present a fast and economical approach to generating thousands of variable, single-copy nuclear loci for any system using next-generation sequencing. We performed Illumina paired-end sequencing of three reduced-representation libraries (RRLs) in chorus frogs (Pseudacris) to identify orthologous, single-copy loci across libraries and to estimate sequence divergence at multiple taxonomic levels. We also conducted PCR testing of these loci across the genus Pseudacris and outgroups to determine whether loci developed for phylogeography can be extended to deeper phylogenetic levels. Prior to sequencing, we conducted in silico digestion of the most closely-related reference genome (Xenopus tropicalis) to generate expectations for the number of loci and degree of coverage for a particular experimental design. Using the RRL approach, we: (1) identified >100,000 single-copy nuclear loci, 6,339 of which were shared across individuals within species and 904 of which were shared between species, (2) estimated average nuclear sequence divergence at 0.1% between alleles within an individual, 1.1% between conspecific individuals, and 1.8% between species, and (3) determined from PCR testing that 53% of the loci successfully amplify within-species and also many amplify to the genus-level and beyond (16%). Our study effectively identified nuclear loci present in the genome that have levels of sequence divergence on par with mitochondrial markers commonly used in phylogeography. Specifically, we estimated that ~7% of loci in the chorus frog genome are >3% divergent within species; this translates to ~50,000 single-copy loci in the genome with >3% divergence. Moreover, successful amplification of many loci at deeper phylogenetic levels indicates that the RRL approach represents an efficient method for rapid generation of informative markers for both phylogenetics and phylogeography. We conclude by making recommendations for minimizing the cost and maximizing the efficiency of marker development for future studies in this field.

Document Cross References for Real Property Related Documents Recorded in ACRIS

Belgium Herbarium image of Meise Botanic Garden.

Changing climate will impact species' ranges only when environmental variability directly impacts the demography of local populations. However, measurement of demographic responses to climate change has largely been limited to single species and locations. Here we show that amphibian communities are responsive to climatic variability, using >500,000 time-series observations for 81 species across 86 North American study areas. The effect of climate on local colonization and persistence probabilities varies among eco-regions and depends on local climate, species life-histories, and taxonomic classification. We found that local species richness is most sensitive to changes in water availability during breeding and changes in winter conditions. Based on the relationships we measure, recent changes in climate cannot explain why local species richness of North American amphibians has rapidly declined. However, changing climate does explain why some populations are declining faster than others. Our results provide important insights into how amphibians respond to climate and a general framework for measuring climate impacts on species richness.

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Property Details for Personal Property Related Documents Recorded in ACRIS

Property Details for Real Property Related Documents Recorded in ACRIS