This dataset provides atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and methane (CH4) concentrations as measured on a network of instrumented communications towers operated by the Atmospheric Carbon and Transport-America (ACT-America) project. ACT-America's mission spans five years and includes five 6-week intensive field campaigns covering all 4 seasons and 3 regions of the central and eastern United States. Tower-based measurements began in early 2015 and are continuously collecting CO2, CO, and CH4 data to characterize ground-level (>100 m) carbon background conditions to support the periodic airborne measurement campaigns and transport modeling conducted by ACT-America. The towers are instrumented with infrared cavity ring-down spectrometer systems (CRDS; Picarro Inc.). Data are reported for the highest sampling port on each tower. The averaging interval standard deviation and uncertainty derived from periodic flask sample to in-situ measurement comparisons are provided. Complete tower location, elevation, instrument height, and date/time information are also provided.

This dataset provides measurements from the High Altitude Lidar Observatory (HALO) instrument, an airborne multi-function Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) and High Spectral Resolution Lidar (HSRL), operating at 532 nm and 1064 nm wavelengths onboard a C-130 aircraft during the June and July 2019 ACT-America campaign. The flights took place over eastern and central North America based from Shreveport, Louisiana; Lincoln, Nebraska; and NASA Wallops Flight Facility located on the eastern shore of Virginia. HALO data were sampled at 0.5 s temporal and 1.25 m vertical resolutions. The data include profiles of aerosol optical properties (AOP), distributions of mixed layer heights (MLH), columns of tropospheric methane, and navigation parameters. The data are provided in HDF5 format along with PNG images and a companion files in Portable Document (*.pdf) format.

This dataset provides vertical weighting function coefficients of the Level 2 (L2) remotely sensed column-average carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations measured during airborne campaigns in Summer 2016, Winter 2017, Fall 2017, and Spring 2018 conducted over central and eastern regions of the U.S. for the Atmospheric Carbon and Transport (ACT-America) project. Column-average CO2 concentrations were measured at a 0.1-second frequency during flights of the C-130 Hercules aircraft at altitudes up to 8 km with a Multi-functional Fiber Laser Lidar (MFLL; Harris Corporation). The MFLL is a set of Continuous-Wave (CW) lidar instruments consisting of an intensity-modulated multi-frequency single-beam synchronous-detection Laser Absorption Spectrometer (LAS) operating at 1571 nm for measuring the column amount of CO2 number density and range between the aircraft and the surface or to cloud tops, and surface reflectance and a Pseudo-random Noise (PN) altimeter at 1596 nm for measuring the path length from the aircraft to the scattering surface and/or cloud tops. The MFLL was onboard all ACT-America seasonal campaigns, except Summer 2019. The MFLL-measured column-averaged CO2 values have certain distinct vertical weights on CO2 profiles depending on the meteorological conditions and the wavelengths used at the measurement time and location. This product includes the instrument location at the time of measurement in geographic coordinates and altitude, along with a vector of weighting function values representing conditions along the nadir direction.

This dataset provides profile-based estimates of the height to the top of the planetary boundary layer (PBL), also known as the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL), in meters above mean sea level estimated from meteorological measurements acquired during ascending or descending vertical profile flight segments during NASA's Atmospheric Carbon and Transport - America (ACT-America) airborne campaign. ACT-America flights sampled the atmosphere over the central and eastern United States seasonally from 2016 - 2019. Two aircraft platforms, the NASA Langley Beechcraft B-200 King Air and the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center's C-130 Hercules, were used to collect high-quality in situ measurements across a variety of continental surfaces and atmospheric conditions.

This dataset provides merged data products acquired during flights over the central and eastern United States as part of the Atmospheric Carbon and Transport - America (ACT-America) project. Two aircraft platforms, the NASA Langley Beechcraft B200 King Air and the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center's C-130H Hercules, were used to collect high-quality in situ measurements across a variety of continental surfaces and atmospheric conditions. The merged data products are composed of continuous in situ measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3), and ethane (C2H6, B200 aircraft only) that were averaged to uniform intervals and merged with aircraft navigation and meteorological variables as well as trace gas concentrations from discrete flask samples collected with the Programmable Flask Package (PFP). These merged data products provide integrated measurements at intervals useful to the modeling community for studying the transport and fluxes of atmospheric carbon dioxide and methane across North America.

The global CO2 surgical laser market is experiencing robust growth, driven by the increasing adoption of minimally invasive surgical procedures, technological advancements leading to enhanced precision and efficacy, and a rising prevalence of chronic diseases requiring laser surgery. The market's expansion is further fueled by the growing demand for less-invasive alternatives to traditional surgical methods, offering benefits such as reduced pain, shorter recovery times, and smaller incisions. Hospitals and ambulatory surgical centers represent significant market segments, with a projected increase in demand from both sectors owing to increasing patient volumes and the integration of advanced laser technologies. While the 10.6μm wavelength CO2 laser currently dominates the market due to its established efficacy, the 9.25-9.6μm wavelength segment is gaining traction due to its potential for improved tissue interaction and reduced collateral damage. However, high initial investment costs and the need for specialized training for medical professionals can act as potential restraints. North America currently holds a significant market share, driven by high healthcare expenditure and technological advancements within the region, but other regions, particularly Asia-Pacific, are witnessing rapid growth due to improving healthcare infrastructure and rising disposable incomes. The competitive landscape is marked by the presence of established players like Cynosure, Lumenis, Alma Lasers, and Boston Scientific, alongside emerging companies actively developing innovative laser technologies. Strategic collaborations, technological innovations focusing on improved safety profiles and enhanced functionalities, and expansion into emerging markets are key strategies being implemented by market players to gain a competitive edge. Future growth will likely be shaped by the development of more sophisticated laser systems with advanced features such as integrated imaging and real-time tissue monitoring capabilities, further increasing their adoption in various surgical procedures. The forecast period (2025-2033) anticipates continued growth, particularly driven by technological innovations and increasing demand for minimally invasive surgeries across various medical specialties. Sustained market expansion is anticipated, reflecting a positive outlook for the CO2 surgical laser market in the coming years.

Carbon-Smart Real Estate Listing Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global carbon-smart real estate listing market size reached USD 2.2 billion in 2024, reflecting a growing emphasis on sustainability and eco-friendly property management. The market is projected to expand at a robust CAGR of 18.7% from 2025 to 2033, with the market size forecasted to reach USD 11.8 billion by 2033. This impressive growth is primarily driven by heightened awareness of climate change, evolving regulatory frameworks, and a strong demand for transparent, carbon-efficient property information. As the real estate sector continues to prioritize decarbonization, carbon-smart listings are rapidly transitioning from a niche offering to a mainstream necessity.

The primary growth factor fueling the carbon-smart real estate listing market is the increasing global focus on sustainability and environmental responsibility. Governments, investors, and consumers are placing higher value on properties that meet stringent carbon reduction standards, and this is translating into a surge in demand for platforms that can accurately track, verify, and present data on energy efficiency, carbon emissions, and green certifications. Real estate agencies and property owners are leveraging these platforms to differentiate their assets, attract eco-conscious buyers, and comply with emerging regulations. Moreover, the proliferation of green building standards, such as LEED and BREEAM, is prompting a paradigm shift in how properties are marketed and valued, further accelerating the adoption of carbon-smart listings.

Technological advancements are another significant driver of market expansion. The integration of advanced software solutions, artificial intelligence, and IoT-enabled smart building management systems is enabling real-time monitoring and reporting of energy consumption and carbon outputs. These innovations not only streamline compliance with environmental regulations but also provide actionable insights for property optimization. As a result, both new developments and existing properties are increasingly being upgraded to support carbon-smart features, fostering a virtuous cycle of innovation and investment. Additionally, the rise of digital platforms and real-time data analytics is making it easier for stakeholders to access, interpret, and act upon carbon performance metrics, thereby enhancing market transparency and trust.

Financial incentives and evolving investment criteria are also catalyzing market growth. Institutional investors and real estate funds are increasingly incorporating ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) factors into their due diligence processes, with carbon-smart properties often commanding premium valuations and lower risk profiles. This shift is encouraging property owners and developers to invest in carbon-efficient upgrades and certifications, knowing that such enhancements can directly impact asset liquidity and long-term value. Furthermore, government-backed incentives, such as tax breaks and grants for green building initiatives, are lowering the barriers to entry for both new and existing market participants, further broadening the appeal and accessibility of carbon-smart real estate listings.

From a regional perspective, North America and Europe remain at the forefront of the carbon-smart real estate listing market, driven by mature regulatory environments, high levels of environmental awareness, and substantial investment in green infrastructure. However, the Asia Pacific region is rapidly emerging as a key growth engine, buoyed by urbanization, rising energy costs, and increasing government mandates for sustainable development. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are also witnessing gradual adoption, supported by international partnerships and growing recognition of the economic and environmental benefits of carbon-smart property management. As market penetration deepens across these regions, the global landscape is expected to become increasingly competitive and dynamic.

Property Type Analysis

CO₂-to-Polyol Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the CO₂-to-Polyol market size reached USD 540 million globally in 2024, reflecting the rapid adoption of sustainable chemical processes across key industries. The market is forecasted to grow at a robust CAGR of 16.8% from 2025 to 2033, reaching a projected value of USD 1.78 billion by the end of the forecast period. This remarkable growth is driven by intensifying regulatory pressure to reduce carbon emissions, rising demand for eco-friendly polyols in polyurethane production, and significant advancements in CO₂ conversion technologies. As per our latest research, the market’s expansion is underscored by a unique convergence of environmental, technological, and economic growth factors.

One of the primary growth drivers for the CO₂-to-Polyol market is the global shift toward sustainable manufacturing practices, particularly in high-volume industries such as automotive, construction, and packaging. With mounting concerns over climate change and the urgent need to decarbonize industrial processes, manufacturers are increasingly seeking alternative feedstocks that minimize environmental impact. Polyols derived from captured CO₂ offer a compelling value proposition, as they not only reduce greenhouse gas emissions but also enable the production of high-performance materials with a lower carbon footprint. This trend is further reinforced by stringent regulatory frameworks such as the European Green Deal and the U.S. Inflation Reduction Act, which incentivize the adoption of carbon capture and utilization (CCU) technologies across the value chain.

Technological innovation is another critical factor propelling the growth of the CO₂-to-Polyol market. Advances in chemical catalysis, enzymatic conversion, and electrochemical reduction have significantly improved the efficiency and scalability of CO₂-to-polyol processes, making them increasingly viable for commercial deployment. Key industry players and research institutions are investing heavily in R&D to enhance catalyst selectivity, boost conversion rates, and optimize process economics. Additionally, the integration of renewable energy sources into electrochemical reduction processes has further strengthened the market’s sustainability profile. These technological breakthroughs are enabling the production of a broader range of polyol products, catering to diverse application needs in polyurethane foams, coatings, adhesives, sealants, and elastomers.

The rising demand for eco-friendly consumer goods and sustainable packaging solutions is also fueling the adoption of CO₂-based polyols, particularly in emerging markets. Consumers and corporations alike are increasingly prioritizing products with reduced environmental impact, driving manufacturers to incorporate green polyols into their product formulations. This shift is especially pronounced in the furniture, electronics, and packaging sectors, where end-users are seeking to align their supply chains with circular economy principles. The ability of CO₂-to-polyol technologies to transform industrial emissions into valuable chemical intermediates is resonating strongly with sustainability-focused stakeholders, further accelerating market growth.

From a regional perspective, Europe currently leads the CO₂-to-Polyol market in terms of adoption and innovation, accounting for approximately 38% of global revenues in 2024. This dominance is underpinned by a robust policy environment, strong public-private partnerships, and a well-established chemical manufacturing base. Asia Pacific is emerging as the fastest-growing region, driven by rapid industrialization, expanding construction and automotive sectors, and increasing investments in green technologies. North America also represents a significant market, supported by a strong focus on R&D and the presence of leading chemical companies. As market awareness continues to grow and regulatory frameworks tighten worldwide, other regions such as Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are expected to witness accelerated adoption of CO₂-to-polyol technologies in the coming years.

Airport Mangrove Restoration Offset Market Outlook

As per our latest research, the global Airport Mangrove Restoration Offset market size reached USD 1.18 billion in 2024, driven by surging environmental regulations and sustainability commitments across the aviation sector. The market is now witnessing a robust growth trajectory, with a CAGR of 10.7% projected between 2025 and 2033. At this pace, the market is expected to attain a value of USD 2.92 billion by 2033. This expansion is primarily attributed to the increasing adoption of mangrove restoration projects as effective carbon offset solutions by airports and airlines, alongside growing awareness regarding the multifaceted environmental benefits of mangroves.

One of the primary growth factors propelling the Airport Mangrove Restoration Offset market is the intensifying pressure on the aviation industry to decarbonize and meet stringent climate targets. International aviation bodies, such as ICAO, have set ambitious goals for carbon-neutral growth, prompting airports and airlines to seek innovative offset mechanisms. Mangrove restoration projects are gaining traction due to their exceptional ability to sequester carbon, support biodiversity, and provide coastal protection, thus offering a holistic approach to environmental stewardship. The alignment of these projects with global sustainability frameworks, such as the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), further incentivizes stakeholders to invest in mangrove-based offsets, ensuring long-term ecological and regulatory benefits.

Another significant driver is the increasing recognition of mangroves’ ecosystem services beyond carbon sequestration. Mangroves act as natural buffers against coastal erosion, mitigate flood risks, and support fisheries, making them invaluable for communities near airport zones. As infrastructure development in coastal regions accelerates, airports are under mounting scrutiny to minimize their ecological footprint. The integration of mangrove restoration into airport expansion and operational strategies not only addresses regulatory compliance but also enhances corporate social responsibility (CSR) profiles. This multifaceted value proposition is encouraging airports and their partners to prioritize mangrove restoration offsets over traditional carbon offset methods.

Furthermore, the market is benefiting from the evolution of offset mechanisms and the rise of innovative financial instruments. The proliferation of verified carbon standards, biodiversity offset protocols, and ecosystem service payments is streamlining the monetization and trading of mangrove restoration credits. This evolution is attracting a broader array of stakeholders, including financial institutions and NGOs, who are eager to participate in transparent and accountable offset markets. The emergence of digital platforms and blockchain-based registries is further enhancing traceability and investor confidence, thus catalyzing capital flows into large-scale mangrove restoration projects.

From a regional perspective, Asia Pacific continues to dominate the Airport Mangrove Restoration Offset market, accounting for the largest share in 2024, followed by North America and Europe. The region’s extensive mangrove forests, combined with rapid airport infrastructure development in countries like Indonesia, India, and Vietnam, create fertile ground for offset initiatives. Meanwhile, North America and Europe are witnessing increased adoption due to regulatory mandates and voluntary commitments from major airport operators. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are emerging as promising markets, supported by international funding and cross-border conservation programs. This global momentum underscores the universal relevance of mangrove restoration in achieving aviation sector sustainability goals.

Project Type Analysis

The Airport Mangrove Restoration Offset market is segmented by project type into Afforestation, Reforestation, Conservation, and Others. Afforestation projects involve planting mangrove

SCOAPE2_RVPointSur_Data is the data collected from instruments onboard the University of Southern Mississippi’s Research Vessel (R/V) Point Sur during the Satellite Coastal and Oceanic Atmospheric Pollution Experiment - II (SCOAPE-II). Data was collected by sun photometers, ceilometers, aethalometers, anemometers, and pyranometers. Data collection for this product is complete.

The Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act (OCSLA) requires the US Department of Interior Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) to ensure compliance with the US National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) so that Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) oil and natural gas (ONG) exploration, development, and production do not significantly impact the air quality of any US state. In 2017, BOEM and NASA entered into an interagency agreement to begin a study to scope out the feasibility of BOEM personnel using a suite of NASA and non-NASA resources to assess how pollutants from ONG exploration, development, and production activities affect air quality. An important activity of this interagency agreement was the Satellite Coastal and Oceanic Atmospheric Pollution Experiment (SCOAPE), a field deployment that took place in May 2019, that aimed to assess the capability of satellite observations for monitoring offshore air quality. The outcomes of the study are documented in two BOEM reports (Duncan, 2020; Thompson, 2020).

SCOAPE-II was completed in May 2024 as a follow-on to SCOAPE-I. The primary objectives of SCOAPE-II were to collect shipboard in-situ data and learn more about plumes from oil and gas in the Gulf of America; and conduct validation of NO2 columns from the TEMPO instrument and assess the feasibility of using hourly scans for monitoring air quality. SCOAPE-II also introduced an aircraft component to support comparisons with in-situ and satellite observations. Flights with the AVIRIS-3 instrument were conducted during the primary campaign period, targeting methane column enhancements. A separate flight period occurred in October 2024 to conduct observations of NO2 plumes at deep water targets utilizing the Geostationary Coastal and Air Pollution Event (GEO-CAPE) Airborne Simulator (GCAS) instrument.

To address BOEM’s goals, the SCOAPE science team conducted surface-based remote sensing and in-situ measurements, which enabled a systematic assessment of the application of satellite observations, primarily NO2, for monitoring air quality. The SCOAPE field measurements consisted of onshore ground sites, including in the vicinity of the Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium (LUMCON; Cocodrie, LA), as well as those from University of Southern Mississippi’s Research Vessel (R/V) Point Sur, which cruised in the Gulf of America from 10-18 May 2019. Based on the 2014 and 2017 BOEM emissions inventories as well as daily air quality and meteorological forecasts, the cruise track was designed to sample both areas with large oil drilling platforms and areas with dense small natural gas facilities. The R/V Point Sur was instrumented to carry out both remote sensing and in-situ measurements of NO2 and O3 along with in-situ CH4, CO2, CO, and VOC tracers which allowed detailed characterization of airmass type and emissions. In addition, there were also measurements of multi-wavelength AOD and black carbon as well as planetary boundary layer structure and meteorological variables, including surface temperature, humidity, and winds. A ship-based spectrometer instrument provided remotely-sensed total column amounts of NO2 and O3 for direct comparison with satellite measurements. Ozonesondes and radiosondes were also launched 1-3 times daily from the R/V Point Sur to provide O3 and meteorological vertical profile observations. The ground-based observations, primarily at LUMCON, included spectrometer-measured column NO2 and O3, in-situ NO2, VOCs, and planetary boundary layer structure. A NO2sonde was also mounted on a vehicle with the goal to detect pollution onshore from offshore ONG activities during onshore flow; data were collected along coastal Louisiana from Burns Point Park to Grand Isle to the tip of the Mississippi River delta. The in-situ measurements were reported in ICARTT files or Excel files. The remote sensing data are in either HDF or netCDF files.

SCOAPE_RVPointSur_Data is the data collected from instruments onboard the University of Southern Mississippi’s Research Vessel (R/V) Point Sur during the Satellite Coastal and Oceanic Atmospheric Pollution Experiment (SCOAPE). Data was collected by sun photometers, ceilometers, aethalometers, anemometers, and pyranometers. Data collection for this product is complete.

The Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act (OCSLA) requires the US Department of Interior Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) to ensure compliance with the US National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) so that Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) oil and natural gas (ONG) exploration, development, and production do not significantly impact the air quality of any US state. In 2017, BOEM and NASA entered into an interagency agreement to begin a study to scope out the feasibility of BOEM personnel using a suite of NASA and non-NASA resources to assess how pollutants from ONG exploration, development, and production activities affect air quality. An important activity of this interagency agreement was SCOAPE, a field deployment that took place in May 2019, that aimed to assess the capability of satellite observations for monitoring offshore air quality. The outcomes of the study are documented in two BOEM reports (Duncan, 2020; Thompson, 2020).

To address BOEM’s goals, the SCOAPE science team conducted surface-based remote sensing and in-situ measurements, which enabled a systematic assessment of the application of satellite observations, primarily NO2, for monitoring air quality. The SCOAPE field measurements consisted of onshore ground sites, including in the vicinity of the Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium (LUMCON; Cocodrie, LA), as well as those from University of Southern Mississippi’s R/V Point Sur, which cruised in the Gulf of America from 10-18 May 2019. Based on the 2014 and 2017 BOEM emissions inventories as well as daily air quality and meteorological forecasts, the cruise track was designed to sample both areas with large oil drilling platforms and areas with dense small natural gas facilities. The R/V Point Sur was instrumented to carry out both remote sensing and in-situ measurements of NO2 and O3 along with in-situ CH4, CO2, CO, and VOC tracers which allowed detailed characterization of airmass type and emissions. In addition, there were also measurements of multi-wavelength AOD and black carbon as well as planetary boundary layer structure and meteorological variables, including surface temperature, humidity, and winds. A ship-based spectrometer instrument provided remotely-sensed total column amounts of NO2 and O3 for direct comparison with satellite measurements. Ozonesondes and radiosondes were also launched 1-3 times daily from the R/V Point Sur to provide O3 and meteorological vertical profile observations. The ground-based observations, primarily at LUMCON, included spectrometer-measured column NO2 and O3, in-situ NO2, VOCs, and planetary boundary layer structure. A NO2sonde was also mounted on a vehicle with the goal to detect pollution onshore from offshore ONG activities during onshore flow; data were collected along coastal Louisiana from Burns Point Park to Grand Isle to the tip of the Mississippi River delta. The in-situ measurements were reported in ICARTT files or Excel files. The remote sensing data are in either HDF or netCDF files.