Abstract

Dabat Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS), also called the Dabat Research Center (DRC), was established at Dabat District in 1996 after conducting initial census. Later re-census was done in 2008. The surveillance is run by the College of Medicine and Health Sciences which is one of the colleges/faculties of the University of Gondar. Dabat district is one of the 21 districts in North Gondar Administrative Zone of Amhara Region in Ethiopia. According to the report published by the Central Statistical Agency in 2007, the district has an estimated total population of 145,458 living in 27 rural and 3 urban Kebeles (sub-districts). The altitude of the district ranges from about 1000 meters to over 2500 meters above sea level. The district population largely depends on subsistence agriculture economy. There are two health centers, three health stations, and twenty-nine health posts providing health services for the community. An all-weather road runs from Gondar town through Dabat to some towns of Tigray. Dabat town, the capital of Dabat District, is located approximately 821 km northwest of Addis Ababa and 75 kms north of Gondar town. The surveillance is funded by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) through Ethiopian Public Health Association.

Dabat HDSS/ Dabat Research Centre was established to generate longitudinal data on health and population at district level and provide a study base and sampling frame for community-based research.

Dabat district was initially selected purposively as a surveillance site for its unique three climatic conditions, namely Dega (high land and cold), Woina dega (mid land and temperate) and Kolla (low land and hot). The choice was made with the assumption that there would be differences in morbidity and mortality in the different climatic areas. Accordingly, seven kebeles from Dega, one kebele from Woina dega, and two kebeles from Kolla were selected randomly after stratification of the kebeles by climatic zone.

After the re-census, update has been done regularly every 6 months. During each round, data has been collected using a semi-structured questionnaire which included information related to birth and other pregnancy outcomes, death, migration, and marital status change. Interviews are administered to the heads of the household but in the absence of the head, the next elder family member is interviewed. This is only done after repeated trial of getting the head. While the regular update round is every six months, deaths that occur in the surveillance site are reported immediately to the data collectors by the local guides. After the mourning period, usually 45 days, the trained data collectors administer Verbal Autopsy (VA) questionnaire to the close relative of the deceased to get information on the possible cause(s) of death. Three VA questionnaires are prepared for the age groups 0-28 days, 29 days to 15 years, and greater than 15 years. To assign cause(s) of death, the VA data collected by data collectors is given to physicians who have got training on VA. These physicians independently assign causes of death using the standard International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10).

Geographic coverage

Dabat HDSS included seven rural kebeles (sub districts) and three urban kebeles in Dabat district which is located 75 km North of Gondar town in Ethiopia. There are highlands, midlands and few low land households in the HDSS site.

Analysis unit

Individual

Universe

All individuals residing in Dabat HDSS site

Kind of data

Event history data

Frequency of data collection

Two rounds per year

Sampling procedure

Not applicable

Sampling deviation

NA

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

All questionnaires are prepared in Amharic language. The surveillance questionnaires are related to birth and other pregnancy outcomes, as well as death, and migration.

Cleaning operations

The filled questionnaire is checked by filled supervisors, document clerk, data entry clerks for missings and other violations. In addition, DRC Software, a software developed from Microsoft Access and Visual Basic, checks violations against set of rules for data quality during data entry.

Response rate

On an average the response rate is about 99% over the years in every round.

Sampling error estimates

Not applicable

Data appraisal

CentreId MetricTable QMetric Illegal Legal Total Metric RunDate ET051 MicroDataCleaned Starts 57016 2017-06-29 14:56
ET051 MicroDataCleaned Transitions 0 125550 125550 0. 2017-06-29 14:56
ET051 MicroDataCleaned Ends 57016 2017-06-29 14:56
ET051 MicroDataCleaned SexValues 125550 2017-06-29 14:56
ET051 MicroDataCleaned DoBValues 125550 2017-06-29 14:56

Patients characteristics and treatment received in the study cohort.

Abstract

Survey based Harmonized Indicators (SHIP) files are harmonized data files from household surveys that are conducted by countries in Africa. To ensure the quality and transparency of the data, it is critical to document the procedures of compiling consumption aggregation and other indicators so that the results can be duplicated with ease. This process enables consistency and continuity that make temporal and cross-country comparisons consistent and more reliable.

Four harmonized data files are prepared for each survey to generate a set of harmonized variables that have the same variable names. Invariably, in each survey, questions are asked in a slightly different way, which poses challenges on consistent definition of harmonized variables. The harmonized household survey data present the best available variables with harmonized definitions, but not identical variables. The four harmonized data files are

a) Individual level file (Labor force indicators in a separate file): This file has information on basic characteristics of individuals such as age and sex, literacy, education, health, anthropometry and child survival. b) Labor force file: This file has information on labor force including employment/unemployment, earnings, sectors of employment, etc. c) Household level file: This file has information on household expenditure, household head characteristics (age and sex, level of education, employment), housing amenities, assets, and access to infrastructure and services. d) Household Expenditure file: This file has consumption/expenditure aggregates by consumption groups according to Purpose (COICOP) of Household Consumption of the UN.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

• Individual level for datasets with suffix _I and _L
• Household level for datasets with suffix _H and _E

Universe

The survey covered all de jure household members (usual residents).

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Sample Frame The list of households obtained from the 2001/2 Ethiopian Agricultural Sample Enumeration (EASE) was used as a frame to select EAs from the rural part of the country. On the other hand, the list consisting of households by EA, which was obtained from the 2004 Ethiopian Urban Economic Establishment Census, (EUEEC), was used as a frame in order to select sample enumeration areas for the urban HICE survey. A fresh list of households from each urban and rural EA was prepared at the beginning of the survey period. This list was, thus, used as a frame in order to select households from sample EAs.

Sample Design For the purpose of the survey the country was divided into three broad categories. That is; rural, major urban center and other urban center categories.

Category I: Rural: - This category consists of the rural areas of eight regional states and two administrative councils (Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa) of the country, except Gambella region. Each region was considered to be a domain (Reporting Level) for which major findings of the survey are reported. This category comprises 10 reporting levels. A stratified two-stage cluster sample design was used to select samples in which the primary sampling units (PSUs) were EAs. Twelve households per sample EA were selected as a Second Stage Sampling Unit (SSU) to which the survey questionnaire were administered.

Category II:- Major urban centers:- In this category all regional capitals (except Gambella region) and four additional urban centers having higher population sizes as compared to other urban centers were included. Each urban center in this category was considered as a reporting level. However, each sub-city of Addis Ababa was considered to be a domain (reporting levels). Since there is a high variation in the standards of living of the residents of these urban centers (that may have a significant impact on the final results of the survey), each urban center was further stratified into the following three sub-strata. Sub-stratum 1:- Households having a relatively high standards of living Sub-stratum 2:- Households having a relatively medium standards of living and Sub-stratum 3:- Households having a relatively low standards of living. The category has a total of 14 reporting levels. A stratified two-stage cluster sample design was also adopted in this instance. The primary sampling units were EAs of each urban center. Allocation of sample EAs of a reporting level among the above mentioned strata were accomplished in proportion to the number of EAs each stratum consists of. Sixteen households from each sample EA were inally selected as a Secondary Sampling Unit (SSU).

Category III: - Other urban centers: - Urban centers in the country other than those under category II were grouped into this category. Excluding Gambella region a domain of "other urban centers" is formed for each region. Consequently, 7 reporting levels were formed in this category. Harari, Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa do not have urban centers other than that grouped in category II. Hence, no domain was formed for these regions under this category. Unlike the above two categories a stratified three-stage cluster sample design was adopted to select samples from this category. The primary sampling units were urban centers and the second stage sampling units were EAs. Sixteen households from each EA were lastly selected at the third stage and the survey questionnaires administered for all of them.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Abstract

The main objective of the Welfare Monitoring Survey is to provide data that enable to understand the non-income aspects of poverty and has the following specific objectives: 1.To assess the level, extent and distribution of non-income poverty; 2. To assess the quality of life of households/individuals; 3. To provide basic data that enables design, monitor and evaluate the impact of socioeconomic policies and programs on household's /individual's living standard; 4. To provide basic indicators on household's and individual's living standard with respect to basic needs including: Education, Health, Child Care and breast feeding, access to and utilization of basic facilities, Housing and housing amenities (drinking water, sanitation, energy, etc.), Household assets, selected indicators of living standard, harmful traditional practices and basic population characteristics.

Geographic coverage

The 2011 Welfare Monitoring Survey covered all rural and urban areas of the country except the non-sedentary areas in Afar and Somali Regional States. Excluded are three zones of Afar and six zones of Somali Regions.

Analysis unit

• Households
• Individuals (including adult women aged 15 and above, children aged 5 and below)

Universe

The 2010 Welfare Monitoring Survey covered all rural and urban areas of the country except the non-sedentary areas in Afar and Somali Regional States. Excluded are three zones of Afar and six zones of Somali Regions.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Sampling Frame The list of all households obtained from the 2007 Population and Housing Census was used as a frame to select the sample EAs in the rural and urban areas of the country. The frame from which sample households were selected was based on a fresh list of households taken at the beginning of the survey period in each of the selected EAs.

Sample Design For the purpose of representative sample selection the country was divided into four broad categories including rural category, major urban centers category medium and small size town’s category.

Category I - Rural: This category consists of the rural areas of 68 zones and special weredas, which are considered as zones, in 8 regions of the country. This category also includes the rural part of both Harari region and Dire Dawa City Administration. The rural part of each Region including Harari and Dire Dawa City Administration were considered to be a survey domain (i.e. reporting level) for which the major findings of the survey are reported. This category totally comprises 10 reporting levels. A stratified two-stage cluster sample design in which the primary sampling units (PSUs) were EAs was used to select samples. Twelve households per sample EA were selected as a second Stage Sampling Unit (SSU) to which survey questionnaire were finally administered to the members of sampled households.

Category II - Major Urban Centers: In this category all regional capitals and five other major urban centers that have relatively larger population size (totally 15 urban centers) were included. Each of the 14 urban center and 10 Sub cities of Addis Ababa administration a total of 24 urban domains are taken us a reporting level. In this category too, a stratified two stage cluster sample design was adopted to select the primary sampling units (the EAs). Sixteen households from each of the primary sampling units (EAs) in each reporting level were then selected as a Second Stage Unit (SSU).

Category III & IV - Other Urban Centers: Urban centers in the country other than those under category II were grouped under these categories. A domain of other urban centers is formed for eight regions (excluding Harari, Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa administration). There is no domain in category III & IV for Harari, Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa administration as they do not have urban centers other than those grouped under category II. Unlike the above two categories, a stratified three stage cluster sample design was adopted to select samples from these categories. The primary sampling unit was urban centers and the second stage sampling unit was EAs. Sixteen households from each of the selected EAs were finally selected as a third stage sampling unit.

Sample Size and Selection Scheme Category I: A total of 864 EAs and 10,368 households were selected from this category. Sample EAs of each reporting level were selected using Probability Proportional to Size (PPS) with systematic sampling techniques; size being number of households obtained from the 2007 Population and Housing Census. Twelve households per EA were systematically selected from the fresh list of households prepared at the beginning of the survey.

Category II: In this category 576 EAs and 9,216 households were selected. Sample EAs from each reporting level in this category were also selected using probability proportional to size with systematic sampling techniques; size being number of households obtained from the 2007 Population and Housing Census. Sixteen households in each of the selected EAs were systematically selected from the fresh list of households prepared at the beginning of the survey.

Category III & IV: One hundred twelve urban centers, 528 EAs and 8,448 households were selected in these two categories. Urban centers from each domain as well as EAs in each urban center were selected systematically using probability proportional to size; size being the number of households obtained from the 2007 Population and Housing Census. Sixteen households in each of the selected EAs ultimately were systematically selected from the fresh list of households prepared at the beginning of the survey. In total, including region rural, region urban and country domains, a total of 66 reporting levels were formed under this design. Annex I provides estimation procedures of total, ratio and sampling errors, annex II provides the standard errors and CVs of selected variables , annex III distribution of planned and covered samples by region and annex IV the questionnaire in English version respectively.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The survey questionnaire contains 9 forms which are mentioned in detail as follows: - Form 1: Demographic Characteristics and Economic Activity: In the first section of this form, demographic characteristics of the household members such as relationship to the head of household, sex, age and religion were asked from all members of the household. The second section deals with the current economic activities of the household members aged 10 years and above. Furthermore, this section also deals, whether a person is engaged in productive activity during the last seven days prior to the date of interview. In this part of the questionnaire, if the person is not engaged in any of productive activity, during the last seven days, the main reason for not engaging in productive activity was also asked. Moreover, the employment status, the occupation and industry for the main jobs were also collected from persons that were engaged in the economic activity or from those who were absent from work/temporarily lay off for that week.

Form 2: Education: It consists among others, school attendance, dropout, reason for dropout, and literacy status were asked from all members of the household aged 5 years and above.

Form 3: Health: In the first section of this form, health conditions of all members of the household during the last two months were collected. In the second section of the form, health information of the last 12 months was also collected to all members of the household.

Form 4: Child Care and Breast Feeding: Data on birth history and breast feeding of children under age of five years were collected in this form.

Form 5: Housing Standard and Amenities: In this form, the selected households were asked about their housing and kitchen standard, sanitation, drinking water, fuel and power facilities at the time of the survey, 12 months and 5 years before the survey.

Form 6: Household’s Living Condition Indicators: Consists of four main sections namely; food security indicators, status of crop production, source of income and major shocks affecting the households.

Form 7: Access, Utilization and Satisfaction of Basic Facilities/Services: This form is used to collect data from the households like distance to service facilities and extent of utilization of the facilities, reason for not using the closest service facility and question on access, utilization and satisfaction of basic facilities.

Form 8: Ownership of Land, Dwellings and Other Buildings: This form was administered at household level and consists of four main sections namely: dwelling and land ownership status, utilization of land not owned by the household and about fixed assets owned by the household.

Form 9: Harmful traditional practice: This form is used to collect data for children aged 0-14 years about their harmful traditional practice such as, circumcision, cut of his/ her uvula and for ages less than two years particularly about childhood tooth

Cleaning operations

The data processing activities were undertaken at the head office. The first stage of data processing activity was training of data editors and coders which were held at the head office by subject matter Directorate staffs. About 70 editors/coders were engaged in the manual editing and coding activities which lasted for about 60 days. Data entry took about 37 days using 125 computers and about 100 data encoders. Machine data cleaning, estimation with proper sampling weights and tabulation activities were carried out procedurally by the

Abstract

Introduction Dabat Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS), also called the Dabat Research Center (DRC), was established at Dabat District in 1996 after conducting initial census. Later re-census was done in 2008. The surveillance is run by the College of Medicine and Health Sciences which is one of the colleges/faculties of the University of Gondar. Dabat district is one of the 21 districts in North Gondar Administrative Zone of Amhara Region in Ethiopia. According to the report published by the Central Statistical Agency in 2007, the district has an estimated total population of 145,458 living in 27 rural and 3 urban Kebeles (sub-districts). The altitude of the district ranges from about 1000 meters to over 2500 meters above sea level. The district population largely depends on subsistence agriculture economy. There are two health centers, three health stations, and twenty-nine health posts providing health services for the community. An all-weather road runs from Gondar town through Dabat to some towns of Tigray. Dabat town, the capital of Dabat District, is located approximately 821 km northwest of Addis Ababa and 75 kms north of Gondar town. The surveillance is funded by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) through Ethiopian Public Health Association.

Objectives Dabat HDSS/ Dabat Research Centre was established to generate longitudinal data on health and population at district level and provide a study base and sampling frame for community-based research.

Methods Dabat district was initially selected purposively as a surveillance site for its unique three climatic conditions, namely Dega (high land and cold), Woina dega (mid land and temperate) and Kolla (low land and hot). The choice was made with the assumption that there would be differences in morbidity and mortality in the different climatic areas. Accordingly, seven kebeles from Dega, one kebele from Woina dega, and two kebeles from Kolla were selected randomly after stratification of the kebeles by climatic zone.

After the re-census, update has been done regularly every 6 months. During each round, data has been collected using a semi-structured questionnaire which included information related to birth and other pregnancy outcomes, death, migration, and marital status change. Interviews are administered to the heads of the household but in the absence of the head, the next elder family member is interviewed. This is only done after repeated trial of getting the head. While the regular update round is every six months, deaths that occur in the surveillance site are reported immediately to the data collectors by the local guides. After the mourning period, usually 45 days, the trained data collectors administer Verbal Autopsy (VA) questionnaire to the close relative of the deceased to get information on the possible cause(s) of death. Three VA questionnaires are prepared for the age groups 0-28 days, 29 days to 15 years, and greater than 15 years. To assign cause(s) of death, the VA data collected by data collectors is given to physicians who have got training on VA. These physicians independently assign causes of death using the standard International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10).

Geographic coverage

Dabat Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS) included seven rural kebeles (sub districts) and three urban kebeles in Dabat district which is located 75 km North of Gondar town in Ethiopia. There are highlands, midlands and few low land households in the HDSS site.

Analysis unit

Individual

Universe

All individuals residing in Dabat HDSS site.

Kind of data

Event history data

Frequency of data collection

Two rounds per year

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

All questionnaires are prepared in Amharic language. The surveillance questionnaires are related to birth and other pregnancy outcomes, death, and migration.

Cleaning operations

The filled questionnaire is checked by filled supervisors, document clerk, data entry clerks for missings and other violations. In addition, DRC Software, a software developed from Microsoft Access and Visual Basic, checks violations against set of rules for data quality during data entry.

Response rate

100% response rate

Sampling error estimates

Not applicable

Data appraisal

CentreId MetricTable QMetric  Illegal   Lega  Total  Metric RunDate 
ET051 MicroDataCleaned Starts  0  59082  0  0.0 2014-06-27 19:33 
ET051 MicroDataCleaned Transitions 0  129938 129938 0.0 2014-06-27 19:33 
ET051 MicroDataCleaned Ends 0  59082  0  0.0 2014-06-27 19:33

Abstract

The Household Consumption and Expenditure (HCE) survey is administered by the Central Statistical Agency every five years, most recently in 2010/11. The core objective of the HCE survey is to provide data that enable to understand the income dimension of poverty and the major objectives are to: • Assess the level, extent and distribution of income dimension of poverty. • Provide data on the levels, distribution and pattern of household expenditure that will be used for analysis of changes in the households' living standard level over time in various socio-economic groups and geographical areas. • Provide basic data that enables to design, monitor and evaluate the impact of socio- economic policies and programs on households/individuals living standard. • Furnish series of data for assessing poverty situations, in general, and food security, in particular. • Provide data for compiling household accounts in the system of national accounts, especially in the estimation of private consumption expenditure. • Obtain weights and other useful information for the construction and /or rebasing of consumer price indices at various levels and geographical areas.

Geographic coverage

The 2010/11 HCE survey covered all rural and urban areas of the country except the non-sedentary populations in Afar (three zones) and Somali (six zones).

Analysis unit

• Household
• Individual
• Consumption expenditure items

Universe

The survey covered households in the selected samples except residents of collective quarters, homeless persons and foreigners.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Sampling Frame The 2007 Population and Housing Census served as the sampling frame from which the rural and urban EAs were selected. A fresh list of households for each selected EA was collected at the beginning of the survey period. Households were then selected for inclusion in the survey by choosing a random number as the starting point in the list and selecting every nth household (n being the necessary number to achieve the desired number of households in each EA).

Sample Design & Selection In order to produce a representative sample, the country was stratified into the following four categories: rural, major urban centers, medium towns, and small towns.

a. Category I - Rural This category consists of the rural areas of 68 zones and special weredas, which are considered zones, in 9 regions of the country. This category also includes the rural areas of the Dire Dawa City Administration. A stratified two-stage cluster sample design was used, with the primary sampling unit being the EAs. Sample EAs were selected using Probability Proportional to Size, with size being the number of households identified in the 2007 Population and Housing Census. Twelve households were randomly selected from each sample rural EA for survey administration. The total sample for this category is 864 EAs and 10,368 households.

b. Category II - Major Urban Centers This category includes all regional capitals as well as five additional major urban centers with large populations, for a total of 15 major urban centers. These 15 urban centers were broken down into the 14 regional capitals and the 10 sub-cities of Addis Ababa City Administration resulting in a total of 24 represented urban domains. A stratified two-stage sample design was also used for this category as in the rural sample with EAs as the primary sampling unit. For this category, however, 16 households were randomly selected in each EA. In total, 576 EAs and 9,216 households were selected for this category.

c. Categories III & IV - Other Urban Centers These two categories capture other urban areas not included in Category II. A domain of other urban centers was formed from 8 regions (all except Harari, Addis Ababa, and Dire Dawa where all urban centers are included in Category II). Unlike the other categories, a three-stage sample design was used. However, sampling was still conducted using probability proportionate to size. The urban centers were the primary sampling units and the EAs were secondary sampling units. Sixteen households were randomly selected from each of the selected EAs. A total sample of 112 urban centers, 528 EAs, and 8,448 households were selected for these two categories.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

A hard copy (Paper print) booklet type questioner has been used for data collection. The design of the questionnaire has structured/organized into five main parts (forms).

The main components of the survey questionnaire are: Form 0: is used together basic household information that could help to assess the general livelihood nature of a household and its members, such as: source of household income, status and scope of agriculture engagement (diversity and specialization), safety net/asset accumulation participation, participation in micro and small scale business enterprise, accessibility and/or credit facility status from micro-finance institution, …etc.,

Form 1: has been used to collect data on demographic characteristics and economic activity of household members, such as: age, sex, marital status, education, income contribution status, economic activity and other related variables.

Form 2 (2A & 2B): is used to collect actual consumption (quantity consumed) and equivalent expenditure of food, beverages and tobacco items, that would have been actually consumed by the household (members of the household) within the reference period of the survey. Note that the first three consecutive day's consumption being collected in Form 2A and 2B is used to collect the second phase (consecutive 4 days) of the survey week.

Form 3 (3A, 3B & 3C): Household consumption and expenditure data on non-durable goods and frequent services has been collected using three segments of form 3. Of which 3A and 3B are designed to handle three and four day's data, respectively; while 3C has been used to capture a full month reference data.

Form 4 (4A-4E): Household expenditure data of durable goods and Less-Frequent services was administered in form 4. In order to facilitate a systematic way of data collection approach, these goods and services are grouped into classes and data were collected using five chapters of the main module in such a way that expenditure data on: • Clothing and footwear was collected in 4A; • Dwelling rent, water, fuel and energy, furniture's & furnishing, household equipment and operation were collected by use of form 4B; • Health, transport and communication goods and services has been collected in form 4C; • Education, recreation, entertainment, cultural and sport goods and services were collected by the use of 4D; and • Personal goods and services, financial services, and others including operational cost of production with respect to unincorporated household economic enterprises;

Dairy book: Consumption expenditure of food and beverages data are collected, at first on daily basis, by listing every consumed item by the household (every household member) in each day in a dairy book, to facilitate exhaustiveness of consumption. And, then a summary of attributes are transferred to the main questionnaire.

Measuring tools: Kitchen balance (digital type in urban and analog type in rural areas) and measuring type are used for consumption/quantity data collection.

Cleaning operations

Data Processing All data processing was undertaken at the head office. Completed questionnaires were returned to the CSA data processing department from the field periodically. Data processing activities included cleaning, coding, and verifying data as well as checking for consistency. These activities were carried out on a quarterly basis after entering three months of data. Further processing, including the estimation of sampling weights, was carried out at the close of data entry.

Data Entry and Coding Manual editing and coding of data began as early as August 2010, when the first round of completed questionnaires was received at the head office. A team of 21 editors, 5 verifiers, and 4 supervisors carried out these activities. Subject matter experts provided a 5-day intensive training for this team to equip them with the necessary skills. Additionally, a team of 12 encoders was trained to enter the data. A double-entry system was used, wherein two separate encoders manually entered each survey. Any discrepancies between the two entries were flagged automatically and the physical survey was reviewed to correct the errors. Data entry was completed in October 2011.

Data Validation and Cleaning Data validation and cleaning was carried out by subject matter experts and data programmers. Systematic validity checks were completed at the commodity, household and visit levels. Activities related to consistency, validity, and completeness included the following: a. Imputation of missing observations on consumption goods (in quantity or value) using the market price survey that was collected at the time of the HCE. b. Validity and consistency of quantity and value of consumption items was checked by comparing the figures across both household visits (using the household-provided prices and/or the market price survey). c. Estimation of the value of consumption of own production using the household-provided quantities and market survey prices. d. Comparison of household expenditure on durable goods using different recall periods (i.e., 3 and 12 months). After analyzing the annualized values using each reference period, it was decided to use whichever period resulted in the largest expenditure, which was often the

Abstract

The Central Statistical Agency (CSA) has been providing labour force and related data at different levels and with varying details in their content. These include the 1976 Addis Ababa Manpower and Housing Sample Survey, the 1978 Survey on Population and Housing Characteristics of Seventeen Major Towns, the 1980/81 and 1987/88 Rural Labour Force Surveys, the 1984 and 1994 Population and Housing Census, and 2003 and 2004 Urban Bi-annual Employment Unemployment Survey. The 1996 and 2002 Surveys of Informal Sector and most of the household surveys undertaken by the Agency also provide limited information on the area. Still pieces of information in relation to that of employment can also be derived from small, large and medium scale establishment surveys.

Till the 1999 Labour Force Survey (LFS) there hasn't been a comprehensive national labour force survey representing both urban and rural areas. This 2005 LFS is the second in the series. Like the National Labour Force Survey of 1999, it covered both the urban and rural areas of all regions.

The specific objectives of this survey are to: - generate data on the size of work force that is available to participate in production process; - determine the status and rate of economic participation of different sub-groups of the population; - identify those who are actually contributing to the economic development (i.e., employed) and those out of the sphere; - determine the size and rate of unemployed population; - provide data on the structure of the working population; - obtain information about earnings from paid employment; - identify the distribution of employed population working in the formal/informal enterprises; and - provide time series data and trace changes over time.

Geographic coverage

The survey covered all rural and urban parts of the country except all zones of Gambella region excluding Gambella town, and the non-sedentary population of three zones of Afar & six zones of Somali regions.

Analysis unit

Household Individual

Universe

The survey covered all households in selected sample areas except residents of collective quarters, homeless persons and foreigners.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

SAMPLING FRAME: The list of households obtained from the 2001/2 Ethiopian Agricultural Sample Enumeration (EASE) is used to select EAs from the rural part of the country. For urban sample EAs on the other hand the list consisting of households by EA, which was obtained from the 2004 Ethiopian Urban Economic Establishment Census, (EUEEC) was used as a frame. A fresh list of households from each urban and rural EA was prepared at the beginning of the survey period. The list was then used as a frame for selecting sample households of each EAs.

SAMPLE DESIGN: For the purpose of the survey the country was divided into three broad categories. That is; rural, major urban center and other urban center categories.

Category I: Rural: - This category consists of the rural areas of 8 regions and two city administrations found in the country. Regarding the survey domains, each region or city administration was considered to be a domain (Reporting Level) for which major findings of the survey are reported. This category totally comprises 10 reporting levels. A stratified two-stage cluster sample design was used to select samples in which the primary sampling units (PSUs) were EAs. Households per sample EA were selected as a second Stage Sampling Unit (SSU) and the survey questionnaire finally administered to all members of sample households.

Category II:- Major urban centers:- In this category all regional capitals and 15 other major urban centers that had a population size of 40,000 or more in 2004 were included. Each urban center in this category was considered as a reporting level. The category has totally 26 reporting levels. In this category too, in order to select the samples, a stratified two-stage cluster sample design was implemented. The primary sampling units were EAs. Households from each sample EA were then selected as a Second Stage Unit.

Category III: - Other urban centers: Urban centers in the country other than those under category II were grouped into this category. Excluding Gambella a domain of other urban centers is formed for each region. Consequently seven reporting levels were formed in this category. Harari, Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa do not have urban centers other than that grouped in category II. Hence, no domain was formed for these regions under this category. Unlike the above two categories a stratified three stage cluster sample design was adopted to select samples from this category. The primary sampling units were urban centers and the second stage sampling units were EAs. Households from each EA were finely selected at the third stage and the survey questionnaires administered for all of them.

SAMPLE SIZE AND SELECTION SCHEME: Category I: - Totally 830 EAs and 24,900 households were selected from this category. Sample EAs of each reporting level were selected using Probability Proportional to Size (PPS) systematic sampling technique; size being number of household obtained from the 2001/2 Ethiopian Agricultural Sample Enumeration. From the fresh list of households prepared at the beginning of the survey 30 households per EA were systematically selected and surveyed.

Category II: - In this category 720 EAs and 21,600 households were selected. Sample EAs from each reporting level in this category were also selected using probability proportional to size systematic sampling; size being number of households obtained from the 2004 EUEEC. From the fresh list of households prepared at the beginning of the survey 30 households per EA were systematically selected and covered by the study.

Category III:-127 urban centers, 275 EAs and 8,250 households were selected in this category. Urban centers from each domain and EAs from each urban center were selected using probability proportional to size systematic selection method; size being number of households obtained from the 2004 EUEEC. From the fresh listing of each EA 30 households were systematically selected and the study carried out on the 30 households ultimately selected.

Note: Distribution of number of samples planned and covered from each domain are given in the Summary Table 2.1, Table 2.2 and Table 2.3 of the 2005 National Labour Force Survey report which is provided as external resource.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The survey has used a structured questionnaire to produce the required data. Before taking its final shape, the draft questionnaire was tested by undertaking a pre-test. The pre-test was conducted in Addis Ababa, Sendoffs, Teji and their vicinity. Based on the findings of the pre-test, the content, layout and presentation of the questionnaire was amended comments and inputs on the draft contents of the survey questionnaire obtained from user-producer forum were also incorporated in the final questionnaire.

The contents of the questionnaire and methods used in this survey were further improved based on comment of international consultant. The consultancy was obtained as part of a joint World Bank/IMF project to improve statistics of countries in Anglo-phone Africa participating in the General Data Dissemination System (GDDS).

The questionnaire was organized in to five sections; Section 1 - Area identification of the selected household: this section dealt with area identification of respondents such as region, zone, wereda, etc.,

Section 2 - Socio- demographic characteristics of households: it consisted of the general sociodemographic characteristics of the population such as age, sex, education, status and type of disability, status and types of training, marital status and fertility questions.

Section 3 - Productive activities during the last seven days: this section dealt with a range of questions which helps to see the status and characteristics of employed persons in a current status approach such as hours of work in productive activities, occupation, industry, employment status, and earnings from employment. Also questions included are hours spent on fetching water, collection of firewood, and domestic chores and place of work.

Section 4 - Unemployment and characteristics of unemployed persons: this section focused on the size and characteristics of the unemployed population.

Section 5 - Economic activities during the last twelve months: this section covered the usual economic activity status (refereeing to the long reference period), number of weeks of employment /unemployment/inactive, reasons for inactivity, employment status, whether working in the agricultural sector or not and the proportion of income gained from non-agricultural sector. The questionnaire used in the field for data collection was prepared in Amharic language. Most questions have pre-coded answers. A copy of the questionnaire translated to English is provided as external resource.

Cleaning operations

Data Editing, Coding and Verification: The filled-in questionnaires that were retrieved from the field were first subjected to manual editing and coding. During the fieldwork the enumerator, the field supervisors, Statisticians and the heads of branch statistical offices have done some editing. However, the major editing operation was carried out at the head office. All the edited questionnaires were again fully verified and checked for consistency before they were submitted to the data entry.

Response rate

Ultimately 100.00 % EAs and 99.84% household were covered