Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner.The Opinions and Lifestyle Survey (formerly known as the ONS Opinions Survey or Omnibus) is an omnibus survey that began in 1990, collecting data on a range of subjects commissioned by both the ONS internally and external clients (limited to other government departments, charities, non-profit organisations and academia).Data are collected from one individual aged 16 or over, selected from each sampled private household. Personal data include data on the individual, their family, address, household, income and education, plus responses and opinions on a variety of subjects within commissioned modules. The questionnaire collects timely data for research and policy analysis evaluation on the social impacts of recent topics of national importance, such as the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and the cost of living, on individuals and households in Great Britain. From April 2018 to November 2019, the design of the OPN changed from face-to-face to a mixed-mode design (online first with telephone interviewing where necessary). Mixed-mode collection allows respondents to complete the survey more flexibly and provides a more cost-effective service for customers. In March 2020, the OPN was adapted to become a weekly survey used to collect data on the social impacts of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic on the lives of people of Great Britain. These data are held in the Secure Access study, SN 8635, ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, Covid-19 Module, 2020-2022: Secure Access. From August 2021, as coronavirus (COVID-19) restrictions were lifting across Great Britain, the OPN moved to fortnightly data collection, sampling around 5,000 households in each survey wave to ensure the survey remains sustainable. The OPN has since expanded to include questions on other topics of national importance, such as health and the cost of living. For more information about the survey and its methodology, see the ONS OPN Quality and Methodology Information webpage.Secure Access Opinions and Lifestyle Survey dataOther Secure Access OPN data cover modules run at various points from 1997-2019, on Census religion (SN 8078), cervical cancer screening (SN 8080), contact after separation (SN 8089), contraception (SN 8095), disability (SNs 8680 and 8096), general lifestyle (SN 8092), illness and activity (SN 8094), and non-resident parental contact (SN 8093). See Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Secure Access for details. Main Topics:Each month's questionnaire consists of two elements: core questions, covering demographic information, are asked each month together with non-core questions that vary from month to month. The non-core questions for this month were: Mortgage Arrears (Module 2): source of mortgage, if any, and whether behind in payments, and if so reasons for falling behind. Also question on whether bought from a Right to Buy scheme. Contraception (Module 6): method of birth control used and reasons for choice; changes in methods used; the use of Family Planning Clinics; awareness of emergency methods for use after intercourse has taken place. Investment (Module 7a): questions about investments in PEPs and TESSAs Tenant's Charter (Module 34): tenants of local authorities were asked if they has received a copy of a report on the performance of their Housing Services, whether they had read it and how easy they found it to understand; whether found information useful; level of satisfaction with the council as a landlord. Medicines (Module 54): whether taken or given any medicines for digestive system diseases/problems; whether taken or been given any antibiotic medicines; names of medicines and days taken. Pensions (Module 56): arrangements for pensions and retirement income; views on advantages and disadvantages of state pensions and private pensions; whether present employer runs a pension scheme and whether belongs to scheme; reasons for not belonging to employer's pension scheme; contributions to employer's pension scheme; pension entitlement and benefits from employer's pension scheme; satisfaction with scheme; membership to previous employer's pension scheme; worries, concerns or problems with employer's pension scheme. Multi-stage stratified random sample Face-to-face interview

Abstract

At the time of conception of VPA-2, the main purpose of the survey was to provide the baseline for the next National Development Plan. Equally important, it was to become the main source for the Maldives' first initiative in MDG tracking and reporting. Finally, as it included a 'panel' survey (same households, with similar questions seven years later), it could indicate successful coping mechanisms and poverty reduction strategies at the household level.

The survey acquired even greater significance as a result of the tsunami on 26th December 2004. The fieldwork that had been completed in July 2004 provided a detailed description of the socioeconomic conditions on the islands only a few months prior to the disaster. The Government was thus able to use the comparative analysis, which was already under way, to make preliminary estimates of the effects of the tsunami on people's livelihoods in the affected islands.

More specifically, VPA-2 aimed to include:

1. The basis for an anti-poverty framework - An in-depth analysis of living conditions in all parts of the country should form the basis for a strategic anti-poverty framework. This should enable the Government to design pro-poor policies and programmes, as well as monitor and evaluate their impact.

2. The people's perspective - The VPA was to provide an assessment, both in terms of geographical coverage and the range of development concerns, of the needs and priorities from the perspective of the people themselves. This was to include a human vulnerability index (HVI) tailored for a scattered and extensive island state.

3. A database - Provide a relational database for poverty and vulnerability diagnostics;

4. An evaluation - Looking at the effects of development activities upon household living standards.

The VPA-2 would then serve as the cornerstone for actions in a number of areas, including:

1. Millennium Development Goals - A analysis of Millennium Development Goal (MDG) indicators and the writing of the first Maldives MDG Report;

2. Public finance - A discussion of the allocative aspect of public finance and budgeting and social spending, arising from the results of the World Bank public expenditure report;

3. Development plans - Data support for an evaluation of the current Sixth National Development Plan (NDP) and the formulation of the Seventh NDP.

The Government's decision to embark on this exercise reflects the importance it attached to the availability of comprehensive socioeconomic data for policy formulation. VPA-2 would not only highlight continuing problems, but also assess the effects of government policies. The panel data in particular would provide a sample large enough to allow for an in-depth analysis of changes in poverty and living conditions of households across the nation - and indicate why some households had made more progress than others.

Geographic coverage

National, Male', Atolls

Analysis unit

• Households
• Individuals
• Children under 5 years
• Consumption expenditure items/ services
• Community (to supplement the household information)

Universe

The survey covered all households including their members. Institutions like hospitals, clinics, hostels, hotels, jails, labour quarters and defence force camps have not been included in the scope of the survey. However, staff members of the above mentioned institutions living independently in premises attached to these institutions have been included.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

SAMPLING FRAME

The main database for the frame of VPA sampling comes from the Population Census 2000.

In the case of atolls, the frame for the VPA is the list of inhabited islands. The list is most recent and accurate since all inhabited islands were surveyed. The Census 2000 reported 200 inhabited islands. Sampling of islands was not considered appropriate because the level of vulnerability is very much determined by the local conditions.

The frame for Male' consists of 5 wards and 317 enumeration blocks which were created in the last census. These blocks served as the primary sampling units in VPA sample design for Male'.

LEVEL OF REPRESENTATION

The survey has two domains, Male' and Atolls and each of these domains have independent sampling schemes.

SAMPLING IN ATOLLS

The survey covered all 200 inhabited islands where the islands virtually served as independent strata. Since population sizes differ across the strata, the following rule was used in the selection of households: - for islands with 1500 or less inhabitants (approximately 200 households), a minimum of 10 households were allocated for each island - for islands with more than 1500 inhabitants , the sampling rate was increased by 10 households for every 1500 inhabitants

Partial Overlapping Sample

In order to ensure the data comparability of two surveys, half of the samples in all islands were retained from those selected for VPA 97. Some of the advantages of partial overlapping samples for successive surveys include:

1. It balances the advantages and disadvantages of a completely repeated panel and taking independent samples in the successive period. The former can give information about the changes of variables of interest, but ignores the effect of changes outside the panel. The latter scheme, on the other hands, cannot measure the changes occurred in individual units.

2. By using the same sampling units in the successive survey, there are certain gains in the reduction of the variance since the high degree of correlation between the samples of the periods increases the value of the correlation coefficient, thereby reducing the variance.

In obtaining partial overlapping samples for VPA 2004, the small islands each had 5 new households while for the larger islands, half of the households in each stratum were new households.

A total of 2840 households were sampled from atolls in VPA 2004.

Selection Procedure

Selection of households was done using systematic sampling with a random start. Ideally, the list should have been arranged in a systematic manner with a fixed route (clockwise or counter clockwise) so that samples taken from this ordered list creates implicit strata of each interval.

Replacement Scheme for Panel Households

At first, households in the panel of VPA 97 should be identified in the new list. If all households are found, sampling procedure begins. In cases where "old households" could not be found, different rules of replacement were applied to different scenarios. Details of these rules are found in Technical Note 3: Sampling Design of the Vulnerability and Poverty Assessment 2004 Report.

SAMPLING IN MALE'

Male' has no panel data, i.e., a completely new set of samples was taken in the island.

Selection Procedure

A two-stage self-weighting design was applied. Male' was stratified into 5 wards and selection was made within each ward. At the first stage, enumeration blocks were selected with probability proportional to the size (PPS) of blocks in terms of the number of households. In the second stage, a fixed number of 10 households were using systematic sampling from each selected block. In such a case, the blocks served as the primary sampling units (PSU) while the households, the secondary sampling units (SSU) or simply elements.

A technical document entitled Vulnerability and poverty assessment survey - 2004 Sampling Design discusses in detail the Sampling Design of VPA 2004. It can also be found in Technical Note 3: Sampling Design of the Vulnerability and Poverty Assessment 2004 Report.

Note: Detailed sample design information is provided in the technical document which is presented in this documentation.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Ten questionnaire forms were prepared for VPA 2004 (VPA II). These include:

Form 1. Listing form Form 2. Structure form Form 3. Individual Information, Education, Employment, Nuptiality and Fertility Form 4. Household Form: Living Condition of the Household, Electricity, Availability of Drinking Water, Garbage Disposal, Health Services, Immigration, Crisis, Hardship, Consumer Durables, Travel Abroad, Problems in our Lives, Investment, Perception of Economic Status and Well Being, Voluntary Work of Household Members, Morbidity, Property Transaction, Loans and Credits Form 5. Measurements of Children under 5 Years Form 6. Employment and Income Form 7. Expenditure Diary: Food purchased in bulk, other food items; Locally produced goods (bought, own produced good) and fresh produce; Fish and fish products; Tobacco / chewing products; Furnishing and furnitures, household items; Clothing and footwear; Housing, water, electricity, gas and fuels; Medical and health expenses; Transport and communication; Education; Entertainment and sports; Personal goods/ personal care; Miscellaneous goods and services Form 8. Crisis and Coping Mechanism Form 9. Problems in our Daily Lives Form 10. Island Form

Cleaning operations

Consistency and plausibility checks were done in the following stages:

1. During data entry: a large number of items were checked for consistency and plausibility. If this process suggested errors, the data entry operators were prompted to cross-check the information they had entered with that on the forms – reducing the number of data transcription errors to an acceptable level while allowing obvious errors to be corrected at an early stage. Once all the data had been entered, more checks for consistency and errors were carried out until an acceptable level of accuracy was obtained and only limited data gaps remained. This was an iterative process demanding frequent

The current dataset is a subset of a large data collection based on a purpose-built survey conducted in seven middle-income countries in the Global South: Chile, Colombia, India, Kenya, Nigeria, Tanzania, South Africa and Vietnam. The purpose of the collected variables in the present dataset aims to understanding public preferences as a critical way to any effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. There are many studies of public preferences regarding climate change in the Global North. However, survey work in low and middle-income countries is limited. Survey work facilitating cross-country comparisons not using the major omnibus surveys is relatively rare.
We designed the Environment for Development (EfD) Seven-country Global South Climate Survey (the EfD Survey) which collected information on respondents’ knowledge about climate change, the information sources that respondents rely on, and opinions on climate policy. The EfD survey contains a battery of well-known climate knowledge questions and questions concerning the attention to and degree of trust in various sources for climate information. Respondents faced several ranking tasks using a best-worst elicitation format. This approach offers greater robustness to cultural differences in how questions are answered than the Likert-scale questions commonly asked in omnibus surveys. We examine: (a) priorities for spending in thirteen policy areas including climate and COVID-19, (b) how respiratory diseases due to air pollution rank relative to six other health problems, (c) agreement with ten statements characterizing various aspects of climate policies, and (d) prioritization of uses for carbon tax revenue. The company YouGov collected data for the EfD Survey in 2023 from 8400 respondents, 1200 in each country. It supplements an earlier survey wave (administered a year earlier) that focused on COVID-19. Respondents were drawn from YouGov’s online panels. During the COVID-19 pandemic almost all surveys were conducted online. This has advantages and disadvantages. Online survey administration reduces costs and data collection times and allows for experimental designs assigning different survey stimuli. With substantial incentive payments, high response rates within the sampling frame are achievable and such incentivized respondents are hopefully motivated to carefully answer the questions posed. The main disadvantage is that the sampling frame is comprised of the internet-enabled portion of the population in each country (e.g., with computers, mobile phones, and tablets). This sample systematically underrepresents those with lower incomes and living in rural areas. This large segment of the population is, however, of considerable interest in its own right due to its exposure to online media and outsized influence on public opinion. The data includes respondents’ preferences for climate change mitigation policies and competing policy issues like health. The data also includes questions such as how respondents think revenues from carbon taxes should be used. The outcome provide important information for policymakers to understand, evaluate, and shape national climate policies. It is worth noting that the data from Tanzania is only present in Wave 1 and that the data from Chile is only present in Wave 2.

Attitude of nuclear power opponents to atomic energy and the anti-nuclear power movement. Judgement on the utility of anti-nuclear power protest and evaluation of personal commitment. Topics: satisfaction with planned use of atomic energy; intensity of one´s own dissatisfaction with use of atomic energy; perceived threat from nuclear power plants; specification and judgement on activities against nuclear power plants; time of last involvement against nuclear power plants; most important current actions against nuclear power plants; self-classification on an activity scale; probability of personal future activities against nuclear power plants; expected development of expansion or shut-down of nuclear facilities; perceived personal influence and judgement on influence of the anti-nuclear power movement; estimated number of active opponents of nuclear power plants in the Federal Republic; importance of political participation; judgement on advantages and disadvantages of anti-nuclear power engagement (scale); altruism as motive for anti-nuclear power engagement; those perceived responsible for construction of nuclear power plants; bottled up anger about construction of nuclear power plants; contribution of the anti-nuclear power movement to a higher mistrust regarding persons responsible; influence of the anti-nuclear power movement on the nuclear power discussion; evaluation of personal commitment through the circle of friends and significance of this judgement; fun at organizing and convincing; attitude to violence; probability and evaluation of reactions of others to personal political commitment (scale in Likert form as well as according to magnitude scaling); memberships and judgement on personal commitment in organizations, clubs or groups; neighborhood contacts; things in common with neighbors and estimated proportion of nuclear power opponents in one´s own neighborhood; postmaterialism index (short and long version of the scale); socially desired responding (short scale); contentment with life (scale); judgement on government, the police and judiciary as well as satisfaction with the political system (scale); experiences in public appearances and speaking; naming of further nuclear power opponents. Interviewer rating: presence of other persons and interventions in the interview; reliability and willingness of respondent to cooperate; length of interview; date of interview; type of survey; sampling procedure according to which respondent became part of the sample. Demography: age; sex; marital status; religious denomination; school education; vocational training; further education; occupation; occupational position; employment; income and how many persons live on it; sources of income; size of household; self-assessment of social class; length of living in the current residence or the part of town; residential status; self-assessment on a left-right continuum; living in a group sharing a residence; size of household; contribution to support of other persons; readiness for a re-interview. Einstellung von Atomkraftgegnern zur Atomenergie und zur Anti-Atomkraftbewegung. Beurteilung des Nutzens des Anti-Atomkraftprotestes und Bewertung des eigenen Engagements. Themen: Zufriedenheit mit der geplanten Atomenergienutzung; Intensität der eigenen Unzufriedenheit mit der Atomenergienutzung; empfundene Bedrohung durch Atomkraftwerke; Angabe und Beurteilung der Aktivitäten gegen Atomkraftwerke; Zeitpunkt des letzten Engagements gegen Atomkraftwerke; wichtigste derzeitige Handlungen gegen Atomkraftwerke; Selbsteinstufung auf einer Aktivitätsskala; Wahrscheinlichkeit eigener zukünftiger Aktivitäten gegen Atomkraftwerke; vermutete Entwicklung des Ausbaus oder der Stillegung von Atomanlagen; perzipierter eigener Einfluß und Beurteilung des Einflusses der Anti-Atomkraftbewegung; geschätzte Anzahl der aktiven Gegner von Atomkraftwerken in der Bundesrepublik; Wichtigkeit politischer Partizipation; Beurteilung von Nutzen und Nachteilen des Anti-Atomkraftengagements (Skala); Altruismus als Motiv für Anti-Atomkraftengagement; wahrgenommene Verantwortliche für den Bau von Atomkraftwerken; aufgestauter Ärger über den Bau von Atomkraftwerken; Beitrag der Anti-Atomkraftbewegung für ein höheres Mißtrauen gegenüber den verantwortlichen Personen; Einfluß der Anti-Atomkraftbewegung auf die Atomkraftdiskussion; Bewertung des eigenen Engagements durch den Freundeskreis und Bedeutung dieses Urteils; Spaß am Organisieren und Überzeugen; Einstellung zur Gewalt; Wahrscheinlichkeit und Bewertung der Reaktionen anderer auf das eigene politische Engagement (Skala in Likert-Form sowie nach der Magnitude-Skalierung); Mitgliedschaften und Beurteilung des eigenen Engagements in Organisationen, Vereinen bzw. Gruppen; Nachbarschaftskontakte; Gemeinsamkeiten mit den Nachbarn und geschätzter Anteil von Atomkraftgegnern in der eigenen Nachbarschaft; Postmaterialismus-Index (Kurz- und Langfassung der Skala); sozial erwünschtes Antworten (Kurzskala); Lebenszufriedenheit (Skalometer); Beurteilung von Staat, Polizei und Gerichten sowie Zufriedenheit mit dem politischen System (Skala); Erfahrungen im öffentlichen Auftreten und Reden; Nennung weiterer Atomkraftgegner. Interviewerrating: Anwesenheit anderer Personen und Eingriffe in das Interview; Kooperationsbereitschaft und Zuverlässigkeit des Befragten; Interviewdauer; Interviewdatum; Art der Befragung; Auswahlverfahren, nach dem der Befragte in das Sample geriet. Demographie: Alter; Geschlecht; Familienstand; Konfession; Schulbildung; Berufsausbildung; Weiterbildung; Beruf; berufliche Position; Berufstätigkeit; Einkommen und wieviele Personen davon leben; Einkommensquellen; Haushaltsgröße; Selbsteinschätzung der Schichtzugehörigkeit; Dauer des Wohnens in der jetzigen Wohnung bzw. dem Stadtteil; Wohnstatus; Selbsteinschätzung auf einem Links-Rechts-Kontinuum; Wohnen in einer Wohngemeinschaft; Haushaltsgröße; Beitrag zum Unterhalt anderer Personen; Bereitschaft zu einer Wiederbefragung. The sample of respondents in Eimsbuettel took place through random selection from the resident registry containing all Germans between the ages of 16 to 60 years. Besides the 130 persons thus obtained further 99 respondents were obtained via the snowball selection procedure. In Geesthacht 57 persons were obtained for the survey through random selection from the addressbook of the city and 112 respondents through the snowball selection procedure. Die Auswahl der Befragten in Eimsbüttel erfolgte durch Zufallsauswahl über das Meldeverzeichnis, das alle Deutschen im Alter von 16 bis 60 Jahren enthielt. Neben den so ermittelten 130 Personen wurden weitere 99 Befragte mittels des Schneeballauswahlverfahrens gewonnen. In Geesthacht wurden 57 Personen durch Zufallsauswahl aus dem Adreßbuch der Stadt und 112 Befragte durch die Schneeballauswahl für die Befragung ermittelt.

The current dataset is a subset of a large data collection based on a purpose-built survey conducted in seven middle-income countries in the Global South: Chile, Colombia, India, Kenya, Nigeria, Tanzania, South Africa and Vietnam. The purpose of the collected variables in the present dataset aims to understanding public preferences as a critical way to any effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. There are many studies of public preferences regarding climate change in the Global North. However, survey work in low and middle-income countries is limited. Survey work facilitating cross-country comparisons not using the major omnibus surveys is relatively rare.
We designed the Environment for Development (EfD) Seven-country Global South Climate Survey (the EfD Survey) which collected information on respondents’ knowledge about climate change, the information sources that respondents rely on, and opinions on climate policy. The EfD survey contains a battery of well-known climate knowledge questions and questions concerning the attention to and degree of trust in various sources for climate information. Respondents faced several ranking tasks using a best-worst elicitation format. This approach offers greater robustness to cultural differences in how questions are answered than the Likert-scale questions commonly asked in omnibus surveys. We examine: (a) priorities for spending in thirteen policy areas including climate and COVID-19, (b) how respiratory diseases due to air pollution rank relative to six other health problems, (c) agreement with ten statements characterizing various aspects of climate policies, and (d) prioritization of uses for carbon tax revenue. The company YouGov collected data for the EfD Survey in 2023 from 8400 respondents, 1200 in each country. It supplements an earlier survey wave (administered a year earlier) that focused on COVID-19. Respondents were drawn from YouGov’s online panels. During the COVID-19 pandemic almost all surveys were conducted online. This has advantages and disadvantages. Online survey administration reduces costs and data collection times and allows for experimental designs assigning different survey stimuli. With substantial incentive payments, high response rates within the sampling frame are achievable and such incentivized respondents are hopefully motivated to carefully answer the questions posed. The main disadvantage is that the sampling frame is comprised of the internet-enabled portion of the population in each country (e.g., with computers, mobile phones, and tablets). This sample systematically underrepresents those with lower incomes and living in rural areas. This large segment of the population is, however, of considerable interest in its own right due to its exposure to online media and outsized influence on public opinion. The data includes respondents’ preferences for climate change mitigation policies and competing policy issues like health. The data also includes questions such as how respondents think revenues from carbon taxes should be used. The outcome provide important information for policymakers to understand, evaluate, and shape national climate policies. It is worth noting that the data from Tanzania is only present in Wave 1 and that the data from Chile is only present in Wave 2.