Natural frequencies are known to improve performance in Bayesian reasoning. However, their impact in situations with two binary events has not yet been completely examined, as most researchers in the last 30 years focused only on conditional probabilities. Nevertheless, situations with two binary events consist of 16 elementary probabilities and so we widen the scope and focus on joint probabilities. In this article, we theoretically elaborate on the importance of joint probabilities, for example, in situations like the Linda problem. Furthermore, we implemented a study in a 2×5×2 design with the factors information format (probabilities vs. natural frequencies), visualization type (“Bayesian text” vs. tree diagram vs. double tree diagram vs. net diagram vs. 2×2 table), and context (mammography vs. economics problem). Additionally, all four “joint questions” (i.e., P(A∩B),P(A¯∩B),P(A¯∩B¯),P(A∩B¯)) were asked for. The main factor of interest was whether there is a format effect in the five visualization types named above. Surprisingly, the advantage of natural frequencies was not found for joint probabilities and, most strikingly, the format interacted with the visualization type. Specifically, while people’s understanding of joint probabilities in a double tree seems to be worse than the understanding of the corresponding natural frequencies (and, thus, the frequency effect holds true), the opposite seems to be true in the 2 × 2 table. Hence, the advantage of natural frequencies compared to probabilities in typical Bayesian tasks cannot be found in the same way when joint probability or frequency tasks are asked.

The authors have developed a new needlet-based method to detect point sources in cosmic microwave background (CMB) maps and have applied it to the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) 7-year data. They use both the individual frequency channels as well as internal templates, the latter being the difference between pairs of frequency channels and hence having the advantage that the CMB component is eliminated. Using the area of the sky outside the Kq85 galactic mask, they detect a total of 2102 point sources at the 5-sigma level in either the frequency maps or the internal templates. Of these, 1116 are detected either at 5 sigma directly in the frequency channels or at 5 sigma in the internal templates and >= 3 sigma at the corresponding position in the frequency channels. Of the 1116 sources, 603 are detections that have not been reported so far in WMAP data. The authors have made a catalog of these sources available with position and flux estimated in the WMAP channels where they are seen. In total, they identified 1029 of the 1116 sources with counterparts at 5 GHz and 69 at other frequencies. This table was created by the HEASARC in July 2012 based on an electronic version of Table 6 from the reference paper which was obtained from the ApJ web site. This is a service provided by NASA HEASARC .

The lexicalization of emojis reflects the dynamic evolutionary characteristics of the linguistic symbol system in the digital age. The influence of usage frequency and the different functions of emojis in sentences on this process is also a research topic worthy of exploration. This study employed eye-tracking technology, with 98 native Chinese speakers as participants, and selected Chinese sentences as experimental stimuli to compare the processing differences of emojis with different frequencies (high frequency and low frequency) and different functions in sentences (Pro-text emojis, Co-text emojis, and words) during sentence reading. The research results show that: Significantly affects the first fixation duration and total fixation duration. High frequency emojis have shorter durations for these two indicators; in contrast, low-frequency emojis require more time for recognition and integration due to visual and semantic factors. Pro-text emojis have a longer fixation duration, while Co-text emojis have a shorter total fixation duration. In the integration stage, Pro-text emojis take longer to integrate. This difference is related to the unique cognitive pattern of emojis, which requires converting images into linguistic components before integrating them into sentences for comprehension. Co-text emojis, on the other hand, take less time, which may be attributed to the priming effect triggered by the text preceding Co-text emojis. There is no significant difference in the number of saccades between emojis and Chinese text, indicating certain similarities between the two. In conclusion, lexicalized Pro-text emojis can be integrated into daily language communication; high frequency emojis have greater advantages in lexical recognition and processing; different functions of emojis in sentences affect their roles in text and processing mechanisms. Conducting research with Chinese as the experimental material provides a new perspective for the study of emoji processing.

This dataset serves to estimate the status, in particular the size, of a crowd given the impact on radio frequency communication links within a wireless sensor network. To quantify this relation, signal strengths across sub-GHz communication links are collected at the premises of the Tomorrowland music festival. The communication links are formed between the network nodes of wireless sensor networks deployed in three of the festival's stage environments.

The table below lists the eighteen dataset files. They are collected at the music festival's 2017 and 2018 editions. There are three environments, labeled: ‘Freedom Stage 2017’, ‘Freedom Stage 2018’, and ‘Main Comfort 2018’. Each environment has both 433 MHz and 868 MHz data. The measurements at each environment were collected over a period of three festival days. The dataset files are formatted as Comma-Separated Values (CSV).

In addition to the datasets and reference files, a software example is provided to illustrate the data use and visualise the initial findings and relation between crowd size and network signal strength impact.

In order to use the software, please retain the following file structure:

. ├── data ├── data_reference ├── graphs └── software

The peer-reviewed data descriptor for this dataset has now been published in MDPI Data - an open access journal aiming at enhancing data transparency and reusability, and can be accessed here: https://doi.org/10.3390/data5020052. Please cite this when using the dataset.

Cochlear implants (CI) utilize default frequency allocation tables (“pitch maps”) to distribute the frequency range important for speech perception across their electrode array. Default pitch maps do not address the significant pitch-place mismatch that is inherent in cochlear implantation, nor the variability between subjects or array lengths. Recent research has utilized postoperative high-resolution flat-panel computed tomography (CT) imaging to measure the precise location of electrode contacts within an individual's cochlea, to generate a custom pitch map and decrease the pitch-place mismatch. The objective was to determine whether chronic use of CT pitch maps would improve CI user performance in the areas of speech and music perception, as compared to the non-custom default pitch maps provided by the CI manufacturer. A cohort of 10 experienced CI users (14 CI ears) were recruited to receive CT scans and then use a custom CT pitch map for 1 month. The efficacy of these maps was measured using a battery of speech and music tests. No change was found at the group level; however, large inter-subject variability of the benefit of the CT maps was correlated to CI electrode array placement. This application of a custom, strict CT mapping is not beneficial for all CI users. Results may be limited by long acclimation periods to default pitch maps before CT map usage. Methods Subjects Study subject demographics, describe the 10 MED-EL cochlear implant (CI) participants (14 CI ears). Four men and six women participated, with an average age of 64.3 ± 12.2 years. All participants were adults with at least 6 months of CI listening experience, implanted with a MED-EL CI, postlingually deafened, native speakers of American English, and used oral/aural communication as their primary modality of communication. The mean length of CI use was 3.6 ± 1.8 years and the mean duration of severe-profound hearing loss before implantation was 6.9 ± 9.6 years. The CI users utilized a variety of sound processor models and processing strategies. Subjects were excluded if they had intracochlear electrodes with open or short circuits, 4 or more extracochlear electrodes (≥1/3 of the array), or documented concomitant conditions that may affect performance (e.g., cognitive impairment). The Institutional Review Board at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) approved this study and informed consent was obtained from all participants. Study Design Experienced CI recipients were asked to use a CT experimental pitch map, full-time, for one month. Subjects completed a battery of speech and music tasks at the beginning and end of month on both their clinical (Clin) and experimental (Exp) pitch maps. CI users entered the study with chronic exposure (6+ months) to their clinical pitch maps. Our primary hypothesis, namely that CT mapping would improve speech and music perception, was thus best revealed by comparing performance following chronic use of each map, specifically the clinical map at the first test session and the experimental CT map at the second test session. CT Experimental Map The CT map experimental was intended to create a strict tonotopic pitch map while utilizing the full 70-8500Hz bandwidth available in the CI software. To this end, the characteristic frequency (CF) of each electrode was calculated and, in the CI programming software, the center of each channel band was matched to a corresponding electrode CF. This approach created a frequency allocation table that minimized pitch-place mismatch, such that frequencies of incoming sounds were directed to the most anatomically correct location in the cochlea. If there were electrodes whose CFs fell too far outside the programmable frequency range (>4 semitones from a channel center), then they were deactivated. The only fitting aspect that was explicitly changed for the CT maps was the frequency allocation table. Other fitting parameters, such as upper and lower electrical stimulation levels, for example, were held constant between the clinical and experimental maps. Test Conditions All study participants used their sound processors for the chronic trial period(s) and any corresponding speech and music testing. Speech and music stimuli were presented at 65 dBA and the non-test ear was masked. All CI users were asked if they could hear the test stimuli with the non-test ear while the CI on their test ear was turned off; all subjects confirmed being unable to hear the test stimuli with the non-test ear. During speech and music testing, any additional sound processing (i.e., directional microphones, steady-state noise reduction algorithms) were deactivated, and the volume and sensitivity settings were fixed to 100% and 75%, respectively. Upper stimulation levels (MCLs) for bilateral users were globally adjusted as needed to ensure a comfortable listening level in both ears; any global MCL adjustments needed for testing were replicated in both control and experimental fittings. Participants completed the experiment using a tablet computer (Microsoft Surface Pro 3) and were given the option of using a touchscreen or mouse. The computer ran the speech and music stimuli with the following software programs: Windows Media Player (v12, 2009), MATLAB (vR2012b, Mathworks, Natick, MA, USA), and LabView (v11.0, National Instruments, Austin, TX, USA). Test Metrics CNC Words and Phonemes The Consonant-Nucleus-Consonant (CNC) Monosyllabic Word Test (Peterson and Lehiste, 1962),used to test recognition of open-set monosyllabic words in quiet, was sourced from the Minimum Speech Test Battery for Adult CI Users (Luxford et al., 2001; MTSB, 2011). Sentences in Noise The Bamford-Kowal-Bamford Speech-in-Noise (BKB-SIN) Test (Bench, Kowal and Bamford, 1979; Etymōtic Research, 2005; Luxford et al., 2001) employs a modified adaptive approach wherein sentences are presented at a fixed level and four-talker babble (Auditec of St. Louis, 1971) is presented at increasingly more difficult signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). An SNR-50 score was calculated for each sentence list-pair, which represents the level of SNR (in dB) at which the subject correctly recognized exactly half of the keywords throughout. Synthetic Vowels The Iowa Medial Vowel Test (Tyler et al.,1986) utilizes eight synthetic vowel stimuli presented in an ‘‘/h/vowel/d/’’ context (e.g., had, hid, heed, etc.). After familiarization with a practice module with the test interface and all eight stimuli, the subject then completed a closed-set test with five blocks of eight tokens each, where the token stimulus order was randomized. The test was administered twice, yielding 80 total trials. Timbre Discrimination Musical timbre is conveyed by spectrotemporal features, beyond fundamental frequency and amplitude, that give a particular sound its characteristic tone color. Timbre perception is typically examined using musical instrument identification tasks that generally reveal poor performance in cochlear implant (CI) users (Kang et al., 2009; Gfeller et al., 2002; Spitzer et al., 2008). Relatively little is known, however, regarding timbre discrimination—the ability to differentiate between two notes of different timbres—a task which may provide greater insight into CI-mediated listening than whether or not instruments can be correctly identified. A task developed by the present investigators was used to measure timbre discrimination through acoustic blends of source instruments (clarinet, flute, French horn, tuba, violin, and cello) which were combined in varying amplitude ratios while maintaining constant overall volume (Gilbert et al., 2019a). Higher performance on the timbre discrimination task indicates better ability to distinguish between musical instrument stimuli using timbre-related cues only. Pitch Ranking Our lab designed a test paradigm to characterize pitch height (for pure tones) across the entire stimulable frequency range of the MED-EL CI (70-8500Hz) (Jiam et al., 2019). Better performance on this task is indicated by a lower number of errors. During the analysis of this test, we dropped/didn’t count the errors/responses that corresponded to areas of the frequency range where the Clinical and CT Maps were overlapping. Overlapping was defined as the upper ends of the channels and the lower ends of the channels were each within 3 ST of each other. Statistical Analysis All statistical analyses were completed in JASP software (JASP, Version 0.18.3; Amsterdam, Netherlands) using p<0.05 to determine statistical significance. The primary comparison of interest was between performance with the incoming Clinical Map and following one month of chronic use of the Experimental Map. Shapiro-Wilk tests were used to test normal distribution of the data. All the performance test results were normally distributed, and so paired sample student t-tests assessed whether mean performance on the clinical and experimental maps were different. Linear correlations between test results and subject- or ear-specific factors (i.e., CI array alignment, demographic data, and hearing history) were explored with either Pearson’s r (for parametric) or Spearman’s rho (for non-parametric) tests.

PurposeWe aimed to determine the usefulness of the frequency-volume chart over the International Prostate Symptom Score in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Furthermore, we investigated the clinical characteristics suggesting that patients could benefit from frequency-volume chart assessment in addition to International Prostate Symptom Score assessment.MethodsA total of 193 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia were analyzed. The relationship between the information obtained from the frequency-volume chart and the International Prostate Symptom Score was assessed. Because the urine output per kilogram per hour was not associated with any question in the International Prostate Symptom Score questionnaire, patients were divided into 2 groups according to the presence of global polyuria, defined as urine output >40 mL·kg-1·h-1. Multivariable analysis was performed to determine the predictors of global polyuria, and the results were externally validated using 397 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia.ResultsAlthough the other information obtained from the frequency-volume chart correlated with the International Prostate Symptom Score, the urine output was not associated with the International Prostate Symptom Score. Based on these results, patients were dichotomized into the global polyuria group (n = 19, 9.8%) and the non-global polyuria group. Although the patient characteristics did not differ between the 2 groups, the number of voids was higher in patients with global polyuria. Multivariable analysis showed that diabetes mellitus (odds ratio: 3.497, p = 0.039) and increased number of voids (odds ratio: 1.320, p < 0.001) were significant predictors of global polyuria. On external validation, the area under curve for the model was 0.723.ConclusionsGlobal polyuria cannot be suspected using the International Prostate Symptom Score, although it worsens the lower urinary tract symptoms of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Assessment with the frequency-volume chart needs to be considered in diabetic patients with increased number of voids.

Details of the 16-channel sinewave vocoders characteristics, including the simulated insertion depth in each ear, the experimental frequency allocation table (FAT) conditions, the input and output frequency ranges in each ear, the intra-aural mismatch within each ear at the most apical electrode, and the inter-aural mismatch across ears.

IntroductionIn hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, optimal results are achieved when donors and patients are matched regarding their human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes. Population-specific HLA allele and haplotype frequency distributions determine the probabilities to find matched donors in a stem cell donor registry of given size and ethnic composition.MethodsTo evaluate the needs of Indian patients with regard to future donor recruitment, we analyzed a large data set of n=130,518 potential stem cell donors registered with DKMS-BMST, a Bangalore-based donor registry with nationwide donor recruitment activities. We defined 8 subpopulations by native language and state of origin of both parents. The subpopulations comprised four samples belonging to the Dravidian language family (native language: Kannada/state of origin: Karnataka, Tamil/Tamil Nadu, Telugu/Andhra Pradesh and Malayalam/Kerala), and four samples belonging to the Indo-Aryan language group (Bengali/West Bengal, Gujarati/Gujarat, Hindi/Uttar Pradesh, Marathi/Maharashtra). The precise definition of subpopulations and large sample sizes between n=5,808 (Telugu/Andhra Pradesh) and n=14,866 (Malayalam/Kerala) are strengths of our study. Our results regarding HLA allele and haplotype frequencies refine published data.Results and DiscussionIn terms of genetic relatedness, we observed a division of the subpopulations into a Southern and a Northwestern Indian cluster and the Bengali/West Bengal sample which differed significantly from the seven other subpopulations. Patients from Southern Indian populations are the main beneficiaries from the DKMS-BMST registry in the current ethnic composition. A more even nationwide coverage will be achieved in the future with the opening of local recruitment offices in different parts of India.