The WY-MT WSC conducted a study to develop regression equations for estimating peak-flow frequencies in Montana, using channel-width characteristics. Channel widths were measured from aerial photographs at 517 streamgage sites. Chase, K.J., Sando, Roy, Armstrong, D.W., McCarthy, P.M., Regional Regression Equations Based on Channel-Width Characteristics to Estimate Peak-Flow Frequencies at Ungaged Sites in Montana Using Peak-Flow Frequency Data through Water Year 2011, U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2020-XXXX, XX pages, https://doi.org/x

This is an ArcGIS Server Image Service of the 4-band 2021 National Agricultural Imagery Program (NAIP) orthorectified digital aerial photos of Montana. Imagery defaults to natural color. To view the imagery as false-color infrared (CIR), select band 4 as the red image, band 1 as the green, and band 2 as the blue. This data set contains imagery from the National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP). These data are digital aerial photos, at 60 centimeter resolution, of the state of Montana, taken in 2021. The data are available from the State Library in two different formats. The most accessible format is a downloadable collection of compressed county mosaic (CCM) 4-Band MrSID images. These data are in UTM coordinates. The FTP folder containing these images is https://ftpgeoinfo.msl.mt.gov/Data/Spatial/MSDI/Imagery/2023_NAIP/UTM_County_Mosaics The data are available from the State Library as a collection 10,505 4-band (near infrared, red, green and blue) TIFF images in UTM coordinates. Each image is about 425 megabytes. The tiling format of the TIFF imagery is based on 3.75 x 3.75 minute quarter-quadrangles with a 300 pixel buffer on all four sides. An ESRI shapefile index showing the extent and acquisition dates of the TIF images is available at:Tile Index: https://ftpgeoinfo.msl.mt.gov/Data/Spatial/MSDI/Imagery/2023_NAIP/NAIP2023_TileIndex_shp.zipPhoto Dates: https://ftpgeoinfo.msl.mt.gov/Data/Spatial/MSDI/Imagery/2023_NAIP/NAIP2023_ImageDates_shp.zipTo order TIFF images from the State Library, select the quadrangles you want from the tiff index shapefile and send them to the Library, along with a storage device of sufficient size to hold them and return postage for the device. More information on ordering can be found at the following website https://msl.mt.gov/geoinfo/data/Aerial_Photos/Ordering

This is an ArcGIS Server Image Service of the 4-band 2011 National Agricultural Imagery Program (NAIP) orthorectified digital aerial photos of Montana. The one-meter ground sample distance (GSD) ortho images were rectified to a horizontal accuracy that matches within six meters of photo-identifiable ground control points, which are used during image inspection. NAIP imagery may contain as much as 10% cloud cover per tile. The data were created for the U.S. Farm Services Agency National Agricultural Imagery Program (https://www.fsa.usda.gov/programs-and-services/aerial-photography/index) by Surdex Corporation. A version of the data in Montana State Plane Coordinates (NAD83 High Accuracy Reference Network, meters) was provided to the State Library as a collection of seamless 4-band GeoTIFF images. The web services available include: ArcGIS Server Image services, Open Geospatial Consortium, Inc. (OGC) web coverage services (WCS), and OGC web map services (WMS). The image and web coverage services provide users direct access to the native GeoTIFF files and pixel data for geoprocessing and image analysis. The original GeoTIFF files are available by request from the State Library. An Esri shapefile of the dates the images were collected is available at https://ftpgeoinfo.msl.mt.gov/Data/Spatial/MSDI/Imagery/2011_NAIP/24_km_tiles/00_NAIP_2011_Dates.zip Imagery defaults to natural color. To view the imagery as false-color infrared (CIR), select band 4 as the red image, band 1 as the green, and band 2 as the blue. Connection URLs for OGS services: WCS: https://gisservicemt.gov/arcgis/rest/services/MSDI_Framework/NAIP_2011/ImageServer/WCSServer WMS: https://gisservicemt.gov/arcgis/rest/services/MSDI_Framework/NAIP_2011/ImageServer/WMSServer The data are also available for download in MrSID format from the State Library at: https://montana.maps.arcgis.com/home/webmap/viewer.html?webmap=3e7d65205e23415e825c6e7936f21e51

Orthorectified aerial photography of Barrow Council administrative area flown on 12th July 2005 at a resolution of 15cm.

Yellow sweet clover (Melilotus officinalis; clover hereafter) is a biennial legume native to Eurasia that is now present in all 50 states. Clover can grow 2 m tall and achieve high densities across large areas in the Northern Great Plains when conditions are conducive, such as in 2019. Clover is highly efficient at fixing nitrogen in soils which reduces the abundance of native grasses, while simultaneously facilitating invasion of non-native grasses, which may alter fire regimes. In contrast, clover provides considerable forage for ungulates, attracts a wide variety of insects that, along with clover seeds, are important to waterfowl, gamebirds, and songbirds, and supports numerous pollinators. Little is known about the extent of clover in central Montana and northwest South Dakota and this study represents the first known attempt to map clover in these regions. In 2019, the Bureau of Land Management conducted Assessment, Inventory, and Monitoring (AIM) surveys at 10 sites in central Montana (defined as the approximate geographic extent of Musselshell County) and 24 sites in northwest South Dakota (defined as the approximate geographic extent of Butte and Harding Counties). Concurrent Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) flights were conducted at 22 sites: 6 in Montana and 16 in South Dakota. We created orthoimages from the 22 UAV surveys as well as clover maps for the 19 sites with clover. Percent clover cover from the UAV-derived clover maps closely matched percent cover from AIM data along surveyed transects. The UAV clover map with the greatest percent cover in each region was then used to identify pixels comprised of clover in National Agricultural Imagery Program (NAIP) imagery: 5,000 pixels in Montana and 2,500 pixels in South Dakota. We used separate MaxEnt models to classify clover across 1 NAIP tile in central Montana and 2 NAIP tiles in northwest South Dakota. Next, for each region, we calculated the percent of classified NAIP pixels within each Sentinel-2 pixel and selected 1,000 pixels from each of 2 fractional cover (FC) bins representing 20% increments from 10-50% cover and 1,000 pixels from each of 5 fractional cover (FC) bins representing 10% increments from 55-95% cover. We also selected 1,000 pixels in each region from dense clover strands visible in Sentinel-2 imagery representing pure (i.e., 100% cover) clover areas. Separate MaxEnt models were run in each region for the pure clover areas and each FC class. We fixed the pure clover area for each region and added fractional coverage components outside this consistent pure clover area by thresholding each of the 5 FC models using 5 common MaxEnt thresholds and merging results using 3 classification approaches for pixels classified by multiple FC models: minimum, mean, and maximum cover predicted. Accuracy of the 15 FC maps were validated by comparison to AIM survey data (30 m buffer from AIM plot center) and UAV-derived clover maps (300 x 300 m grid of 900 Sentinel-2 pixels centered on AIM plot centers). Datasets in this release include the following items in associated zipped folders: 22 UAV orthoimages of which 19 have embedded clover maps aligned to Sentinel-2 imagery (MT1-6_Sentinel_proj and SD1-16_Sentinel_proj). 2 Classified NAIP images aligned to Sentinel-2 imagery. (MT/SD_NAIP_Sweet_Clover_Sentinel_proj) 15 Fractional cover maps for both central Montana and northwest South Dakota (MT/SD_Sweet_Clover_Fractional_Cover_Maps). 2 Point shapefiles of AIM plot centers and 2 polygon shapefiles for Sentinel-2 to UAV comparison extents (MT/SD_Sweet_Clover_Shapefiles). Seven .csv files (Sweet_Clover_csv) that contain 1) Green Leaf Index reclassification values for UAV clover classifications (S1_GLI_Reclass.csv); 2) Clover cover from AIM surveys and UAV-derived clover maps along AIM transects and sites (S2_UAV_AIM_Comparisons.csv); 3) Center locations for all pixels used to classify clover with MaxEnt models (S3_Training.csv); 4) MaxEnt variable permutation importance values for NAIP classifications (S4_NAIP_PI.csv); 5) MaxEnt variable permutation importance values for Sentinel-2 classifications (S5_Sentinel_PI.csv); 6) Clover cover from Sentinel-2 FC models, AIM surveys, and UAV clover maps within appropriate comparison extents (S6_Sent_FC_AIM_UAV_Comparisons.csv); and 7) Frequency tables for Sentinel-2 FC classifications (S7_Frequency.csv).

Stereogrammetric pre-earthquake DEM for the 1959 Hebgen Lake earthquake. The model was created from the aerial images collected in 1947. The resolution of the model is 1m/px.

The 1966 polygons included in this data release represent the main body portion of the 37 named glaciers of Glacier National Park (GNP) and 2 named glaciers on the U.S. Forest Service’s Flathead National Forest land. This is a subset of the original mapping effort derived from 1:24000 scale mapping of named glaciers and permanent snowfields within Glacier National Park, Montana which were digitized by Richard Menicke (Glacier National Park) and Carl Key (U.S. Geological Survey) in 1993. These data are based on USGS 7.5 minute quadrangle mapping published from 1966 through 1968 which were the result of the earliest park-wide aerial surveys of snow and ice features in GNP. Examination of the aerial photographs shows that seasonal snow was present at some of the glaciers, limiting the ability of the 1966-1968 cartographers to see and map the glacier ice margins. This resulted in some smoothed and generalized outlines of the glaciers where the cartographers were likely guessing where the ice margins were under the snow. In addition, some photographs show exposed glacier margin ice with irregular patterns that are not represented by the mapped ice margin. It appeared that the original cartographers used a more generalized outline for the glaciers and were not concerned with small scale ice features even when they were evident in the photographs. Despite the generalized nature of the glacier outlines, which were also limited by mapping technology and standards of the time, the dataset represents the baseline for the glacier margins derived from aerial photography. In several cases, because of the generalized nature of the 1966-1968 mapping, a glacier perimeter did not seem as if it reflected likely location in the basin topography. In these cases the original USGS aerial imagery was referred to for verification and revision if the error seemed significant. Specifics of margin revision are detailed in attribute files for those glaciers that warranted change as part of the time series analysis conducted by Dan Fagre and Lisa McKeon (USGS) in February - August, 2016. For each glacier, determination of what constituted the "main body" was made in accordance with USGS criteria outlined in Supplemental Information section of the xml file and some disconnected patches were eliminated in the interest of keeping this analysis strictly to glacier main bodies.

This dataset consists of unprocessed images and orthomosaic imagery of a barley field in Bozeman, Montana, collected throughout the growing season from emergence to maturity. The orthomosaics were used to develop an open-source workflow for extracting quantitative values from individual plots for downstream analysis of plant traits. This field exemplifies a challenge for plot extraction, as plots were planted with no border rows or alleys. Methods

UAV Imagery Collection:

Data was collected using a Mavic 2 Pro drone with the integrated Hasselblad L1D-20C RGB camera at an altitude of 90 feet (27.4 m). Flights were conducted over a barley field located west of Bozeman Montana (45.676415, -111.149092). DJI GS Pro software was used on an iPad mini to create an automated flight path for imagery capture.  Images were collected while hovering to minimize blurring and captured with 70% overlap along the flight path and 70% overlap between flight passes. Weather permitting, flights were timed as close to 10:00 am or 2:00 pm as possible.

Date Number of Images Time of Flight Notes

June 16 37 10.38

June 21 49 11:27 Increased number of passes for better stitching of edge plots.

June 24 49 10:45

July 01 49 10:16

July 12 59 09:51

One-the-fly flight plan due to hardware issues.

July 15 49 9:09

July 19 48 11:20

July 25 49 14:04

July 27 49 14:07

August 5 48 10:20

August 8 48 14:44

OpenDroneMap was used to stitch images together and create an orthomosaic of each flight. Parameters were default except for the following arguments:

min-num-features: 4000, max-concurrency: 6, skip-3dmodel: TRUE, fast-orthophoto: TRUE, crop: 0, texturing-outlier-removal-type: gauss_damping, orthophoto-resolution: 0.125, orthophoto-compression: NONE

The minimum number of features defines the number of tie points needed to stitch each pair of images. ‘min-num-features’ was lowered from the default 8000 to 4000 to ease processing time and memory load. ‘max-concurrency’ allocates CPU cores to the stitching project. ‘skip-3Dmodel’ and ‘fast-orthophoto’ keep the stitching procedure from creating undesired files like a 3D model and digital elevation model (DEM). ‘crop’ and ‘orthophoto-compression’ maintain the imagery quality, so nothing was cropped or down sampled. ‘texturing-outlier-removal’ defines how moving objects are processed and the option ‘gauss-damping’ was chosen because it is a less aggressive approach that prioritizes images that do not include the moving object. In this image set, there were no moving objects. ‘orthophoto- resolution’ defines the final resolution of the image. A value of 0.125 was selected for this dataset as a conservative estimate of the true resolution collected by the sensor.

Field Operations:

The field was planted on April 26th, 2022, with spring barley from the S2MET population. Aggregated by Neyhart et. al. 2019, the S2MET barley population provides a representation of high-performance barley from around the United States, selected to be grown across many environments to study genotype-by-environment interactions. Lines were planted in an augmented block design including 12 blocks and four control varieties planted across all blocks. These control varieties were selected as common high-performing barley lines in the Montana region: Odyssey, Lavina, Merit 57, and Hockett. All other lines were planted once. Planting was conducted with a 6-row planter, planting two 3-row plots simultaneously in a North-South orientation. In total, 23-24 plots were planted per block, for a total of 282 plots. After emergence alleys were cut East-West to distinguish plots more easily. 

Data Processing:

This dataset was used to develop an analysis workflow using QGIS and R. After stitching, imagery was loaded into QGIS. First, each image was georeferenced to the flight on June 16th using the 6 ground control points laid out over the extent of the field. Further, each band was calibrated relative to the June 16th flight image using the reflectance calibration pad (Micasense, panel serial number RP02-1622081-SC).

Once georeferenced and calibrated, plants were extracted from each image using the excess greenness index threshold (2 * Green) – Red – Blue). Next, plots were defined through a user-defined line grid overlay that was then translated into a polygon shapefile. This overlay was used to extract digital number statistics in each band, for every plot, on each flight date.

References:

Neyhart, J.L., Sweeney, D., Sorrells, M., Kapp, C., Kephart, K.D., Sherman, J., Stockinger, E.J., Fisk, S., Hayes, P., Daba, S., Mohammadi, M., Hughes, N., Lukens, L., Barrios, P.G., Gutiérrez, L. and Smith, K.P. (2019), Registration of the S2MET Barley Mapping Population for Multi-Environment Genomewide Selection. Journal of Plant Registrations, 13: 270-280. https://doi.org/10.3198/jpr2018.06.0037crmp

This dataset is a mosaic of scanned analog historical single frame black and white aerial photos at a scale of 1/60,000 of the Missouri river collected September 21 1953, black and white aerial photos at a scale of 1/60,000 of the Musselshell river collected October 27 1953.

These individual aerial photographs have been processed into a mosaic using Agisoft's Metashape photogrammetry software. The processing included fiducial mark placement, alignment, bundle adjustment, and error reduction. The mosaic was then geo-referenced in ArcPro using a spline transformation to ensure the finest referencing. The purpose/scope of the imagery data is to determine, by visual interpretation; large-scale vegetation patterns and physical formation of delta-backwater landforms. QAQC of this dataset included an internal visual inspection of the imagery for geometric anomalies during the alignment and spot checks of georeferencing by comparing landmarks and other features to imagery datasets in the area. The quality of the georeferencing is considered a use limitation due to the natural relief in the study area and changes to the landscape since 1953. The accuracy of feature locations will begin to decline in locations away from the river channel. The margin of error in geo-referencing is +/- 40 feet.

This collections contains 161 1992 | 1995 1-meter black & white digital orthorectified images of multiple non-contiguous locations in Idaho. These data were acquired from July 26, 1992 to September 12, 1995, These data are sourced from the U.S. Geological Survey and commonly referred to as a DOQ (Digital Orthophoto Quadrangle).Some DOQs in this collection are made up of source images from just the most recent year. But, some DOQs in this collection were created from source images from more then one year. Regardless, every DOQ in this collection will be made up of at least one source image from the most recent year.Refer to the .hdr file associated with each DOQ for specific image dates. The .hdr file contains a list of all source image dates (SOURCE_IMAGE_DATE) for a DOQ. The source data for this service are available for download from USGS EarthExplorer.Individual image tiles can be downloaded using the Idaho Aerial Imagery Explorer.These data can be bulk downloaded from a web accessible folder.Users should be aware that temporal changes may have occurred since these data were collected and that some parts of these data may no longer represent actual surface conditions. Users should not use these data for critical applications without a full awareness of the limitations of these data as described in the lineage or elsewhere.

The Mount Menzies dataset is a topographic database. Mount Menzies is situated within the Southern Prince Charles Mountains, surrounded by the Fisher Glacier. The database contains natural features captured at a density appropriate to 1:50,000 scale. Features are represented as lines, points and polygons. The dataset includes a 20 metre interval contour coverage. The data is available for download as shapefiles from a Related URL below.

The data conforms to the SCAR Feature Catalogue which includes data quality information. See a Related URL below. Each feature has a Qinfo number which, when entered at the 'Search datasets & quality' tab, provides data quality information for the feature.

These polygon features represent digitization of the glacier margins for the 37 named glaciers of Glacier National Park (GNP) and the 2 glaciers along the border of GNP derived from aerial images acquired on September 11, 12, 14, 15, 1998. The polygons represent only the main body portion of the glacier as they appeared in the 1998 imagery. Disconnected patches are not included as this dataset represents only the main body features. Polygons were digitized from orthorectified aerial images with initial digitization completed in 2001 by Michelle Manly, University of North Dakota graduate student. This set of polygons represents a thorough review with revisions to the initial dataset based on local knowledge and improved satellite imagery acquired in 2015. In several cases, the much higher resolution 2015 imagery revealed features, such as debris covered ice, where 1998 image analysis had deemed bedrock and actual margins had to be re-evaluated. A Wacom Pro digital tablet was used b ...

To provide easy access to Minnesota aerial photography images.

This dataset allows users to browse, download, and order Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (DNR) aerial photography products via the Internet. In addition, access to the photo databases is provided via easy-to-use map based interfaces that allow a user to navigate to a particular photo(s). See: "http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/airphotos/search.html"

Link to the ScienceBase Item Summary page for the item described by this metadata record. Service Protocol: Link to the ScienceBase Item Summary page for the item described by this metadata record. Application Profile: Web Browser. Link Function: information

Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) flights were conducted over the headwaters of the South Fork of Brackett Creek in the Bridger Mountains of SW Montana during the winter of 2020. The flights collected overlapping imagery focused on a steep mountain couloir study site known locally as "the Hourglass." Structure from motion (SfM) photogrammetry was used to process the collected imagery and create digital surface models (DSMs) of the landscape on 13 field days. The data was collected between January 7, 2020 and July 8, 2020 and includes 12 snow-on models as well as 1 snow-free model. The snow-on DSMs represent snow depths calculated using DSM-differencing techniques (subtraction of snow-free surface from snow-on surface). Other files include a shapefile of study locations and csv files of data used in analyses described in the associated manuscript.

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) initiated a study of the Lower Colorado River to derive temporal-change characteristics from the predam period to the present. In this report, we present summary information on accomplishments under a USGS task for the Department of the Interior's Landscapes in the West project. We discuss our preliminary results in compiling a digital database of geospatial information on the Lower Colorado River and acquisition of data products, and present a geospatial digital dataset of 1938 aerial photography of the river valley. The U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (BOR)'s, Resources Management Office in Boulder City, Nev., provided historical aerial photographs of the river valley from the Hoover Dam to the United States-Mexican border, with some exclusions. USGS authors scanned and mosaicked the photographs, registered the photo mosaics, and created metadata describing each mosaic series, all 15 of which are presented here.

[Summary provided by the USGS.]

The Yellowstone River Post Flood Aerial Photo Viewer (web application) displays aerial photos collected along the Yellowstone River from approximately Gardiner to Livingston. The images were collected for post-flood (spring 2022) recovery efforts. The flight was completed during the last week of September 2022, after the water had dropped and the smoke had completely cleared. Properties of flood affected landowners that expressed interest, as well as public infrastructure, were targeted. The images were collected by Chris Boyer (Kestrel Aerial Services, Inc) for Montana Freshwater Partners, with funding from AMB West. Contact Wendy Weaver at wweaver@freshwaterpartners.org with any questions about the photos. Direct technical questions about the application and how to use it to the Montana State Library at geoinfo@mt.gov.Use and distribution of the photos has the following requirements: (1) the photos cannot be used for any commercial purposes, and (2) the watermark must be retained and include the photographer (Kestrel Aerial Services, Inc) and the Montana Freshwater Partners web link.

Link to the ScienceBase Item Summary page for the item described by this metadata record. Service Protocol: Link to the ScienceBase Item Summary page for the item described by this metadata record. Application Profile: Web Browser. Link Function: information

Forest Ecosystem Dynamics (FED) Project Spatial Data Archive: Color Infrared Aerial Photograph of the Tower Site

The Biospheric Sciences Branch (formerly Earth Resources Branch) within the Laboratory for Terrestrial Physics at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center and associated University investigators are involved in a research program entitled Forest Ecosystem Dynamics (FED) which is fundamentally concerned with vegetation change of forest ecosystems at local to regional spatial scales (100 to 10,000 meters) and temporal scales ranging from monthly to decadal periods (10 to 100 years). The nature and extent of the impacts of these changes, as well as the feedbacks to global climate, may be addressed through modeling the interactions of the vegetation, soil, and energy components of the boreal ecosystem.

The Howland Forest research site lies within the Northern Experimental Forest of International Paper. The natural stands in this boreal-northern hardwood transitional forest consist of spruce-hemlock-fir, aspen-birch, and hemlock-hardwood mixtures. The topography of the region varies from flat to gently rolling, with a maximum elevation change of less than 68 m within 10 km. Due to the region's glacial history, soil drainage classes within a small area may vary widely, from well drained to poorly drained. Consequently, an elaborate patchwork of forest communities has developed, supporting exceptional local species diversity.

This is a digital high-resolution color infrared aerial photograph of the University of Maine, Orono tower site. There were a series of large scale color infrared photographs taken over the FED study area and this photo is only an example of the photographs obtained.

These polygon features represent digitization of the glacier margins for the 37 named glaciers of Glacier National Park (GNP) and the 2 glaciers along the border of GNP derived from aerial images acquired on September 11, 12, 14, 15, 1998. The polygons represent only the main body portion of the glacier as they appeared in the 1998 imagery. Disconnected patches are not included as this dataset represents only the main body features. Polygons were digitized from orthorectified aerial images with initial digitization completed in 2001 by Michelle Manly, University of North Dakota graduate student. This set of polygons represents a thorough review with revisions to the initial dataset based on local knowledge and improved satellite imagery acquired in 2015. In several cases, the much higher resolution 2015 imagery revealed features, such as debris covered ice, where 1998 image analysis had deemed bedrock and actual margins had to be re-evaluated. A Wacom Pro digital tablet was used by USGS staff to trace outlines and make revisions to the original margins. Glaciers were digitized at 1:2000 scale. Since multiple images in time series contribute to this analysis, if previous image showed perennial snow that was absent from the glacier (bedrock visible), then that portion was deemed "seasonal/perennial snow" in subsequent photos and not included in the digitization of 1998 glacier margins.