This statistic depicts the infant mortality rates among U.S. black mothers from 2013 to 2015, by state. According to the data, among black mothers in West Virginia the infant mortality rate was 11.79 per 1,000 live births.

In 2019, around ** percent of pregnant African American women aged 15 to 44 reported they had used alcohol in the past month. The statistic illustrates the percentage of pregnant African American women in the U.S. who had engaged in past month substance use from 2016 to 2019, by substance.

Maternal mortality rates can vary significantly around the world. For example, in 2022, Estonia had a maternal mortality rate of zero per 100,000 live births, while Mexico reported a rate of 38 deaths per 100,000 live births. However, the regions with the highest number of maternal deaths are Sub-Saharan Africa and Southern Asia, with differences between countries and regions often reflecting inequalities in health care services and access. Most causes of maternal mortality are preventable and treatable with the most common causes including severe bleeding, infections, complications during delivery, high blood pressure during pregnancy, and unsafe abortion. Maternal mortality in the United States In 2022, there were a total of 817 maternal deaths in the United States. Women aged 25 to 39 years accounted for 578 of these deaths, however, rates of maternal mortality are much higher among women aged 40 years and older. In 2022, the rate of maternal mortality among women aged 40 years and older in the U.S. was 87 per 100,000 live births, compared to a rate of 21 among women aged 25 to 39 years. The rate of maternal mortality in the U.S. has risen in recent years among all age groups. Differences in maternal mortality in the U.S. by race/ethnicity Sadly, there are great disparities in maternal mortality in the United States among different races and ethnicities. In 2022, the rate of maternal mortality among non-Hispanic white women was about 19 per 100,000 live births, while non-Hispanic Black women died from maternal causes at a rate of almost 50 per 100,000 live births. Rates of maternal mortality have risen for white and Hispanic women in recent years, but Black women have by far seen the largest increase in maternal mortality. In 2022, around 253 Black women died from maternal causes in the United States.

In 2020, an overwhelmingly large proportion of pregnancy-associated deaths in the United States were among non-Hispanic Black women. At that time, nearly one in three pregnancy-related deaths were among non-Hispanic Black women. This statistic shows the proportion of pregnancy-associated deaths in ** U.S. states that were determined to be pregnancy-related in 2020, by race and ethnicity.

Poor coordination of care across providers and birth settings has been associated with adverse maternal-newborn outcomes. Research suggests that integration of midwives into regional health systems is a key determinant of optimal maternal-newborn outcomes, yet, to date, the characteristics of an integrated system have not been described, nor linked to health disparities.MethodsOur multidisciplinary team examined published regulatory data to inform a 50-state database describing the environment for midwifery practice and interprofessional collaboration. Items (110) detailed differences across jurisdictions in scope of practice, autonomy, governance, and prescriptive authority; as well as restrictions that can affect patient safety, quality, and access to maternity providers across birth settings. A nationwide survey of state regulatory experts (n = 92) verified the ‘on the ground’ relevance, importance, and realities of local interpretation of these state laws. Using a modified Delphi process, we selected 50/110 key items to include in a weighted, composite Midwifery Integration Scoring (MISS) system. Higher scores indicate greater integration of midwives across all settings. We ranked states by MISS scores; and, using reliable indicators in the CDC-Vital Statistics Database, we calculated correlation coefficients between MISS scores and maternal-newborn outcomes by state, as well as state density of midwives and place of birth. We conducted hierarchical linear regression analysis to control for confounding effects of race.ResultsMISS scores ranged from lowest at 17 (North Carolina) to highest at 61 (Washington), out of 100 points. Higher MISS scores were associated with significantly higher rates of spontaneous vaginal delivery, vaginal birth after cesarean, and breastfeeding, and significantly lower rates of cesarean, preterm birth, low birth weight infants, and neonatal death. MISS scores also correlated with density of midwives and access to care across birth settings. Significant differences in newborn outcomes accounted for by MISS scores persisted after controlling for proportion of African American births in each state.ConclusionThe MISS scoring system assesses the level of integration of midwives and evaluates regional access to high quality maternity care. In the United States, higher MISS Scores were associated with significantly higher rates of physiologic birth, less obstetric interventions, and fewer adverse neonatal outcomes.

Adequate prenatal visit during pregnancy is measured as the number of live births to females receiving adequate prenatal care by the Adequacy of Prenatal Care Utilization Index (APNCU) per 100 live births in a year. Adequate prenatal care equates to prenatal care beginning by the 4th month of pregnancy and 80% or more of recommended prenatal care visits received during pregnancy. Data are for Santa Clara County residents. The measure is summarized for total county population by race/ethnicity and age of the mother. Data trends are from year 2006 to 2015. Source: Santa Clara County Public Health Department, Birth Statistical Master File, 2006-2015.METADATA:Notes (String): Lists table title, notes, sourcesYear (Numeric): Year of birthCategory (String): Lists the category representing the data: Santa Clara County is for total population, race/ethnicity: African American, Asian/Pacific Islander, Latino and White (non-Hispanic White only), and age of mother at the time of birth: 15 to 17, 18 to 29, 20 to 24, 25 to 34, 35 to 44, 45 years and over.Percentage (Numeric): Adequate prenatal care visit during pregnancy is measured as the percentage of live births to females receiving adequate prenatal care by the Adequacy of Prenatal Care Utilization Index (APNCU) per 100 live births in a year. Adequate prenatal care equates to prenatal care beginning by the 4th month of pregnancy and 80% or more of recommended prenatal care visits received during pregnancy.

In 2023, non-Hispanic Black women had the highest rates of maternal mortality among select races/ethnicities in the United States, with 50.3 deaths per 100,000 live births. The total maternal mortality rate in the U.S. at that time was 18.6 per 100,000 live births, a decrease from a rate of almost 33 in 2021. This statistic presents the maternal mortality rates in the United States from 2018 to 2023, by race and ethnicity.

Context

The Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) is a crucial indicator within the Gender Inequality Index (GII), an encompassing measure designed to assess gender disparities and inequities within a society. The GII, an extension of the Human Development Index (HDI), focuses on three primary dimensions: reproductive health, empowerment, and economic activity. Reproductive health, one of the key dimensions, sheds light on the challenges faced by individuals based on their gender. Within this context, the Maternal Mortality Ratio specifically gauges the number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births, providing insight into the disparities in health outcomes experienced by women. This indicator reflects the state of maternal health and underscores the importance of addressing reproductive rights to mitigate gender inequalities.

Content

This dataset encompasses extensive historical information regarding gender development indicators on a global scale. Key columns include ISO3 (the ISO3 code assigned to each country/territory), Country (the name of the country or territory), Continent (the continent of the country's location), Hemisphere (the hemisphere in which the country is positioned), Human Development Groups, UNDP Developing Regions, HDI Rank (2021) representing the Human Development Index Rank for the year 2021, and Maternal Mortality Ratio (deaths per 100,000 live births) spanning from 1990 to 2021.

Dataset Glossary (Column-wise)

• ISO3 - ISO3 for the Country/Territory
• Country - Name of the Country/Territory
• Continent - Name of the Continent
• Hemisphere - Name of the Hemisphere
• Human Development Groups - Human Development Groups
• UNDP Developing Regions - UNDP Developing Regions
• HDI Rank (2021) - Human Development Index Rank for 2021
• Maternal Mortality Ratio (deaths per 100,000 live births) from 1990 to 2021 - Maternal Mortality Ratio from 1990 to 2021

Data Dictionary

• UNDP Developing Regions:
  • SSA - Sub-Saharan Africa
  • LAC - Latin America and the Caribbean
  • EAP - East Asia and the Pacific
  • AS - Arab States
  • ECA - Europe and Central Asia
  • SA - South Asia

Structure of the Dataset

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Acknowledgement

This Dataset is created from Human Development Reports. This Dataset falls under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO License. You can check the Terms of Use of this Data. If you want to learn more, visit the Website.

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Results from linear regression analysis, showing variations in outcomes that can be explained by % black births and MISS scores.

BackgroundStudies on the barriers migrant women face when trying to access healthcare services in South Africa have emphasized economic factors, fear of deportation, lack of documentation, language barriers, xenophobia, and discrimination in society and in healthcare institutions as factors explaining migrants’ reluctance to seek healthcare. Our study aims to visualize some of the outcome effects of these barriers by analyzing data on maternal death and comparing the local population and black African migrant women from the South African Development Countries (SADC) living in South Africa. The heightened maternal mortality of black migrant women in South Africa can be associated with the hidden costs of barriers migrants face, including xenophobic attitudes experienced at public healthcare institutions.MethodsOur analysis is based on data on reported causes of death (COD) from the South African Department of Home Affairs (DHA). Statistics South Africa (Stats SA) processed the data further and coded the cause of death (COD) according to the WHO classification of disease, ICD10. The dataset is available on the StatsSA website (http://nesstar.statssa.gov.za:8282/webview/) for research and statistical purposes. The entire dataset consists of over 10 million records and about 50 variables of registered deaths that occurred in the country between 1997 and 2018. For our analysis, we have used data from 2002 to 2015, the years for which information on citizenship is reliably included on the death certificate. Corresponding benchmark data, in which nationality is recorded, exists only for a 10% sample from the population and housing census of 2011. Mid-year population estimates (MYPE) also exist but are not disaggregated by nationality. For this reason, certain estimates of death proportions by nationality will be relative and will not correspond to crude death rates.ResultsThe total number of female deaths recorded from the years 2002 to 2015 in the country was 3740.761. Of these, 99.09% (n = 3,707,003) were deaths of South Africans and 0.91% (n = 33,758) were deaths of SADC women citizens. For maternal mortality, we considered the total number of deaths recorded for women between the ages of 15 and 49 years of age and were 1,530,495 deaths. Of these, deaths due to pregnancy-related causes contributed to approximately 1% of deaths. South African women contributed to 17,228 maternal deaths and SADC women to 467 maternal deaths during the period under study. The odds ratio for this comparison was 2.02. In other words, our findings show the odds of a black migrant woman from a SADC country dying of a maternal death were more than twice that of a South African woman. This result is statistically significant as this odds ratio, 2.02, falls within the 95% confidence interval (1.82–2.22).ConclusionThe study is the first to examine and compare maternal death among two groups of women, women from SADC countries and South Africa, based on Stats SA data available for the years 2002–2015. This analysis allows for a better understanding of the differential impact that social determinants of health have on mortality among black migrant women in South Africa and considers access to healthcare as a determinant of health. As we examined maternal death, we inferred that the heightened mortality among black migrant women in South Africa was associated with various determinants of health, such as xenophobic attitudes of healthcare workers toward foreigners during the study period. The negative attitudes of healthcare workers toward migrants have been reported in the literature and the media. Yet, until now, its long-term impact on the health of the foreign population has not been gaged. While a direct association between the heightened death of migrant populations and xenophobia cannot be established in this study, we hope to offer evidence that supports the need to focus on the heightened vulnerability of black migrant women in South Africa. As we argued here, the heightened maternal mortality among migrant women can be considered hidden barriers in which health inequality and the pervasive effects of xenophobia perpetuate the health disparity of SADC migrants in South Africa.

The National Fertility Study was conducted in March of 1965 and resulted in 5617 completed interviews. The sample includes currently married women, living with their husbands, in the United States (including Alaska and Hawaii) age 14 to 55 years. Includes1201 African American women. Women were asked questions about fertility and contraception, including contraceptive use and pregnancy histories, opinions on childbearing and childrearing, desired family size, future childbearing intentions and expectation of further children. Questions about coital frequency at the time of interview were asked. Marital history and some labor force participation history were recorded. Background information such as education, income, religion, social characteristics, and place of residence was also collected. The live birth history contains questions about length of breastfeeding and survival staus of the child. The pregnancy history contains questions about methods of contraception used and childbearing intentions at the time of conception. Detailed results of the survey may be found in Reproduction in the United States, 1965, by Norman B. Ryder and Charles F. Westoff (Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 1971)

Snapshot img

Maternity Support Products Market Size 2024-2028

The maternity support products market size is forecast to increase by USD 160.87 million, at a CAGR of 8.27% between 2023 and 2028. The burgeoning influence of fashion trends on maternity support products underscores a notable shift towards combining style with functionality in the pregnancy support market. As expectant mothers increasingly prioritize both comfort and aesthetics, there is a growing demand for maternity support products that not only provide significant benefits but also align with current fashion trends. This trend reflects a broader societal shift towards celebrating pregnancy and embracing maternity as a stylish and empowering phase of life. Maternity support products offer significant benefits to expectant mothers, including improved posture, reduced discomfort, and enhanced support for the growing belly and back. These products are designed to alleviate common pregnancy-related symptoms such as lower back pain, pelvic pressure, and muscle strain, thereby promoting overall well-being and comfort during pregnancy. The report provides market size, historical data spanning from 2018 - 2022, and future projections, all presented in terms of value in USD million for each of the mentioned segments.

What will be the Size of the Market During the Forecast Period?

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Market Dynamic and Customer Landscape

In the market, innovations transcend beyond technology to encompass various aspects of childbirth and postpartum care. Just as infants require nurturing, data storage demands reliability and longevity, akin to the durability of postpartum recovery items. Memristors, with their endurance and compact size, mirror the adaptability needed for newborns and maternity clothing. Similar to the support provided by nursing bras and pregnancy support belts, these memory devices offer stability in data retrieval. Just as pelvic pain requires alleviation, memristors mitigate concerns like pressure on the bladder by efficiently managing data with proper posture, resembling the comfort of pregnancy cushions. With brands like ITA-MED and Reitsman, the memristor market seamlessly combines sustainability and style, much like the blend of comfort and fashion in maternity clothes. Our researchers analyzed the data with 2023 as the base year, along with the key drivers, trends, and challenges. A holistic analysis of drivers will help companies refine their marketing strategies to gain a competitive advantage.

Key Market Driver

The availability of easy-to-use maternity support products is the key factor driving market growth. Maternity support products such as support belts and belly bands are easy to use while carrying out daily routines. Nowadays, such maternity support products are gaining attention among pregnant women. Vendors make sure that maternity support products can be worn easily by women, besides saving time and providing convenience to them.

Furthermore, customers demand comfortable and easy-to-operate maternity support belts that could make them feel good. Therefore, many women opt for maternity support products such as belly bands and support belts that are machine washable. Pregnant women mostly prefer Velcro closures, as they are easy to operate by the user. Thus, such factors will drive the market growth during the forecast period.

Significant Market Trends

The availability of premium-quality and comfortable maternity support products is the primary trend shaping market growth. There is a growing awareness among pregnant women about the importance of using maternity-related wearables such as maternity support products. Nowadays, the priorities of expectant mothers have shifted toward the quality and comfort of maternity support wear, such as belly bands, intimate maternity shapewear, corsets, and belly support belts.

Currently, women participate in exercise routines as they have become more health-conscious and desire to stay fit even during pregnancy. Consequently, maternity support products such as belly bands, support belts, and Maternity intimate wear made from breathable and stretchy fibers serve the purpose of providing an additional layer of support for free movement. Thus, such factors, including the increasing popularity and availability of maternity intimate wear, will drive the growth of the market during the forecast period. These specialized garments not only offer comfort but also cater to the specific needs of pregnant women, enhancing their exercise experience by providing support to the belly and lower back. The market expansion is further propelled by the rising awareness among expecting mothers about the benefits of maintaining an active lifestyle with appropriate maternity support products, thereby promoting overall maternal health and well-being.

Major Market Challenge

Declining fertility rates is a challen

Development of an evidence-based Midwifery Integration Scoring System (MISS).

This dataset contains percent preterm and very preterm live births by race/ethnic group of mother. Preterm births are all live births less than 37 weeks of gestation. Very preterm births are all live births less than 32 weeks of gestation. Important growth and development occur throughout pregnancy, especially in the final months and weeks. There is a higher risk of serious disability or death the earlier a baby is born. Gestational age is based on obstetric estimate at delivery (OE). Data includes births with gestational age of 17-47 weeks. Note: The race and ethnic groups in this table utilize eight mutually exclusive race and ethnicity categories. These categories are Hispanic and the following Non-Hispanic categories of Multi-Race, African-American, American Indian (includes Eskimo and Aleut), Asian, Pacific Islander (includes Hawaiian), White (includes Other race) and Unknown (includes refused to state and missing). Data should not be compared to other data where gestational age is based on the date of last normal menses (LMP) and not OE. The National Center for Health Statistics recently transitioned to using an OE-based gestational age measure due to increasing evidence of its greater validity compared with the LMP-based measure. (http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_05.pdf)

From 2019 to 2021, there were around 19 infant deaths per 1,000 live births among non-Hispanic Black women in the United States who smoked during pregnancy. In comparison, the infant mortality rate among Black women who did not smoke while pregnant was 5.16 per 1,000 live births. This statistic depicts the rate of infant mortality in the United States from 2019 to 2021 among women who smoked or not during pregnancy, by race/ethnicity.

The Atlanta ECHO Cohort is comprised of African American mother-child dyads who reside in the greater metropolitan Atlanta area. Enrollment begins during pregnancy from prenatal care clinics affiliated with two metro hospital systems. During pregnancy, data and biospecimens are obtained during an initial study visit (between 8-14 weeks gestation) and during a second study visit (between 24-30 weeks gestation). In the perinatal period, we collect the residual newborn blood spot (obtained from the neonate during the delivery hospitalization for state metabolic screening). Details of pregnancy complications, birth, and neonatal outcomes are ascertained via medical record abstraction. Children are then followed annually via in-person clinical assessments and maternal questionnaire data. This research was supported by the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) program, Office of The Director, National Institutes of Health. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. The Atlanta ECHO Cohort is supported by the following ECHO Program Collaborators: ECHO Coordinating Center: Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina: Smith PB, Newby KL, Benjamin DK; U2C OD023375 ECHO Data Analysis Center: Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland: Jacobson LP; Research Triangle Institute, Durham, North Carolina: Catellier D; U24 OD023382 North Carolina Human Health Exposure Analysis Resource Hub: Research Triangle Institute: Fennell T, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill: Sumner S, University of North Carolina at Charlotte: Du X; U2C ES030857 Human Health Exposure Analysis Resource Coordinating Center: Westat, Inc., Rockville, Maryland: O’Brien B; U24 ES026539

Sample midwifery integration indicators and weighted scores.

The WorldPop_Births_and_Pregnancies_code_v2 code can be used to re-produce the births and pregnancies datasets that are publicly available through the WorldPop Project website (http://www.worldpop.org.uk/data/data_sources/). Refer to the Methods page of the WorldPop Project website for a brief description of the methodology used to produce the births and pregnancies datasets. The datasets and the methods used to produce and validate them are fully described in: James, W. H. M. et al. Gridded birth and pregnancy datasets for Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean. Scientific Data (under review).

Significant correlations between MISS scores, and density and access to midwives by setting, United States, 2014.