In the United States, Black people have higher rates of gun homicide than White people across all age groups. As of 2022, gun homicide rates were highest among Black people aged between 15 and 24 years, at ***** gun homicides per 100,000 of the population. In comparison, there were only **** gun homicides per 100,000 of the White population within this age range. However, the risk for gun homicide was greatest among all adolescents and adults between the ages of 15 to 44 in that year. The impact of guns on young Americans In the last few years, firearms have become the leading cause of death for American children and teenagers aged one to 19 years old, accounting for more deaths than car crashes and diseases. School shootings also remain on the rise recently, with the U.S. recording ** times as many school shootings than other high-income nations from 2009 to 2018. Black students in particular experience a disproportionately high number of school shootings relative to their population, and K-12 teachers at schools made up mostly of students of color are more likely to report feeling afraid that they or their students would be a victim of attack or harm. The right to bear arms Despite increasingly high rates of gun-related violence, gun ownership remains a significant part of American culture, largely due to the fact that the right to bear arms is written into the U.S. Constitution. Although firearms are the most common murder weapon used in the U.S., accounting for approximately ****** homicides in 2022, almost **** of American households have at least one firearm in their possession. Consequently, it is evident that firearms remain easily accessible nationwide, even though gun laws may vary from state to state. However, the topic of gun control still causes political controversy, as the majority of Republicans agree that it is more important to protect the right of Americans to own guns, while Democrats are more inclined to believe that it is more important to limit gun ownership.

This indicator is based on location of residence. Mortality rate has been age-adjusted to the 2000 U.S. standard population. ICD 10 codes used to identify homicides are X85-Y09, Y87.1, and U01-U02. Single-year data are only available for Los Angeles County overall, Service Planning Areas, Supervisorial Districts, City of Los Angeles overall, and City of Los Angeles Council Districts.Violence is a public health crisis in the US, with gun violence being a major driver. Almost three quarters of homicides involve firearms. In the US, the age-adjusted homicide rate from firearms is more than 20 times higher than in the European Union or in Australia. Significant disparities by age, sex, and race and ethnicity exist, with young adults ages 15-34 years, males, and Black individuals most disproportionately impacted. Comprehensive prevention strategies should work to address the underlying physical, social, economic, and structural conditions known to increase risk.For more information about the Community Health Profiles Data Initiative, please see the initiative homepage.

Mortality rate from firearms includes homicides, suicides, accidental deaths, deaths by law enforcement, and deaths for which intent was undetermined. Mortality rate is based on the location of residence and has been age-adjusted to the 2000 U.S. standard population. ICD 10 codes used to identify firearm deaths are W32-W34, X72-X74, X93-X95, Y22-Y24, Y35.0, and U01.4. Single-year data are only available for Los Angeles County overall, Service Planning Areas, Supervisorial Districts, City of Los Angeles overall, and City of Los Angeles Council Districts.Violence is a public health crisis in the US, with gun violence being a major driver. In the US, the age-adjusted homicide rate from firearms is more than 20 times higher than in the European Union or in Australia. Significant disparities by age, sex, and race and ethnicity exist, with young adults (ages 15-34 years), males, and Black individuals most disproportionately impacted. Firearm-related suicides disproportionately impact older, White men. Comprehensive prevention strategies should work to address underlying physical, social, economic, and structural conditions known to increase risk.For more information about the Community Health Profiles Data Initiative, please see the initiative homepage.

Between 2021 and 2024, the homicide rate for people of the Black ethnic group was **** homicides per million population in England and Wales, far higher than that of the white ethnic group, which was *** victims per million population for the same time period.

In response to a growing concern about hate crimes, the United States Congress enacted the Hate Crime Statistics Act of 1990. The Act requires the attorney general to establish guidelines and collect, as part of the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program, data "about crimes that manifest evidence of prejudice based on race, religion, sexual orientation, or ethnicity, including where appropriate the crimes of murder and non-negligent manslaughter, forcible rape, aggravated assault, simple assault, intimidation, arson, and destruction, damage or vandalism of property." Hate crime data collection was required by the Act to begin in calendar year 1990 and to continue for four successive years. In September 1994, the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act amended the Hate Crime Statistics Act to add disabilities, both physical and mental, as factors that could be considered a basis for hate crimes. Although the Act originally mandated data collection for five years, the Church Arson Prevention Act of 1996 amended the collection duration "for each calendar year," making hate crime statistics a permanent addition to the UCR program. As with the other UCR data, law enforcement agencies contribute reports either directly or through their state reporting programs. Information contained in the data includes number of victims and offenders involved in each hate crime incident, type of victims, bias motivation, offense type, and location type.

Drawing on information from several sources, this dataset provides cross-sectional time-series data on homicide victimization and offending counts and rates for the United States and each of the 50 states for the years 1976-1999, disaggregated by age, sex, and race. Specifically, data from the FBI's Supplementary Homicide Reports (SHR) were used to assemble victim and offender counts for various demographic groups, and U.S. Bureau of the Census estimates for population by age, race, and sex were employed to transform these counts into rates per 100,000. In addition, because the SHR program fails to provide a complete count of homicides, national and state estimates, published in the FBI's annual publication CRIME IN THE UNITES STATES, were used to benchmark and adjust SHR homicide counts. To ensure consistency between these rates and those published by the FBI, population data were also adjusted to match the population totals used in the FBI's publication.

Abbreviations: CI, Confidence Interval; CHC, Community Health Center; GP, General Population; HR, Hazard Ratio; ICD, International Classification of Diseases.aHazard Ratios adjusted for age (as time-scale), race, sex, enrollment source, alcohol use, depression, smoking, income, education, marital status, employment status, BMI, height, comorbidity index, faith comfort.bResponse to question, “Has a doctor ever told you that you have depression or have you been treated for depression?”cHazard ratio is undefined – no deaths from homicide in the general population enrollees.dResponse to question, “How much is religion, faith, or God a source of strength and comfort to you?”Hazard ratios for risk of death by specific causes corresponding to demographic, health-related, and lifestyle variables in the Southern Community Cohort Study.

We used individual-level death data to estimate county-level life expectancy at 25 (e25) for Whites, Black, AIAN and Asian in the contiguous US for 2000-2005. Race-sex-stratified models were used to examine the associations among e25, rurality and specific race proportion, adjusted for socioeconomic variables. Individual death data from the National Center for Health Statistics were aggregated as death counts into five-year age groups by county and race-sex groups for the contiguous US for years 2000-2005 (National Center for Health Statistics 2000-2005). We used bridged-race population estimates to calculate five-year mortality rates. The bridged population data mapped 31 race categories, as specified in the 1997 Office of Management and Budget standards for the collection of data on race and ethnicity, to the four race categories specified under the 1977 standards (the same as race categories in mortality registration) (Ingram et al. 2003). The urban-rural gradient was represented by the 2003 Rural Urban Continuum Codes (RUCC), which distinguished metropolitan counties by population size, and nonmetropolitan counties by degree of urbanization and adjacency to a metro area (United States Department of Agriculture 2016). We obtained county-level sociodemographic data for 2000-2005 from the US Census Bureau. These included median household income, percent of population attaining greater than high school education (high school%), and percent of county occupied rental units (rent%). We obtained county violent crime from Uniform Crime Reports and used it to calculate mean number of violent crimes per capita (Federal Bureau of Investigation 2010). This dataset is not publicly accessible because: EPA cannot release personally identifiable information regarding living individuals, according to the Privacy Act and the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA). This dataset contains information about human research subjects. Because there is potential to identify individual participants and disclose personal information, either alone or in combination with other datasets, individual level data are not appropriate to post for public access. Restricted access may be granted to authorized persons by contacting the party listed. It can be accessed through the following means: Request to author. Format: Data are stored as csv files. This dataset is associated with the following publication: Jian, Y., L. Neas, L. Messer, C. Gray, J. Jagai, K. Rappazzo, and D. Lobdell. Divergent trends in life expectancy across the rural-urban gradient among races in the contiguous United States. International Journal of Public Health. Springer Basel AG, Basel, SWITZERLAND, 64(9): 1367-1374, (2019).

This dataset explores Health-adjusted life expectancy by sex in Canada for 2001. 1. The estimates are based on two years of death data (2000 and 2001). 2. Life expectancy is the number of years a person would be expected to live, starting at birth, if the age- and sex-specific mortality rates for a given observation period (such as a calendar year) were held constant over the estimated life span. 3. Health-adjusted life expectancy is a more comprehensive indicator than that of life expectancy because it introduces the concept of quality of life. Health-adjusted life expectancy is the number of years in full health that an individual can expect to live given the current morbidity and mortality conditions. Health-adjusted life expectancy uses the Health Utility Index (HUI) to weigh years lived in good health higher than years lived in poor health. Thus, health-adjusted life expectancy is not only a measure of quantity of life but also a measure of quality of life. 4. Canada, excluding the territories. Source: Statistics Canada, CANSIM, table 102-0121 and Catalogue no. 82-221-X. Last modified: 2007-11-26.

1Model 1 is adjusted for sex, race, age, and household SES.2Model 2 is adjusted for sex, race, age, household SES, and body fat percentage.3Model 3 is adjusted for sex, race, age, household SES, body fat percentage, physical activity level, and dietary pattern.4Continuous and standardized; odds ratio represents the increased odds of elevated CRP corresponding to a 1 SD increase in neighborhood poverty.5Continuous and standardized; odds ratio represents the increased odds of elevated CRP corresponding to a 1 SD increase in neighborhood crime.6Ref = Medium/low neighborhood crime and poverty.*p

US International Trade in Goods & Services - 3month moving average -Seasonally adjusted, Seasonally adjusted: Jan 2006-Feb 2008

U.S. Services by Major Category - Exports , Seasonally adjusted (in Millions of Dollars) -Jan 2006-Feb 2008, updated on April 10 2008

4th Quarter 2007 (preliminary) Existing Home Sales (in Thous) by State. Also, includes 2005, 2006, and each Quarter for 2007. NAR releases statistics on state-by-state existing-home sales each quarter. The state existing-home sales report includes single-family houses, condos and co-ops.

Imports of Crude Oil by Country (not seas adj) Jan-Feb 2008, updated on April 10 2008 Null value of (-) changed to be -1

Civilian Labor Force and Unemployment (in Thousands) by Census Region & Division, Not Seasonally Adjusted (Table2) - Feb/March 2008 & Feb/March 2007 for comparison

This dataset explores the national school breakfast program's cash received by state for fiscal years 2003-2007. Payments to State agencies are based on per meal rates which are adjusted annually to offset changes in food prices. Administrative costs are not included.

Exports Imports Balance (in Millions of Dollars) of Goods by selected Countries - Current Year, Not Seasonally Adj, updated on April 10 2008

This dataset explores the USDA Food and Nutrition Service - Summer Food Service total cash payments by state for fiscal years 2003-2007. * Cash payments are based on per meal reimbursement rates which are adjusted annually to offset changes in food prices. They do not include administrative expenses or commodity costs. Data are subject to revision.

Exports, Imports & Trade Balance By Country & Area, Not Seasonally Adjusted, Prior Year -Feb 2007 & YTD 2007, Updated on April 10, 2008 Null Values of (-) & (X) were changed to -9999

Exports and Imports of Motor Vehicles and Parts By Selected Countries, Not Seasonally Adj - in Millions of Dollars, updated on April 10 2008