Financial overview and grant giving statistics of American Heart Association

Model 1 was a single-factor analysis model; model 2 was adjusted for age, gender, alcohol consumption, income, education and history of cardiovascular disease on the basis of model 1; model 3 was further adjusted for heart rate, uric acid, and high-sensitivity CRP on the basis of model 2.CVH score, Cardiovascular Health Score; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval.Hazard Ratios (95% CI) of Incidence of Total CVD Events, Myocardial Infarction, and Stroke among Different Groups According to the CVH Score at Baseline.

AHA  =  American Heart Association, ACC  =  American College of Cardiology EF  =  ejection fraction, LV  =  left ventricle, LVESV  =  left ventricular end systolic volume, LVEDV  =  left ventricular end diastolic volume, SV  =  stroke volume.Statistical comparison of parameters from the patient data for each American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology heart failure stage, using 2-tailed Student's T-Test.

The classification into well-documented and modifiable risk factors versus less well-documented or potentially modifiable risk factors is adopted from the guidelines.

CRDC = Chart Review, Diagnostic Criteria–the charts of potential cases were reviewed, and a formal set of diagnostic criteria were applied when evaluating cases; CRMD = Chart Review, Medical Doctor–the charts of potential cases were reviewed by a physician, who evaluated cases using their clinical judgment or an otherwise unspecified set of criteria; AHA = American Heart Association; ASA = American Stroke Association; CABG = coronary artery bypass graft; EMRALD = Electronic Medical Record Administrative Data Linked Database; ICD = International Classification of Diseases; MONICA = MONItoring Trends and Determinants in CArdiovascular Disease; NSAID = non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug; PCI = percutaneous coronary intervention; TOAST = Trial of ORG 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment; TIA = transient ischaemic attack; WHO = World Health OrganizationCharacteristics of Included Studies.

Background: Postmenopausal hormone therapy (HT) increases the risk of stroke. Here we evaluate whether leisure time physical activity (LTPA) can change stroke risk in women using HT, leveraging data from the California Teachers Study. Methods: Female California educators without a prior history of stroke (n = 118,294) were followed from 1995 through 2015 for stroke end points. Based on statewide hospitalization data, 4,437 women had ischemic (n = 3,162; International Classification of Diseases [ICD]-9 433, 434, 436) or hemorrhagic (n = 1,275; ICD-9 430–432, excluding 432.1) stroke. LTPA and HT use were evaluated at 2 time points (baseline [1995–1996] and 10-year follow-up [2005–2006]). LTPA was assessed using American Heart Association (AHA) recommendations (>150 min/week moderate or >75 min/week strenuous physical activity). Using multivariable Cox proportional hazards models, we estimated the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for the associations between HT use and concurrent LTPA with incident stroke. Results: Compared to women who never used HT, stroke risk was highest among women who were current HT users and did not meet AHA recommendations for LTPA at the time of their HT use: HRbaseline 1.28 (95% CI 1.13–1.44); HR10-year follow-up 1.17 (95% CI 0.91–1.50). Based on the baseline questionnaire, current HT users who met AHA recommendations for LTPA in 1995–1996 still had elevated stroke risk in the 20-year follow-up (HR 1.22, 95% CI 1.08–1.37). However, among current HT users who met AHA recommendations for LTPA at the 2005–2006 follow-up questionnaire, stroke risk was not elevated (HR 1.01, 95% CI 0.80–1.29). Evaluation of the 2 time points in concert further demonstrated that meeting AHA recommendations for LTPA at the most recent follow-up time point was required to reduce HT-related stroke risk. Conclusion: Concurrent physical activity may attenuate the short-term increase in risk of stroke risk associated with HT use.

Background: The recent American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) guidelines redefined blood pressure levels 130-139/80-89 mmHg as stage 1 hypertension. However, the association of stage 1 hypertension with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and its age-specific differences among the rural women in Liaoning province remains unclear. It needs to be quantified in considering guideline adoption in China.Methods: In total, 19,374 women aged ≥35 years with complete data and no cardiovascular disease at baseline were followed in a rural community-based prospective cohort study of Liaoning province, China. Follow-up for the new cases of CVD was conducted from the end of the baseline survey to the end of the third follow-up survey (January 1, 2008–December 31, 2017). Adjusted Cox proportional hazards models were applied to estimate the Hazard Ratios (HR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) with the normal blood pressure as a reference.Results: During the median follow-up period of 12.5 years, 1,419 subjects suffered all-cause death, 748 developed CVD, 1,224 participants suffered stroke and 241 had Myocardial Infarction (MI). Compared with normal BP, Stage 1 hypertension had a HR (95% CI) of 1.694 (1.202–2.387) in CVD mortality, 1.575 (1.244–1.994) in the incidence of stroke. The results obtained that the risk of CVD mortality and incidence of stroke was significantly associated with stage 1 hypertension in rural women aged ≥45 years after adjusting for other potential factors. However, in participants aged 35–44 years, stage 1 hypertension was not associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.Conclusions: The newly defined stage 1 hypertension is associated with an increased risk of CVD mortality and also incidence of stroke in the rural women aged ≥45 years population of Liaoning province. This study can be a good reference for health policy makers and clinicians workers to make evidence-based decisions toward lowering burden of cardiovascular disease more efficient, timely measures on prevention and control of stage 1 hypertension in China.

The American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Heart Failure classification From Jessup et al. (2009) [4].

HTN – hypertension, IHD – ischaemic heart disease, MI – myocardial infarction, DCM – dilated cardiomyopathy.Demographic information on the patients comprising the left ventricular pressure volume loops.

Lumped parameter model variables and calculated error for each stage.

LV  =  left ventricle, LVESV  =  left ventricular end systolic volume, LVEDV  =  left ventricular end diastolic volume, EF  =  ejection fraction.Mean left ventricle parameters for each stage of heart failure (with standard deviation in brackets).