This is a bulk data download resource for air pollution measurements hosted by Defra's UK-AIR web pages - see also http://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/.

Monitoring networks and pollutants included are those covered by http://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/networks/ with the exception of diffusive sampler measurements which are not in scope at this stage. Measurements are available for the period 1973 to 2014 inclusive. Measured pollutant concentrations, aggregated statistics and station configuration information (location, analyser type, inlet height etc.) are provided in XML format based the European Air Quality e-Reporting schema (further information at http://www.eionet.europa.eu/aqportal/).

A highly granular large dataset of 10,908,440 admissions, curated by PIONEER to look at matching DEFRA’s air pollution data to the patients registered address. The data includes demography, admission details, diagnostic codes (ICD-10 & SNOMED-CT), respiratory data, medications, presenting complaints all linked to DEFRA air quality. This dataset offers an exceptional resource for researchers seeking to understand the short- and long-term impacts of air quality on health outcomes. This dataset synergises DEFRA air pollution data with anonymised health records to offer an opportunity for multidisciplinary research in environmental health, epidemiology and beyond. The current dataset includes admissions from 01-01-2000 to 31-08-2023 but can be expanded to assess other timelines of interest.

Geography: The West Midlands (WM) has a population of 6 million & includes a diverse ethnic & socio-economic mix. UHB is one of the largest NHS Trusts in England, providing direct acute services & specialist care across four hospital sites, with 2.2 million patient episodes per year, 2750 beds & > 120 ITU bed capacity. UHB runs a fully electronic healthcare record (EHR) (PICS; Birmingham Systems), a shared primary & secondary care record (Your Care Connected) & a patient portal “My Health”.

DEFRA

Air quality data has been extracted from sampling stations in the Birmingham area, hourly rates of volatile and non-volatile particulates, hydrocarbons, sulphur dioxide, ozone, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides. Each station covers a subset of the pollutants, so this may not necessarily be the full set. © Crown 2024 copyright Defra via uk-air.defra.gov.uk, licenced under the Open Government Licence (OGL).

Data set availability: Data access is available via the PIONEER Hub for projects which will benefit the public or patients. This can be by developing a new understanding of disease, by providing insights into how to improve care, or by developing new models, tools, treatments, or care processes. Data access can be provided to NHS, academic, commercial, policy and third sector organisations. Applications from SMEs are welcome. There is a single data access process, with public oversight provided by our public review committee, the Data Trust Committee. Contact pioneer@uhb.nhs.uk or visit www.pioneerdatahub.co.uk for more details.

Available supplementary data: Matched controls; ambulance and community data. Unstructured data (images). We can build synthetic data to meet bespoke requirements.

Available supplementary support: Analytics, model build, validation & refinement; A.I. support. Data partner support for ETL (extract, transform & load) processes. Bespoke and “off the shelf” Trusted Research Environment (TRE) build and run. Consultancy with clinical, patient & end-user and purchaser access/ support. Support for regulatory requirements. Cohort discovery. Data-driven trials and “fast screen” services to assess population size.

Annually produced 1x1km background concentrations from Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) national Pollution Climate (PCM) models. These are typically (but not uniquely) annual mean concentrations. The download webpage shows the years available for each pollutant and provides additional information on the relevant units/metrics. The model results are used in conjunction with measured concentrations from Defra's national monitoring networks to provide an air quality assessment that is reported to the European Commission in accordance with European Directives. The methodology and results are described in a mapping report published by Defra on UKAIR website. Note that these background maps are distinct from the source sector split concentration maps produced for Local Air Quality Management (LAQM) purposes and should not be used for LAQM operations.

This dataset, curated by PIONEER, encompasses a detailed collection of 181,207 asthma admissions from 1st June 2016 to 31st May 2022, offering a comprehensive analysis tool for researchers examining the effects of air quality on respiratory health. It includes extensive patient demographics, serial physiological measurements, assessments, diagnostic codes (ICD-10 and SNOMED-CT), initial presentations, symptoms, and outcomes. Additionally, it integrates DEFRA air pollution data, geographically linked t individual health data, allowing for a nuanced exploration of environmental impacts on asthma incidence and severity. The dataset includes 4 years of data prior to and currently 1 year post introduction of the clean air zone.

The dataset invites longitudinal studies to evaluate the Clean Air Zones' effectiveness. Timelines post-introduction of the clean air zone can be expanded to include data up to 2024. Its granular detail provides invaluable insights into emergency medicine, public health policy, and environmental science, supporting targeted interventions and policy formulations aimed at reducing asthma exacerbations and improving air quality standards.

Geography: The West Midlands (WM) has a population of 6 million & includes a diverse ethnic & socio-economic mix. UHB is one of the largest NHS Trusts in England, providing direct acute services & specialist care across four hospital sites, with 2.2 million patient episodes per year, 2750 beds & > 120 ITU bed capacity. UHB runs a fully electronic healthcare record (EHR) (PICS; Birmingham Systems), a shared primary & secondary care record (Your Care Connected) & a patient portal “My Health”.

Data set availability: Data access is available via the PIONEER Hub for projects which will benefit the public or patients. This can be by developing a new understanding of disease, by providing insights into how to improve care, or by developing new models, tools, treatments, or care processes. Data access can be provided to NHS, academic, commercial, policy and third sector organisations. Applications from SMEs are welcome. There is a single data access process, with public oversight provided by our public review committee, the Data Trust Committee. Contact pioneer@uhb.nhs.uk or visit www.pioneerdatahub.co.uk for more details.

Available supplementary data: Matched controls; ambulance and community data. Unstructured data (images). We can provide the dataset in OMOP and other common data models and can build synthetic data to meet bespoke requirements.

Available supplementary support: Analytics, model build, validation & refinement; A.I. support. Data partner support for ETL (extract, transform & load) processes. Bespoke and “off the shelf” Trusted Research Environment (TRE) build and run. Consultancy with clinical, patient & end-user and purchaser access/ support. Support for regulatory requirements. Cohort discovery. Data-driven trials and “fast screen” services to assess population size.

Datasets showing nitrogen dioxide levels (NO2) at various locations around Leeds.

Please note

From 17/02/17 this dataset will be archived and superseeded by the ratified air quality dataset https://datamillnorth.org/dataset/ratified-air-quality---nitrogen-dioxide which contains corroborated data quality checked by external auditors.

Additional information

• The data is collected on an hourly basis
• Column A = Date of collection (YYMMDD)
• Column B = Time of collection
• Column C = Reading
• Column D = Validation (14 means the data has been validated but not that it has been ratified)
• NOTE: The data is not necessarily collected for all dates/times/stations

Defra air quality data

• Information manage a further two stations in Leeds
• You can be sent information through their air quality bulletin and request up to hourly information from http://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/bulletin-subscription
• Archive CSV data can be downloaded from http://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/data/data_selector?=l&1=&s=&o=#mid

The air quality indicator is one of the 68 indicators of the Government’s Sustainable Development Strategy. It measures annual levels of pollution from particulates (PM10) and ozone (O3), the two pollutants thought to have the greatest health impacts. In 2016 ONS proposed the cessation of these indicators due to limited use of these statistics: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/wellbeing/articles/sustainabledevelopmentindicators/2015-07-13

The UK National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory (NAEI) is developed and maintained by Ricardo Energy & Environment, in collaboration with Aether, CEH, and Gluckman Consulting. The NAEI is funded by the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS), Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra), the Scottish Government, the Welsh Government and the Northern Ireland Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs. Natural Resources Wales (NRW) obtains the spatial layers from some of the datasets associated with the NAEI under licence from Defra. NRW only gets the Wales area for the majority of the dataset, the acception being the Defra air quality management areas (2015). This includes the following: - Modelled Air Quality Concentrations for 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2015 and 2016 - Modelled Air Quality Emissions 2008, 2009 and 2010 - Air Quality Management Areas - Defra Air Quality Management Areas 2015 - Defra Nitrogen Dioxide Concentrations - Defra Ozone Concentrations - Defra Particulate Matter Concentrations

NOx data are from chemiluminescent NOx analysers (API T200). PM10 and PM2.5 data are from BAM instruments. Hourly observations are shown. BCC data have been ratified and corrected in accordance with UK air quality guidance LAQM TG.22. For the ratification of Defra data, please refer to the UK-AIR website. Data from the Defra sites are reproduced under © Crown 2019 copyright Defra via uk-air.defra.gov.uk, licenced under the Open Government Licence (OGL).

Dataset Name: Air Pollution - Particulate Matter 2.5Data Owner: DEFRAContact: opendatani@nidirect.gov.ukSource: Data.gov.ukSource URL: https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/data/laqm-background-mapsUploaded to SPACE Geoportal: 01/06/2023Update Frequency: when available via DEFRAScale Threshold: N/AProjection : Irish GridFormat: Esri Feature Layer (hosted) Point dataNotes:Point data covering NI from the DEFRA website. Please take time to read the guidance linked below.Please note: These background mapped data are specifically for LAQM purposes only. Please use them in conjunction with reading the Background Maps User Guide. The projections in the 2018 LAQM background maps are based on assumptions which were current before the Covid-19 outbreak in the UK. In consequence these maps do not reflect short or longer term impacts on emissions in 2020 and beyond resulting from behavioural change during the national or local lockdowns.Only the most recent mapped data should be used for new air quality assessments. Older data can continue to be used for research or on-going assessments.For more general interest in UK air quality mapping please visit the UK Ambient Air Quality Interactive Map

Salford operates a number of automatic air quality stations for measurement of pollutants using continuous analyses. Some sites are part of the Department of Environment and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) Automatic Urban and Rural Network (AURN) and other are maintained by Salford City Council as part of the Greater Manchester Air Quality Network (GMAQN). The network has over 10 years of data at various locations in the area. Data is available on Defra’s air quality pages, GreatAirManchester and Air Quality England. The sites in Salford are Eccles (AURN), M60 (AURN) and Glazebury (AURN) Note Defra operate the Glazebury site and are responsible for it. Defra also collect and manage the information for Eccles and the M60 data is managed by Salford. Current pollutants monitored Nitrogen dioxide, PM10, PM2.5, O3 Data available as excel compatible files Upon accessing this licensed data you will be deemed to have accepted the terms of the Public Sector End User Licence - INSPIRE.

Dataset Name: Air Pollution - Particulate Matter 2.5Data Owner: DEFRAContact: opendatani@nidirect.gov.ukSource: Data.gov.ukSource URL: https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/data/laqm-background-mapsUploaded to SPACE Geoportal: 01/06/2023Update Frequency: when available via DEFRAScale Threshold: N/AProjection : Irish GridFormat: Esri Feature Layer (hosted) Point dataNotes:Point data covering NI from the DEFRA website. Please take time to read the guidance linked below.Please note: These background mapped data are specifically for LAQM purposes only. Please use them in conjunction with reading the Background Maps User Guide. The projections in the 2018 LAQM background maps are based on assumptions which were current before the Covid-19 outbreak in the UK. In consequence these maps do not reflect short or longer term impacts on emissions in 2020 and beyond resulting from behavioural change during the national or local lockdowns.Only the most recent mapped data should be used for new air quality assessments. Older data can continue to be used for research or on-going assessments.For more general interest in UK air quality mapping please visit the UK Ambient Air Quality Interactive Map

The data shows roadside and background average readings for Nitric Oxide, Nitrogen Dioxide, Oxides of Nitrogen, Ozone, Particulate Matter (PM10 and PM2.5), and Sulphur Dioxide. Measured in Micrograms per Cubic Meter of Air (ug/m3). The spreadsheet shows which Index level each reading falls in, and contains charts showing pollutant levels by time of day per month.

Trend graphs of Nitrogen Dioxide and Particulate Matter PM2.5 are on the London Dashboard.

In the Mayor’s Air Quality Strategy, the Mayor adopted a policy to support the improvement of the air quality monitoring network in London so that it provides accurate and up to date information about air quality trends and current conditions in London. Publishing this data forms part of the delivery of that proposal, and also part of a larger push by the GLA towards transparency and sharing of information.

Each pollutant is measured every 15 minutes across the London Air Quality Network. Averages are calculated from these measurements. The averages shown here have been placed into the relevant DEFRA air quality index bands but are indicative only, and do not represent official air quality monitoring for European legislation.

The revised Daily Air Quality Index, published by DEFRA in April 2013, is used within this spreadsheet. More information about this can be found in DEFRA's report.

A review of the UK Air Quality Index by the Committee on the Medical Effects of Air Pollutants is available to read here.

A summary of air pollution definitions, sources, and consequences from a CIWEM report is available within the spreadsheet.

Link to GLA Air Quality page

Date relating to the Daily Air Quality Index defines a simple classification of air quality levels for a series of contaminants. It also provides some accompanying health messages aimed at at-risk individuals and other messages for the general population. Further information about the contaminants and the classification scheme can be found here and here. Accessed on 2014:04:22T17:12:00. (c) Crown 2014 copyright Defra via uk-air.defra.gov.uk. Licence: None Glasgow City Air Quality - Site Level.xml - https://dataservices.open.glasgow.gov.uk/Download/Organisation/a40aeb0a-67ad-4996-963f-e1495e3257a5/Dataset/a3a02de0-db3b-4ba1-a90f-b0cb8a74f3da/File/58fe2a00-3b34-420e-8cb2-3e24a892e536/Version/f221cb80-caca-4747-9c91-b52efb954cf1 Glasgow City Air Quality - Region Level.xml - https://dataservices.open.glasgow.gov.uk/Download/Organisation/a40aeb0a-67ad-4996-963f-e1495e3257a5/Dataset/a3a02de0-db3b-4ba1-a90f-b0cb8a74f3da/File/15f0d140-eb05-4a95-8a9e-9be6648a0e46/Version/6849252c-fd15-468e-8a41-3c47011aa89c

Multi-dimensional Environment-Health Risk Analysis (MEHRA) data and model for the English regions This archive contains 4 objects in RDS (R Data Storage) format: Training and testing datasets - These have been assembled to carry out the experiments described in the paper 'Modelling air pollution, climate and health data using Bayesian Networks: a case study of the English regions' by Vitolo et al. (currently under review) BN model and DAG - These are the bayesian network and DAG resulting from the experiment described in the paper 'Modelling air pollution, climate and health data using Bayesian Networks: a case study of the English regions' by Vitolo et al. (currently under review) The paper contains full details of the features, below is a short summary: Data were collected in England (United Kingdom) from 1981 to 2014. Mortality counts were obtained from the Office for National Statistics (ONS) The counts were standardized based on yearly regional population estimates obtained from the MYEDE dataset. Data from air quality monitoring stations were obtained from the UK Air Information Resource service hosted by the Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs (DEFRA). Weather variables derive from ECMWF ERA-Interim (global re-analysis dataset) {"references": ["Vitolo C., Russell A. and Tucker A. (2017). rdefra: Interact with the UK AIR Pollution Database from DEFRA. R package version 0.3.4 https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=rdefra, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.838587.", "Vitolo C., Russell A. and Tucker A. (2016). rdefra: Interact with the {UK} {AIR} Pollution Database from {DEFRA}. The Journal of Open Source Software 1 (4), DOI: 10.21105/joss.00051.", "Vitolo C., Tucker A. and Russell A. (2016). kehra: An R package to collect, assemble and model air pollution, weather and health data. R package version 0.1. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=kehra, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.55284.", "Vitolo C., Scutari M., Ghalaieny M., Tucker A. and Russell A. (2017). A multi-dimensional environment-health risk analysis system for the English regions. EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, 2017. http://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EGU2017/EGU2017-11880.pdf"]} British Council Institutional Links Grant 172614334

These concentrations maps are provided to assist local authorities in support of Review and Assessment of local air quality. Users should note that 2010-based maps now replace the 2008-based maps. The 2010-based background maps are calibrated against monitoring data for 2010 Updated maps with a 2011 base will be released in due course. More information regarding the maps is available here. Accessed on 2014-04-25T14:04:00. Licence: None background-maps-sector-definitions-june2012.pdf - https://dataservices.open.glasgow.gov.uk/Download/Organisation/a7f3d5f8-2b68-4b19-8961-17a9b8f70f4c/Dataset/01279fc9-4fa1-4192-b7b8-3470ed0cc2ac/File/f15a1409-2e80-4164-8ac9-424e56c51e9e/Version/17322064-228e-4878-a465-255e231d2cbd

This data set is a collection of estimated daily mean and maximum values for a range of air quality and meterological measurements and model forecasts for the UK and crown dependencies postcode districts (e.g. 'AB') for the years 2016-2019, inclusive.

The paper describing this dataset is available here: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-022-01135-6

The data uses a 'concentric regions' method to estimate the measurement for all regions, as follows. If measurements exist within the region, the mean of those measurements is used, if not, then a ring of neighbouring postcode regions are selected, and the mean of their measurement values used. If no measurement sites/data are found in the first ring, the process continues, taking the next ring of postcode district regions, working outwards until one or more sensors are found in a ring. As well as the measurement estimations, the number of rings required to find site data and make the estimations is also published. As a result, please note that estimations with higher ring counts ('rings') are likely to be calculated from more distant sensors. This distance depends upon the size of the postcode regions surrounding the location being estimated. Please use the ring count ('rings') to limit/filter estimations based on your required level of confidence.

The meteorological, pollen and air quality measurement data used to make the regional estimations can be found at this Zenodo archive. The data there contains Temperature, Relative Humidity, and Pressure data, downloaded from the Met Office MIDAS archives via the MEDMI server (https://www.data-mashup.org.uk/). Also downloaded from the MEDMI server are daily pollen measurements for the UK. PM10, PM2.5, NO2, NOx (as NO2), O3, and SO2 measurements from the DEFRA AURN network, and also model forecasts of the same made using the EMEP model.

The code used to make the estimations is available at this Zenodo archive.

The postcode data in postcode_district_data.csv are collated from several sources:

https://www.doogal.co.uk/UKPostcodes.php (population figures for the UK (UK Census 2011))

https://www.freemaptools.com/download-uk-postcode-outcode-boundaries.htm (postcode boundary polygons for UK and crown dependancies)

https://www.gov.gg/population (Guernsey (GY) population data for end June 2020)

https://www.gov.je/Government/JerseyInFigures/Population/Pages/Population.aspx (Jersey (JE) population data for end 2019)

https://www.gov.im/media/1369690/isle-of-man-in-numbers-july-2020.pdf (Isle of Man (IM) population data for April 2016)

The data-set is presented in CSV format, as six files:

postcode_district_data.csv: location metadata (region_id, geometry, description, population, country)

regional_site_counts.csv: a table showing the number of sites for each measurement (columns), for each region_id (rows). region_id's match those in the postcode_district_data.csv file.

turing_regional_estimates_aq_daily_met_pollen_pollution_imputed_data.csv: uses imputed site data (timestamp, region_id, ...[measurement name, rings]) ('rings' is the number of rings required to make the estimation)

turing_regional_estimates_aq_daily_met_pollen_pollution_original_data.csv: uses original site data (timestamp, region_id, ...[measurement name, rings]) ('rings' is the number of rings required to make the estimation)

turing_regional_estimates_aq_loc_type_daily_imputed_data.csv: uses imputed site data. Air quality regional estimates are calculated using specific AQ site location types* separately. (To prevent, for example, 'Traffic Urban' type sites being used to estimate 'non-traffic' or rural regions.)

turing_regional_estimates_aq_loc_type_daily_original_data.csv: uses original data. Air quality regional estimates are calculated using specific AQ site location types* separately. (To prevent, for example, 'Traffic Urban' type sites being used to estimate 'non-traffic' or rural regions.)

• Air quality site types:

Industrial: comprises 'urban industrial' (9 sites) and suburban industrial (2 sites)

'Rural background' (14 sites)

'Urban background' (48 sites)

'Urban traffic' (47 sites)

Layer DescriptionThis layer contains the regional mean of the monthly maximum daily air quality index of particulate matter with diameter less than 10 µm (PM₁₀-DAQI) for 2003 to 2019 for UK regions, from the UK Air Quality Reanalysis dataset.This dataset forms part of the Met Office Air Quality Data Portal: https://air-quality-1-themetoffice.hub.arcgis.com/Temporal ResolutionThis is a monthly dataset, covering the period 2003 to 2019.Spatial ResolutionThis data is aggregated into regions. The regions correspond to the Office for National Statistics (ONS) International Territorial Level 2 regions for the UK (January 2021 BUC).Monthly maximum values have been calculated for each grid box. Regional values are then calculated as the weighted mean across all grid boxes included within the region. Weights are based on the proportion of the grid box area within the region.The UK Air Quality Reanalysis DatasetThe UK Air Quality Reanalysis has been generated as part of the SPF Clean Air Programme. It combines an air quality forecast model system with observations of pollutants to produce an enhanced representation of past pollutant concentrations across the UK over a long time period.The data covers the UK and Ireland at 0.1 degree horizontal resolution and hourly time resolution for the period 2003 to 2019.For further details of the dataset see: UK Air Quality Reanalysis.Please complete this quick questionnaire to give us some information about our users.The Daily Air Quality IndexThe Daily Air Quality Index (DAQI) is a scale used to describe the levels of air pollution and provide recommended health advice. It uses a scale from 1 (low pollution) to 10 (very high pollution). Further information about the DAQI can be found on Defra UK Air or in the Overview of Air Quality.Limitations of the DataThe reanalysis dataset is only representative of ambient background pollutant concentrations.The reduced temporal and spatial resolution means that short term pollution episodes, or highly localised fluctuations in pollutant levels are not captured by this data layer.Useful LinksFurther air quality information, data and applications can be found on the Met Office Air Quality Data Portal.For help exploring this data, see the Air Quality Data Portal User Guide.