The Automatic Identification System (AIS) allows vessels to share identification, characteristics, and location data through self-reporting. This information is periodically broadcast and can be received by other vessels with AIS transceivers, as well as ground or satellite sensors. Since the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) mandated AIS for vessels above 300 gross tonnage, extensive datasets have emerged, becoming a valuable resource for maritime intelligence.

Maritime collisions occur when two vessels collide or when a vessel collides with a floating or stationary object, such as an iceberg. Maritime collisions hold significant importance in the realm of marine accidents for several reasons:

Injuries and fatalities of vessel crew members and passengers.

Environmental effects, especially in cases involving large tanker ships and oil spills.

Direct and indirect economic losses on local communities near the accident area.

Adverse financial consequences for ship owners, insurance companies and cargo owners including vessel loss and penalties.

As sea routes become more congested and vessel speeds increase, the likelihood of significant accidents during a ship's operational life rises. The increasing congestion on sea lanes elevates the probability of accidents and especially collisions between vessels.

The development of solutions and models for the analysis, early detection and mitigation of vessel collision events is a significant step towards ensuring future maritime safety. In this context, a synthetic vessel proximity event dataset is created using real vessel AIS messages. The synthetic dataset of trajectories with reconstructed timestamps is generated so that a pair of trajectories reach simultaneously their intersection point, simulating an unintended proximity event (collision close call). The dataset aims to provide a basis for the development of methods for the detection and mitigation of maritime collisions and proximity events, as well as the study and training of vessel crews in simulator environments.

The dataset consists of 4658 samples/AIS messages of 213 unique vessels from the Aegean Sea. The steps that were followed to create the collision dataset are:

Given 2 vessels X (vessel_id1) and Y (vessel_id2) with their current known location (LATITUDE [lat], LONGITUDE [lon]):

Check if the trajectories of vessels X and Y are spatially intersecting.

If the trajectories of vessels X and Y are intersecting, then align temporally the timestamp of vessel Y at the intersect point according to X’s timestamp at the intersect point. The temporal alignment is performed so the spatial intersection (nearest proximity point) occurs at the same time for both vessels.

Also for each vessel pair the timestamp of the proximity event is different from a proximity event that occurs later so that different vessel trajectory pairs do not overlap temporarily.

Two csv files are provided. vessel_positions.csv includes the AIS positions vessel_id, t, lon, lat, heading, course, speed of all vessels. Simulated_vessel_proximity_events.csv includes the id, position and timestamp of each identified proximity event along with the vessel_id number of the associated vessels. The final sum of unintended proximity events in the dataset is 237. Examples of unintended vessel proximity events are visualized in the respective png and gif files.

The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union's Horizon Europe Programme under the CREXDATA Project, grant agreement n° 101092749.

Objective: A 3-phase real-world motor vehicle crash (MVC) reconstruction method was developed to analyze injury variability as a function of precrash occupant position for 2 full-frontal Crash Injury Research and Engineering Network (CIREN) cases.Method: Phase I: A finite element (FE) simplified vehicle model (SVM) was developed and tuned to mimic the frontal crash characteristics of the CIREN case vehicle (Camry or Cobalt) using frontal New Car Assessment Program (NCAP) crash test data. Phase II: The Toyota HUman Model for Safety (THUMS) v4.01 was positioned in 120 precrash configurations per case within the SVM. Five occupant positioning variables were varied using a Latin hypercube design of experiments: seat track position, seat back angle, D-ring height, steering column angle, and steering column telescoping position. An additional baseline simulation was performed that aimed to match the precrash occupant position documented in CIREN for each case. Phase III: FE simulations were then performed using kinematic boundary conditions from each vehicle's event data recorder (EDR). HIC15, combined thoracic index (CTI), femur forces, and strain-based injury metrics in the lung and lumbar vertebrae were evaluated to predict injury.Results: Tuning the SVM to specific vehicle models resulted in close matches between simulated and test injury metric data, allowing the tuned SVM to be used in each case reconstruction with EDR-derived boundary conditions. Simulations with the most rearward seats and reclined seat backs had the greatest HIC15, head injury risk, CTI, and chest injury risk. Calculated injury risks for the head, chest, and femur closely correlated to the CIREN occupant injury patterns. CTI in the Camry case yielded a 54% probability of Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) 2+ chest injury in the baseline case simulation and ranged from 34 to 88% (mean = 61%) risk in the least and most dangerous occupant positions. The greater than 50% probability was consistent with the case occupant's AIS 2 hemomediastinum. Stress-based metrics were used to predict injury to the lower leg of the Camry case occupant. The regional-level injury metrics evaluated for the Cobalt case occupant indicated a low risk of injury; however, strain-based injury metrics better predicted pulmonary contusion. Approximately 49% of the Cobalt occupant's left lung was contused, though the baseline simulation predicted 40.5% of the lung to be injured.Conclusions: A method to compute injury metrics and risks as functions of precrash occupant position was developed and applied to 2 CIREN MVC FE reconstructions. The reconstruction process allows for quantification of the sensitivity and uncertainty of the injury risk predictions based on occupant position to further understand important factors that lead to more severe MVC injuries.

Objective: Kei-cars (K-cars), which are a tiny 660 cc mini-car class 3.4 m long or less, 1.48 m wide or less, and 2.00 m high or less, have become popular in Japan. To evaluate the safety of K-car drivers in frontal collisions, we retrospectively compared the severity of injuries suffered by drivers between K-cars and standard vehicles involved in frontal collisions in which at least one injury occurred.Materials and Methods: From in-depth data provided by the Institute for Traffic Accident Research and Data Analysis from 1993 to 2010, records for 1379 drivers aged 36.8 ± 15.6 years were collected for analysis.Results: Of the 1379 drivers, 1115 subjects were in standard vehicles and 264 were in K-cars. The mean delta V of the struck vehicle was 28.6 ± 15.6 km/h. After classifying the subjects according to seat belt use and air bag deployment, the background of the drivers and delta V, the injury severity scores (ISSs) and Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) scores were compared for all body regions. Under similar conditions, no significant differences in severity of injuries of the drivers were found between K-cars and standard vehicles.Conclusions: Although we are generally concerned that drivers of small vehicles suffer more severe injuries, our results suggest that, for real-world accidents, K-cars provide similar safety for drivers involved in frontal collisions as standard vehicles in low delta V impact conditions.

Because of the high-risk nature of emergencies and illegal activities at sea, it is critical that algorithms designed to detect anomalies from maritime traffic data be robust. However, there exist no publicly available maritime traffic datasets with real-world labelled anomalies. As a result, most anomaly detection algorithms for maritime traffic are validated without ground truth. We introduce the HawaiiCoast_GT dataset, the first ever publicly available automatic identification system dataset with a large corresponding set of true anomalous incidents. This dataset—cleaned and curated from Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) automatic identification system (AIS) data--covers Hawaii’s coastal waters for four years (2017-2020) and contains 88,749,176 AIS points for a total of 2,622 unique vessels. 208 tracks are labelled corresponding to 154 labelled real-world incidents. The codebase used to curate the original AIS data is being made openly available on GitHub.

Marine AIS Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global marine AIS (Automatic Identification System) market size reached USD 355 million in 2024, demonstrating robust expansion driven by stringent maritime regulations and the growing emphasis on vessel safety and fleet management. The market is poised to grow at a CAGR of 6.9% from 2025 to 2033, ultimately achieving a forecasted value of USD 683 million by 2033. This growth trajectory is underpinned by the increased adoption of digital navigation solutions, international mandates for AIS transponder installation, and the rapid modernization of global maritime infrastructure.

One of the primary growth factors fueling the marine AIS market is the escalating demand for enhanced maritime safety and security. Governments and maritime authorities worldwide have enforced strict regulations mandating the installation of AIS equipment on vessels above a certain tonnage to mitigate the risk of collisions and improve situational awareness. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) and other regulatory bodies have been instrumental in standardizing AIS usage, which has prompted both commercial and defense fleets to upgrade their navigation and tracking systems. Additionally, the growing frequency of maritime accidents and piracy incidents has further intensified the focus on real-time vessel monitoring, encouraging the adoption of advanced AIS solutions across global shipping lanes.

Technological advancements are significantly contributing to the expansion of the marine AIS market. The integration of AIS data with sophisticated software platforms and satellite-based tracking systems has enabled comprehensive fleet management, route optimization, and predictive maintenance. These innovations are particularly beneficial for large commercial operators and defense agencies seeking to streamline operations and enhance operational efficiency. Furthermore, the emergence of cloud-based AIS solutions and the deployment of machine learning algorithms for maritime analytics are paving the way for next-generation vessel tracking and maritime domain awareness. As digital transformation accelerates in the maritime sector, the demand for interoperable and scalable AIS systems is expected to surge.

Environmental and economic factors are also shaping the growth trajectory of the marine AIS market. The increasing focus on sustainable shipping practices, such as reducing greenhouse gas emissions and optimizing fuel consumption, has led to the adoption of AIS-enabled monitoring tools that provide actionable insights for eco-friendly navigation. Moreover, the global expansion of seaborne trade and the rise of offshore energy projects have necessitated reliable vessel tracking and communication systems. The ability of AIS to support search and rescue operations, maritime law enforcement, and fisheries management further enhances its value proposition, making it indispensable for diverse maritime stakeholders.

AIS Data Services have become a cornerstone in the maritime industry, offering unparalleled insights into vessel movements and maritime traffic patterns. These services leverage the vast amounts of data generated by AIS transponders to provide real-time tracking and historical analysis, which are crucial for enhancing navigational safety and operational efficiency. By integrating AIS Data Services with other maritime information systems, stakeholders can achieve a comprehensive view of maritime activities, facilitating better decision-making and strategic planning. The ability to access and analyze AIS data remotely has also empowered maritime authorities to monitor compliance with international regulations and respond swiftly to incidents at sea. As the demand for data-driven maritime solutions continues to rise, AIS Data Services are expected to play an increasingly vital role in shaping the future of the global shipping industry.

From a regional perspective, Asia Pacific continues to dominate the marine AIS market, driven by its vast coastline, burgeoning shipbuilding industry, and the rapid modernization of port infrastructure in countries like China, Japan, and South Korea. North America and Europe also represent significant market shares, owing to their advanced maritime safety frameworks and the presence of leading AIS technology providers. Meanwhile, emerging markets in Latin A

AIS Ship Tracking System Market Outlook

The global AIS Ship Tracking System market size was valued at approximately USD 300 million in 2023 and is forecasted to reach around USD 650 million by 2032, growing at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of around 9%. The significant growth in this market is primarily driven by the increasing need for maritime safety, security, and efficient fleet management.

The growth factors driving the AIS Ship Tracking System market include the rising volume of international seaborne trade and stringent regulations pertaining to maritime safety and environmental protection. The surge in global trade activities has necessitated the adoption of advanced tracking systems to ensure navigational safety and operational efficiency. Furthermore, the implementation of international maritime laws and policies aimed at preventing maritime accidents and environmental hazards has bolstered the demand for AIS ship tracking systems.

Technological advancements in AIS systems have also played a crucial role in market expansion. The integration of satellite AIS systems and real-time data analytics has greatly enhanced the accuracy and reliability of vessel tracking, resulting in higher adoption rates across the maritime industry. Additionally, the development of sophisticated software solutions that offer comprehensive fleet management capabilities, including route optimization, fuel consumption monitoring, and predictive maintenance, has further fueled market growth.

The increasing investments in maritime infrastructure, particularly in emerging economies, are expected to propel the demand for AIS ship tracking systems over the forecast period. Governments and private sector entities are investing heavily in the development of ports, harbors, and other maritime facilities, thereby driving the need for advanced tracking and monitoring solutions. Moreover, the growth of the maritime tourism industry, with an increasing number of cruise ships and recreational vessels, is also contributing to market growth.

The Maritime Traffic System plays a pivotal role in enhancing the safety and efficiency of global shipping operations. By providing comprehensive data on vessel movements and maritime conditions, these systems enable better coordination and management of maritime traffic, reducing the risk of collisions and environmental incidents. As international trade continues to expand, the integration of advanced Maritime Traffic Systems is becoming increasingly crucial for ensuring smooth and secure maritime operations. These systems not only support regulatory compliance but also facilitate the optimization of shipping routes and schedules, contributing to cost savings and improved operational efficiency.

Regionally, North America is anticipated to hold a substantial share of the AIS Ship Tracking System market due to the presence of major maritime trade routes and stringent regulatory frameworks. Europe is also expected to witness significant growth owing to the region's extensive maritime activities and the adoption of advanced tracking technologies. The Asia Pacific region, with its burgeoning maritime trade, is projected to exhibit the highest growth rate during the forecast period. The increasing investments in port infrastructure and the rising demand for maritime security solutions in countries such as China, India, and Japan are key growth drivers in this region.

Component Analysis

The AIS Ship Tracking System market can be segmented by component into hardware, software, and services. The hardware segment includes transceivers, antennas, and other essential equipment required for AIS functionality. The software segment encompasses the applications and platforms used for data collection, analysis, and visualization. The services segment includes installation, maintenance, and training services.

The hardware segment is expected to dominate the market throughout the forecast period due to the continuous demand for transceivers and antennas which are integral to AIS systems. The need for upgrading existing hardware to more advanced and reliable systems is also driving growth in this segment. Technological advancements, such as the development of more compact and efficient transceivers, are further propelling the market.

The software segment is anticipated to witness the highest growth rate, driven by the increasing demand for sophisticated software solutions that o

Polluting ship accidents is based on reporting of shipping accidents done by HELCOM Contracting Parties to produce annual within HELCOM MARITIME group.

Data were available for 2016-2020.

Attribute specifications and units Country Year Date_dd_m: Date (dd.mm.yyyy) Time_hh_m: Time (hh:mm) Latitude: Latitude (decimal degrees) Longitude: Longitude (decimal degrees) Location Ship_1_nam: Ship 1 name, flag Sh1_Categ: Ship 1 type (according to AIS category) Sh1_Type: Details of ship 1 type Sh1_Hull: Hull type (ship 1) Sh1Size_gt: Size (gt) (ship 1) Sh1Sezidwt: Size (dwt) (ship 1) Sh1Draug_m: Draught (m) (ship 1) Ship2_Name: Ship 2 name, flag Sh2_Categ: Shiptype 2 (according to AIS category) Sh2_Type: Details of ship 2 type Sh2_Hull: Hull type (ship 2) Sh1Size_gt: Size (gt) (ship 2) Sh2Sizedwt: Size (dwt) (ship 2) Sh2Draug_m: Draught (m) (ship 2) Cargo_Type Acc_Type Colli_Type Acc_Detail Cause_Sh1 Cause_Sh2 HumanEleme IceCondit CrewIceTra CauseDetail Pilot_Sh1 Pilot_Sh2 Offence Damage Assistance Pollution Pollu_m3 Pollut_t Pollu_Type RespAction Add_Info version F44 original_a original_l original_s original_c

Automatic Identification Systems (AIS) Market Outlook

The global Automatic Identification Systems (AIS) market size is poised to experience robust growth with a CAGR of 6.8% from 2024 to 2032. In 2023, the AIS market was valued at approximately USD 2.1 billion and is projected to reach around USD 3.8 billion by 2032. This substantial growth is driven by increasing maritime activities, stringent government regulations on marine safety, and technological advancements in marine navigation systems. AIS technology has become indispensable in monitoring and ensuring the safety of vessels, given the growing complexities of global shipping routes and the need for real-time data to aid in maritime decision-making.

The surge in international trade and transportation has considerably fueled the demand for AIS technology, as it enhances the safety and efficiency of maritime operations. The rapid globalization has led to increased shipping activities, necessitating advanced systems for vessel tracking and collision avoidance. Moreover, government mandates enforcing the installation of AIS devices on vessels to curb maritime accidents have propelled market growth. The integration of AIS with advanced technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI) is further enhancing the functionality and accuracy of these systems, thereby expanding its application scope across different maritime sectors.

Technological advancements are a significant growth driver in the AIS market. The development of more sophisticated and accurate AIS tools has enabled better data management and real-time monitoring capabilities. Companies are investing in research and development to introduce innovative products that offer enhanced features such as high-resolution mapping, improved signal reception, and automated navigation. Such innovations are addressing the increasing complexities of marine traffic management, catering to the diverse needs of the commercial and defense sectors. Furthermore, the integration of AIS data with ship management systems is providing users with comprehensive insights into vessel movements, thereby optimizing maritime operations.

Another critical growth factor is the increasing emphasis on maritime security and environmental protection. Governments worldwide are acknowledging the importance of AIS in safeguarding maritime borders and preventing illegal activities such as smuggling and maritime terrorism. Additionally, the role of AIS in monitoring environmental changes and aiding in search and rescue operations is being increasingly recognized. The system’s ability to provide accurate location data is crucial in environmental management, enabling authorities to respond swiftly to oil spills and other marine hazards, thereby ensuring sustainable maritime practices.

Regionally, the AIS market sees varied trends and growth patterns. The Asia Pacific region holds a significant share of the market, driven by the presence of major shipping lanes and increasing maritime trade activities. North America and Europe are also witnessing substantial growth due to strong regulatory frameworks supporting marine safety and technological advancements in AIS solutions. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are emerging markets, where expanding maritime operations are resulting in increased adoption of AIS technologies. These regions are anticipated to register notable growth rates, driven by investments in port infrastructure and the modernization of naval fleets.

Component Analysis

The AIS market by component is broadly categorized into transponders, receivers, display systems, software solutions, and others. Transponders are integral to AIS systems, responsible for transmitting and receiving vessel information. The transponder segment is expected to witness significant growth due to advancements in signal processing technology that enhance the reliability and range of communication. With the increasing number of vessels equipped with AIS transponders, this segment is likely to dominate the market throughout the forecast period. Furthermore, the demand for Class A and Class B transponders is rising, driven by regulatory requirements for different vessel types and sizes.

The receivers segment also plays a crucial role in the AIS ecosystem, offering the ability to capture signals from multiple vessels and relay information to control centers for analysis. The growing need for real-time data and improved maritime situational awareness is fostering the demand for advanced AIS receivers. Innovations in receiver technology are focused on improving signal rec

Maritime AIS Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global Maritime AIS (Automatic Identification System) market size reached USD 435.2 million in 2024, reflecting robust adoption across both commercial and defense maritime sectors. The market is projected to expand at a CAGR of 7.9% from 2025 to 2033, reaching a forecasted value of USD 889.3 million by 2033. The marketÂ’s growth is primarily driven by heightened regulatory mandates for maritime safety, increasing global trade volumes, and the integration of advanced digital technologies within navigation and vessel management systems.

One of the primary growth factors for the Maritime AIS market is the increasing emphasis on maritime safety and regulatory compliance. International maritime organizations, such as the International Maritime Organization (IMO), have mandated the use of AIS on a wide range of vessels to ensure real-time vessel identification, collision avoidance, and enhanced navigational safety. These regulations have led to widespread adoption of AIS transponders and receivers across both commercial and defense fleets. Furthermore, incidents of maritime accidents and illegal activities such as piracy and smuggling have underscored the need for advanced AIS solutions, prompting governments and private operators to invest in state-of-the-art AIS technology for proactive monitoring and risk mitigation.

Another significant driver propelling the Maritime AIS market is the surge in global maritime trade and the expansion of shipping routes. With international trade volumes rising steadily, there is a growing demand for efficient fleet management, vessel tracking, and route optimization. AIS technology plays a crucial role in enabling real-time data exchange between ships and shore-based stations, facilitating seamless logistics management and operational efficiency. The integration of AIS data with advanced analytics and software solutions further enhances decision-making capabilities, allowing operators to optimize routes, reduce fuel consumption, and improve turnaround times at ports. This operational efficiency directly translates to cost savings and improved profitability for shipping companies.

Technological advancements in the maritime sector are also fueling the growth of the Maritime AIS market. The advent of satellite-based AIS (S-AIS) has extended the coverage of AIS beyond coastal areas, enabling global vessel tracking even in the most remote oceanic regions. This advancement is particularly beneficial for long-haul shipping, fishing fleets, and defense operations that require continuous monitoring over vast distances. Additionally, the integration of AIS with other digital technologies such as IoT, machine learning, and big data analytics is enabling predictive maintenance, anomaly detection, and enhanced maritime situational awareness. These innovations are expected to further accelerate the adoption of AIS solutions across various maritime segments.

From a regional perspective, the Asia Pacific region dominates the Maritime AIS market, accounting for the largest share in 2024 due to the regionÂ’s extensive coastline, high volume of maritime trade, and rapid modernization of port infrastructure. North America and Europe also hold significant market shares, driven by stringent regulatory frameworks and advanced technological adoption. The Middle East & Africa and Latin America are emerging as promising markets, supported by increasing investments in maritime security and infrastructure development. Each region presents unique opportunities and challenges, shaping the overall dynamics of the global Maritime AIS market.

The Automatic Identification System Transponder is a critical component in the maritime communication landscape, playing a vital role in ensuring the safety and efficiency of maritime operations. These transponders are essential for transmitting a vessel's identity, position, speed, and course to other ships and coastal authorities, thereby facilitating real-time vessel tracking and collision avoidance. As maritime traffic continues to grow, the demand for reliable and advanced AIS transponders is on the rise. These devices are not only crucial for compliance with international maritime regulations but also for enhancing navigational safety and operational efficiency. The integration of satellite connec

Satellite AIS (Automatic Identification System) Market Outlook

The global Satellite AIS (Automatic Identification System) market is projected to experience significant growth, with a CAGR of approximately 8.5% from 2024 to 2032. The increasing demand for advanced maritime safety and security solutions is the primary growth driver.

The Satellite AIS market is driven by several key factors, including the growing need for maritime safety and security, which is crucial for the protection of international trade routes and national borders. With increasing global trade, there is a higher volume of maritime traffic, leading to the demand for effective monitoring and management solutions. Satellite AIS offers enhanced tracking capabilities, which are essential for detecting and monitoring vessels in real-time, thus mitigating the risks of maritime accidents, piracy, and illegal activities.

Another significant growth factor is the rising adoption of advanced technologies in the maritime industry. The integration of AI, machine learning, and big data analytics with Satellite AIS systems has improved the accuracy of vessel tracking and the prediction of maritime events. This technological advancement allows stakeholders to make data-driven decisions, enhancing operational efficiency and reducing costs. Additionally, the increasing use of autonomous ships is expected to drive the demand for Satellite AIS systems, as these vessels require constant monitoring and communication.

Furthermore, regulatory mandates and international maritime laws are pushing for the adoption of AIS systems. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) and other regulatory bodies have implemented guidelines requiring vessels to be equipped with AIS transceivers to ensure navigational safety and environmental protection. Such regulations are expected to propel the demand for Satellite AIS systems, as they provide comprehensive coverage and are less affected by the limitations of terrestrial AIS.

The Marine AIS Monitoring Solution is becoming increasingly vital in the maritime industry, offering enhanced capabilities for tracking and managing vessel movements. This solution leverages advanced technologies to provide real-time data on ship positions, which is crucial for ensuring navigational safety and preventing maritime incidents. With the integration of AI and machine learning, the Marine AIS Monitoring Solution can analyze vast amounts of data to predict potential risks and optimize maritime operations. As global maritime traffic continues to grow, the demand for such comprehensive monitoring solutions is expected to rise, contributing to the overall safety and efficiency of maritime activities.

From a regional perspective, North America is expected to dominate the Satellite AIS market during the forecast period, owing to the presence of major market players and advanced technological infrastructure. The Asia Pacific region is also anticipated to witness substantial growth, driven by increasing maritime trade and the expansion of port facilities. Europe, Latin America, and the Middle East & Africa are expected to show steady growth due to the rising focus on maritime safety and security in these regions.

Component Analysis

The Satellite AIS market comprises several key components, including transceivers, receivers, antennas, and others. Transceivers play a crucial role in the AIS system as they are responsible for both transmitting and receiving AIS signals. The demand for transceivers is expected to grow significantly due to their critical function in ensuring effective communication and data exchange among vessels and monitoring stations. The advancement of transceiver technology, which includes enhanced signal processing capabilities and reduced power consumption, is further driving the market growth in this segment.

Receivers are another essential component of the AIS system, primarily used for collecting AIS signals transmitted by vessels. These receivers are integral for monitoring maritime traffic and ensuring compliance with safety regulations. The growing deployment of satellite-based AIS systems, which offer broader coverage compared to terrestrial systems, is fueling the demand for high-performance receivers. The emergence of compact and cost-effective AIS receivers is also contributing to the market expansion in this segment.

The sales of Marine Automatic Identific

Satellite-based Automatic Identification Systems Market size was valued at USD 113.2 Million in 2024 and is projected to reach USD 186.5 Million by 2031, growing at a CAGR of 6.44 % during the forecast period 2024-2031.Global Satellite-based Automatic Identification Systems Market Driverslaws for marine Safety and Security: Governments and international organizations enforce strict laws for marine safety and security, which propel the uptake of AIS technology. Market demand is increased by compliance with laws such as the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) Convention of the International Maritime Organization (IMO), which requires the use of AIS transponders on certain vessels.Increasing Maritime Trade and Shipping Activities: As a result of international trade agreements, globalization, and economic progress, there is a global increase in vessel traffic. The demand for AIS systems to track vessel movements, avert collisions, and lessen marine accidents grows as shipping activity increases.Enhanced Maritime Domain Awareness: By giving real-time information on the positions, identities, and activities of vessels, AIS technology improves maritime domain awareness. AIS data is used by governments, coast guards, navies, and marine authorities for counter-piracy operations, border security, identification of illegal fishing, and maritime surveillance, all of which propel industry expansion.Increase in illicit Activities and Maritime Piracy: The ongoing threat posed by illicit fishing, smuggling, maritime terrorism, and maritime piracy highlights the value of AIS technology in bolstering maritime security. To identify suspicious vessels, keep an eye on maritime borders, and stop illegal activity at sea, governments and maritime authorities invest in satellite-based AIS systems.Developments in Satellite Technology: The performance and dependability of satellite-based AIS solutions are improved by technological developments in satellite communication and navigation systems, such as increased bandwidth, reduced latency, and better coverage. The market is being driven by the introduction of next-generation satellites and constellations, which provide quicker data transfer and improved global coverage.Demand for Real-Time Vessel Tracking and Monitoring: The maritime industry's requirement for fleet management, operational efficiency, and logistics optimization is driving demand for real-time vessel tracking and monitoring solutions. Better decision-making and resource allocation are made possible by the accurate and timely information on vessel movements that AIS technology gives stakeholders.Search and Rescue Operations: By giving crucial information on the positions and trajectories of distressed vessels, AIS data supports search and rescue (SAR) operations. AIS technology is used by emergency response teams, search and rescue organizations, and maritime rescue coordination centers to plan rescue operations, find survivors, and avert maritime catastrophes.Integration with Maritime Surveillance Systems: To improve situational awareness and threat detection capabilities, satellite-based AIS systems are integrated with other maritime surveillance systems, including radar, Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B), and electro-optical/infrared (EO/IR) sensors. As stakeholders look for all-encompassing marine surveillance solutions, this interoperability propels market expansion.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to use a simulated vehicle to asses quantitatively the head and neck injuries of the occupants, in a frontal car crash, when the driver has only one hand on the steering wheel, such as while using a cell phone when driving. First, we conducted a survey of NHTSA reports on real laboratory tests of frontal collisions involving sedans. The effects of these collisions on the neck of a Hybrid III 50th percentile male crash test dummy were measured in terms of average head acceleration and force along the X, Z, and Y-axes. These acceleration, force and torque values obtained from the NHTSA database were used to validate the simulated model. The results obtained were compared with case E, the standard dummy position used in frontal collision tests. The results obtained in the simulation of the four cases of driving with only one hand demonstrate a probability of more than 67% that the driver will sustain AIS+2 injuries during a frontal crash. In all the cases, the skull fracture percentage was the most representative, occurring between 89 and 94% of cases where the driver had only one hand on the steering wheel.

The objective of this study was to generate functional forms of brain injury risk curves using the National Automotive Sample System Crashworthiness Data System’s (NASS-CDS) database for the years of 2001–2015. The population of interest was near-side occupants who experienced a direct head impact with an injury source located lateral to a typical seated position. Brain injuries were restricted to Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) 2005 Update 2008 defined concussions and internal organ injuries of the head. Near-side occupants comprised two major groups, both of which were required to have evidence of head contact (i.e., a head injury with DIRINJ = 1 and SOUCON = 1 or 2): brain injured occupants (MAIS1, MAIS2, MAIS3+) and non-brain injured occupants with some other direct contact head injury (MAIS0). Analyzed cases were required to have an indication of a reasonable crash reconstruction. Injury sources allowed within the final sample consisted of A-pillars, B-pillars, roof/roof rails, impacting vehicles/exterior objects, other components of the vehicle’s side interior, and other occupants or otherwise unspecified interior objects. Risk curves for occupants with brain injury severities of MAIS0, MAIS1+, MAIS2+, and MAIS3+ were generated using multivariate stepwise logistic regressions. Investigated predictors involved vehicle change in velocity, seat belt use, principal direction of force (PDOF), and injury source type (B-pillar and side window). Multivariate stepwise logistic regressions identified significant predictors of lateral change in velocity (dvlat) for all injury severity categories, and side window injury source (INJSOU = 56, 57, 58, 106, and 107) for MAIS0 and MAIS1+ risk curves. Although model sensitivity decreased for more severe injury predictions, risk curves dependent on only dvlat yielded accuracies of 70% for all presented models. Real world crashes are often complex and lack the benefit of real time monitoring; however, NASS-CDS post-crash investigations provide data useful for injury risk prediction. Further analysis is needed to determine the effect of data confidence, injury source, and accident sequence restrictions on NASS-CDS sampling biases. The presented models likely favor a more conservative risk prediction due to the limitations of NASS-CDS data collection, AIS code conversion, and unweighted sample analysis.

ABSTRACT Objective: to study the correlation of trauma mechanism with frequency and severity of injuries in blunt trauma patients. Methods: retrospective analysis of trauma registry in a 15-month period was carried out. Trauma mechanism was classified into six types: occupants of four-wheeled vehicles involved in road traffic accidents (AUTO), pedestrians struck by road vehicles (PED), motorcyclists involved in road traffic accidents (MOTO), falls from height (FALL), physical assault with blunt instruments (ASSA) and falls on same level (FSL). Injuries with AIS>2 were considered severe. One-way ANOVA, Students t and Chi-square tests were used for statistical analysis, considering p<0.05 significant. Results: trauma mechanism was classified by group for 3639 cases, comprising 337 (9.3%) AUTO, 855 (23.5%) PED, 924 (25.4%) MOTO, 455 (12.5%) FALL, 424 (11.7%) ASSA and 644 (17.7%) FSL. There was significant difference among groups when comparing the Revised Trauma Score (RTS), the Injury Severity Score (ISS) and the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) of the head, thorax, abdomen and extremities (p<0.001). Severe injuries in the head and in the extremities were more frequent in PED patients (p<0.001). Severe injuries to the chest were more frequent in AUTO (p<0.001). Abdominal injuries were less frequent in FSL (p=0.004). Complex fractures of the pelvis and spine were more frequent in FALL (p<0.001). Lethality was greater in PED, followed by FALL and AUTO (p<0.001). Conclusion: trauma mechanism analysis predicted frequency and severity of injuries in blunt trauma patients.

AIS Transponder Market Outlook

The global AIS transponder market size is expected to witness substantial growth, surging from approximately USD 250 million in 2023 to an estimated USD 450 million by 2032, at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 6.8%. This remarkable growth can be attributed to the increasing adoption of AIS (Automatic Identification System) transponders across various marine sectors, driven by the need for better maritime safety, navigation, and regulatory compliance.

One of the primary growth factors for the AIS transponder market is the rising emphasis on maritime safety and security. Governments and maritime organizations worldwide are increasingly adopting AIS transponders to enhance vessel tracking and collision avoidance systems. This is particularly vital in busy shipping lanes where the risk of accidents and collisions is higher. Additionally, the growth of international trade and the expansion of port capacities necessitate advanced tracking systems, further boosting the market for AIS transponders.

Technological advancements and innovations in AIS transponder systems are also significant growth drivers. Modern AIS transponders are equipped with advanced features such as integrated GPS, enhanced signal processing, and real-time data transmission. These innovations improve the accuracy and reliability of vessel tracking and navigation, making AIS transponders indispensable tools for maritime operations. Moreover, the integration of AIS with other marine communication systems has broadened the application scope, fostering market expansion.

The increasing regulatory mandates for the installation of AIS transponders on various types of vessels are contributing to market growth. International maritime organizations and national maritime authorities have set stringent regulations requiring the use of AIS transponders for certain classes of vessels to ensure maritime safety. Compliance with these regulations is pushing shipowners and operators to invest in AIS technology, thereby driving market demand. Furthermore, the rising incidences of maritime piracy and illegal fishing activities have compelled governments to enforce stricter monitoring, further augmenting the market.

The Shipborne Automatic Identification System (AIS) is a pivotal component in enhancing maritime safety and efficiency. It allows for the automatic exchange of navigational data between ships and shore-based stations, significantly improving situational awareness for vessel operators. The integration of Shipborne AIS with other navigational tools enables more precise tracking and management of maritime traffic, reducing the risk of collisions and accidents at sea. As global maritime trade continues to expand, the demand for reliable and efficient AIS systems is expected to grow, further driving advancements in this technology. The widespread adoption of Shipborne AIS is also supported by international maritime regulations, which mandate its use on certain classes of vessels to ensure compliance with safety standards.

Regionally, the AIS transponder market exhibits diverse growth patterns. North America and Europe are the leading regions, primarily due to their advanced maritime infrastructure and stringent regulatory frameworks. The Asia Pacific region is expected to witness the highest growth rate during the forecast period, driven by the expansion of port facilities and increasing maritime trade activities. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are also emerging markets, with growing investments in marine transportation and infrastructure.

Type Analysis

The AIS transponder market is segmented by type into Class A, Class B, AIS Base Stations, and Others. Class A transponders are primarily used for large commercial vessels, including cargo ships and passenger vessels. These transponders offer high transmission power and are designed to meet mandatory international requirements. The demand for Class A transponders is driven by the increasing international maritime trade and the need for compliance with stringent safety regulations. The ability of Class A transponders to provide real-time vessel tracking and collision avoidance information makes them indispensable for maritime operations.

Class B transponders are used on smaller commercial vessels, recreational boats, and fishing vessels. They offer lower transmission power compared to Class A transponders but are still effective

Objective: Appropriate treatment at designated trauma centers (TCs) improves outcomes among injured children after motor vehicle crashes (MVCs). Advanced Automatic Crash Notification (AACN) has shown promise in improving triage to appropriate TCs. Pediatric-specific AACN algorithms have not yet been created. To create such an algorithm, it will be necessary to include some metric of development (age, height, or weight) as a covariate in the injury risk algorithm. This study sought to determine which marker of development should serve as a covariate in such an algorithm and to quantify injury risk at different levels of this metric. Methods: A retrospective review of occupants age < 19 years within the MVC data set NASS-CDS 2000–2011 was performed. R2 values of logistic regression models using age, height, or weight to predict 18 key injury types were compared to determine which metric should be used as a covariate in a pediatric AACN algorithm. Clinical judgment, literature review, and chi-square analysis were used to create groupings of the chosen metric that would discriminate injury patterns. Adjusted odds of particular injury types at the different levels of this metric were calculated from logistic regression while controlling for gender, vehicle velocity change (delta V), belted status (optimal, suboptimal, or unrestrained), and crash mode (rollover, rear, frontal, near-side, or far-side). Results: NASS-CDS analysis produced 11,541 occupants age < 19 years with nonmissing data. Age, height, and weight were correlated with one another and with injury patterns. Age demonstrated the best predictive power in injury patterns and was categorized into bins of 0–4 years, 5–9 years, 10–14 years, and 15–18 years. Age was a significant predictor of all 18 injury types evaluated even when controlling for all other confounders and when controlling for age- and gender-specific body mass index (BMI) classifications. Adjusted odds of key injury types with respect to these age categorizations revealed that younger children were at increased odds of sustaining Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) 2+ and 3+ head injuries and AIS 3+ spinal injuries, whereas older children were at increased odds of sustaining thoracic fractures, AIS 3+ abdominal injuries, and AIS 2+ upper and lower extremity injuries. Conclusions: The injury patterns observed across developmental metrics in this study mirror those previously described among children with blunt trauma. This study identifies age as the metric best suited for use in a pediatric AACN algorithm and utilizes 12 years of data to provide quantifiable risks of particular injuries at different levels of this metric. This risk quantification will have important predictive purposes in a pediatric-specific AACN algorithm.

AIS Base Station Market Outlook

The AIS (Automatic Identification System) Base Station market size is on a robust growth trajectory, with a forecasted CAGR of 6.5% from 2024 to 2032. In 2023, the global market size was estimated to be around USD 1.2 billion, and it is projected to reach approximately USD 2.1 billion by 2032. This growth is primarily driven by increasing maritime safety regulations and the rising need for efficient vessel tracking and fleet management solutions.

One of the key growth factors fueling the AIS Base Station market is the heightened focus on maritime safety and security. Governments and maritime bodies worldwide are increasingly adopting AIS technology to enhance situational awareness, thereby reducing the risk of collisions and maritime incidents. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) mandates for AIS installation on ships over a certain size and tonnage further drive market growth. Additionally, the increasing volume of maritime trade and shipping activities necessitates advanced tracking and monitoring systems, contributing significantly to the demand for AIS base stations.

Another critical factor propelling market growth is technological advancements in AIS systems. Innovations such as satellite-based AIS are expanding the coverage area of traditional AIS systems, enabling global vessel tracking in real-time. These advancements not only improve the efficiency of maritime operations but also provide valuable data for analytics and decision-making. The integration of AIS with other maritime communication and navigation systems is further enhancing its utility, making it an indispensable tool for modern maritime operations.

The growing emphasis on environmental monitoring and maritime domain awareness is also contributing to market expansion. AIS base stations play a crucial role in tracking the movement of vessels in protected and sensitive marine areas, helping to prevent illegal activities such as fishing and unauthorized entry. Governments and organizations are investing in AIS infrastructure to monitor and safeguard marine biodiversity and ecosystems, thereby driving the demand for AIS base stations.

Aids to Navigation System play a pivotal role in enhancing maritime safety and efficiency. These systems, which include buoys, beacons, and electronic aids, are essential for guiding vessels safely through treacherous waters and congested shipping lanes. The integration of AIS technology with Aids to Navigation System provides real-time data on vessel movements, enabling better situational awareness and decision-making for maritime authorities. As global maritime traffic continues to increase, the demand for robust Aids to Navigation System is expected to rise, supporting the growth of the AIS Base Station market. The synergy between AIS and Aids to Navigation System ensures that vessels can navigate safely, reducing the risk of accidents and environmental damage.

From a regional perspective, Asia Pacific is anticipated to witness significant growth in the AIS Base Station market. The region's burgeoning maritime industry, coupled with increasing investments in maritime infrastructure and safety, is driving the demand for AIS systems. Countries like China, Japan, and South Korea are at the forefront of this growth, with substantial investments in modernizing their maritime operations. North America and Europe are also key markets, driven by stringent maritime regulations and a well-established maritime industry.

Component Analysis

The AIS Base Station market can be segmented based on components into hardware, software, and services. Hardware components form the backbone of AIS systems, encompassing transceivers, antennas, and other essential electronic devices. These components are critical for the effective transmission and reception of AIS signals, ensuring seamless communication between vessels and base stations. The hardware segment is expected to maintain a substantial share of the market, driven by continuous upgrades and replacements of AIS equipment to meet evolving standards and technological advancements.

On the software front, the integration of advanced analytics and machine learning algorithms is transforming the AIS landscape. Software solutions are crucial for processing and interpreting the vast amount of data generated by AIS signals. These solutions enable real-time tracking, analysis, and reporting, providing valuable insights for maritime

Objective: In the development of restraint systems, anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs) and human body models (HBMs) are used to estimate occupant injury risks. Due to conflicting objectives, this approach limits an injury severity risk tradeoff between the different body regions. Therefore, we present and validate a protocol for the aggregation of injury risks of body regions to a probability of survival (PoS). Methods: Injuries were clustered in regions similar to ATD or HBM investigations and the most severe injury as rated by the Maximum Abbreviated Injury Scale (MAIS) per body region was determined. Each injury was transformed into a dichotomous variable with regard to the injury severity level (e.g., MAIS 3+) whose injury risk was computed using the German In-Depth Accident Study (GIDAS) and NASS-CDS databases. Without loss of generality, we focus on 2 body regions—Head/face/neck (HFN) and chest (C)—at the MAIS 3+ level. The PoS was calculated using injury outcomes from the databases. The method of predicting PoS was validated by stratifying the database by crash type and technical crash severity. Results: The PoS of occupants injured in both HFN and C at the AIS 3+ level was found to be lower, at a statistically significant level, than that of occupants with AIS 3+ injuries to just one of the body regions. Focusing on occupants with only one body region injured at the AIS 3+ level, HFN injuries tended to decrease PoS more than chest injuries. For the validation cases, observed PoS could be reproduced in the majority of cases. When comparing predicted to observed values, a correlation of R2 = 0.92 was observed when not taking the restraint system into account. Focusing on frontal crashes, the correlation was R2 = 0.89. Considering only belted occupants, R2 increased to 0.93, whereas for cases with deployed airbag systems the R2 decreased to 0.68. The PoS for side crashes is reproduced with R2= 0.97 independent of the restraint system; it was 0.95 with belted occupants and 0.55 when also factoring in airbag deployment. Conclusions: The method showed an excellent predictive capability when disregarding the restraint system, or restraint-specific subgroups, for the considered validation cases.

Automatic Identification System Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global Automatic Identification System (AIS) market size reached USD 327.6 million in 2024, reflecting robust adoption across maritime industries. The market is projected to grow at a CAGR of 7.2% from 2025 to 2033, reaching a forecasted value of approximately USD 617.9 million by 2033. This impressive growth trajectory is driven by increasing maritime safety regulations, the proliferation of smart navigation technologies, and the expansion of international trade routes, all of which necessitate advanced vessel tracking and identification solutions.

The rapid growth of the Automatic Identification System market is primarily fueled by stringent international maritime regulations and the increasing need for enhanced vessel monitoring. Regulatory bodies such as the International Maritime Organization (IMO) have mandated the use of AIS for large vessels, which has significantly boosted adoption rates. This compliance-driven demand is further amplified by the growing emphasis on maritime safety and security, as AIS technology enables real-time tracking, collision avoidance, and effective communication between ships and coastal authorities. The rise in global maritime traffic, particularly in busy sea lanes and congested ports, necessitates advanced identification systems to manage vessel movements efficiently and minimize the risk of accidents.

Another key driver for the AIS market is the integration of AIS data with advanced analytics, satellite communication, and artificial intelligence. These technological advancements have transformed traditional AIS from a basic identification tool into a comprehensive maritime intelligence platform. Modern AIS solutions now offer predictive analytics for fleet management, route optimization, and cargo tracking, allowing shipping companies to enhance operational efficiency and reduce costs. The increasing digitization in the maritime sector, coupled with the proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) devices, has further driven the demand for sophisticated AIS solutions that can seamlessly integrate with other maritime systems and provide actionable insights in real-time.

The expansion of offshore activities and the growing importance of maritime domain awareness are also contributing significantly to the growth of the Automatic Identification System market. The exploration and extraction of offshore oil and gas, the development of offshore wind farms, and the need for search and rescue operations in remote waters have all necessitated reliable vessel identification and tracking systems. AIS technology is crucial for monitoring vessel movements in these challenging environments, ensuring the safety of personnel and assets, and facilitating timely response to emergencies. Additionally, the increasing focus on combating illegal fishing, smuggling, and maritime piracy has led to the deployment of AIS systems by defense and law enforcement agencies, further expanding the market’s scope.

From a regional perspective, Asia Pacific remains the dominant market for Automatic Identification Systems, accounting for a substantial share of global revenue. The region’s extensive coastline, burgeoning shipping industry, and significant investments in port infrastructure are key factors driving AIS adoption. North America and Europe also represent significant markets, characterized by early adoption of advanced maritime technologies and stringent regulatory frameworks. Meanwhile, emerging markets in Latin America, the Middle East, and Africa are witnessing increased uptake of AIS solutions, driven by efforts to modernize port operations and enhance maritime security. This global expansion underscores the critical role of AIS in supporting safe, efficient, and secure maritime operations worldwide.

Component Analysis

The Automatic Identification System market by component is segmented into hardware, software, and services, each playing a pivotal role in the overall ecosystem. Hardware forms the backbone of AIS deployment, encompassing transponders, receivers, antennas, and display units installed on vessels and shore stations. The hardware segment has witnessed steady growth due to mandatory regulations requiring AIS transponders on commercial and passenger vessels. Innovations in hardware design, such as compact and energy-efficient transponders, have further boosted adoption, particul

To describe fatal pedestrian injury patterns in adults 25–64 years old and correlate them with motor vehicle collision (MVC) dynamics and pedestrian kinematics using medicolegal death investigations data of MVCs occurring in the current Canadian MV fleet. MVC-pedestrian injuries were collated in an Injury Data Collection Form (IDCF) and coded using the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) 2015 revision. The AIS of the most frequent severe injury was noted for individual body regions. The Maximum AIS (MAIS) was used to define the most severe injury to the body overall and by body regions (MAISBR). This study focused on serious to maximal injuries (AIS 3–6), that had an increasing likelihood of causing death. The IDCF was used to extract collision and injury data from the Office of the Chief Coroner for Ontario database of postmortem examinations done at the Provincial Forensic Pathology Unit in Toronto, Canada and other provincial facilities between 2013 and 2019. Injury data were correlated with data about the MVs, and MV dynamics and pedestrian kinematics. The study was approved by the Western University Health Science Research Ethics Board. There were 318 adults: 200 (62.9%) males and 118 (37.1%) females. Adult pedestrians comprised 47.5% (318/670) of all autopsied pedestrians. Vehicle type was known in 292 cases, and cars (n = 99/292, 33.9%) were the most frequent type of vehicle in single vehicle impacts; however, collectively vehicles with high hood edges (i.e., greater distance between the ground and hood edge) such as light trucks, heavy trucks and buses were in the majority. Pedestrian kinematics were known in 288/299 single impact-related deaths. Forward projection (n = 113/288, 39.2%) was the most frequent type and resulted from impacts with high hood edge vehicles. Compared to car impacts, pedestrians struck by high hood edge vehicles were more likely to be runover. Based on MAISBR ≥3 injuries, the head was the most severely injured (median MAISBR = 4), followed by neck (median MAISBR = 3), thorax (median MAISBR = 4), abdomen/retroperitoneum (median MAISBR = 4) and pelvis (median MAISBR = 3). About 70% of the pedestrians were in circumstances which increased their risk of being struck. More than half (176/318, 55.3%) had a positive toxicology result. About ¼ (27.4%) had a positive blood ethanol result. Nearly all pedestrians with positive alcohol results did not have the right of way when struck. The current study was a comprehensive analysis of fatal injury patterns and specific injuries in adult pedestrians struck by motor vehicles. By collation and analysis of comprehensive data derived from postmortem examinations, associations between injury patterns in the adult age group were correlated with a range of factors related to motor vehicle types, reflective of the current Canadian fleet, collision dynamics and pedestrian post-collision kinematics.