Supplemental materials for STEP: Sequence of Time-Aligned Edge Plots submitted to the Information Visualization Journal's special issue on Graph & Network Visualization and Beyond. The structure of the folder is as follows: . │ ├── case_study │ └── Contains the graph ensembles data used in the case study │ ├── param_study │ └── The generated graphs [G1 -- G6], used in the parameter study │ ├── Stockholm_International_Peace_Research_Institute_Arms_Transfers_Database │ └── the arms transfers network dataset used in the usecase example │ └── wgcobertura │ └── the software call graph dataset used in the usecase example │ └── code └── R implementation of the data generative model used in the parameter study.

The structure alignments generated by DeepAlign are used as reference alignments.

The market for Auto Edge Alignment Inspection Machines is experiencing a steady growth, with a market size of 0.8 million in 2025 and a projected CAGR of 3.6% over the forecast period. Key drivers fueling this growth include the increasing adoption of automation in the garment and textile industries, the need for improved efficiency and accuracy in alignment inspection processes, and the growing popularity of e-commerce, which demands high-quality product inspection. The market for Auto Edge Alignment Inspection Machines is segmented by application (garment industry, textile industry, and others) and type (hydraulic drive and screw drive). In terms of application, the garment industry holds a significant market share due to the increasing demand for high-quality and efficient inspection solutions. Hydraulic drive machines dominate the type segment, owing to their high precision and reliability. Major companies in the market include Comatex, Suntech, OSHIMA, Mimaki La Meccanica Srl, Tianjin RICHPEACE AI, and more. The market is characterized by intense competition and ongoing technological advancements, as companies strive to offer innovative solutions that meet the evolving needs of customers.

The global Auto Edge Alignment Inspection Machine market is experiencing steady growth, projected to reach a value of $1.1 billion in 2025, exhibiting a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 3.5% from 2025 to 2033. This growth is driven by the increasing demand for precision and quality control in various industries, particularly the garment and textile sectors. Automation is a key driver, with manufacturers seeking to improve efficiency and reduce human error in edge alignment processes. The adoption of advanced technologies like computer vision and machine learning within these machines further enhances accuracy and speeds up inspection, leading to increased productivity and reduced waste. Market segmentation reveals a strong presence of hydraulic and screw drive systems, catering to the diverse needs of different applications within the garment, textile, and other industries. Competition is relatively diverse, with both established players like Comatex, Suntech, and Oshima, alongside emerging companies like Tianjin RICHPEACE AI and Guangzhou Shunxing Mechanical & Electrical Equipment, vying for market share. Geographical analysis indicates a robust presence across North America, Europe, and Asia-Pacific, reflecting the global distribution of industries that rely heavily on precise edge alignment. Future growth will be influenced by continued technological advancements, expanding applications in new industries, and increasing regulatory pressures for higher quality standards. The market's steady growth trajectory is supported by continuous investment in research and development, leading to improved machine precision and functionality. The rising adoption of Industry 4.0 principles and the integration of smart manufacturing practices are expected to further fuel the market's expansion. Although specific constraints weren't detailed, potential factors limiting growth could include initial investment costs for adopting new technologies, the need for skilled personnel to operate and maintain the machines, and potential regional variations in manufacturing practices. Despite these potential challenges, the overall outlook for the Auto Edge Alignment Inspection Machine market remains positive, driven by the fundamental need for precise and efficient edge alignment processes across diverse industrial sectors.

The global Auto Edge Alignment Inspection Machine market, valued at $800 million in 2025, is projected to experience steady growth, driven by increasing automation in the garment and textile industries. The market's Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 3.6% from 2025 to 2033 indicates a consistent demand for these precision machines. Key drivers include the rising need for enhanced quality control, reduced production errors, and improved efficiency in manufacturing processes. The growing preference for automated solutions, particularly in high-volume production environments, further fuels market expansion. Technological advancements leading to more sophisticated inspection systems with higher accuracy and faster processing speeds are also significant contributors. While the market faces restraints like the high initial investment cost of these machines and the potential for technical complexities, these are being mitigated by financing options and increased technological support from manufacturers. The market is segmented by application (Garment, Textile, and Other) and type (Hydraulic Drive and Screw Drive), with the Garment and Textile industries representing the largest segments. The Asia Pacific region, particularly China and India, are expected to witness significant growth owing to their burgeoning textile and garment manufacturing sectors. North America and Europe are also key markets, driven by robust automation adoption within their established industries. The competitive landscape features a mix of established players and emerging companies, each leveraging its strengths in technology and market reach. Companies like Comatex, Suntech, and Oshima are likely focusing on innovation to maintain their market share, while newer entrants are potentially disrupting the market with cost-effective solutions. Further growth hinges on successful integration of these machines with Industry 4.0 initiatives and the development of more user-friendly, adaptable systems to cater to diverse manufacturing requirements. The increasing adoption of advanced imaging and AI-powered technologies within these machines will further propel the market forward, enhancing precision and speed, and ultimately improving product quality and overall manufacturing efficiency.

Edge AI Market Outlook 2032

The global Edge AI Market size was USD 17.50 Billion in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 95.86 Billion by 2032, expanding at a CAGR of 20.8% during 2024–2032. The market is driven by the rising demand for low-latency processing in IoT devices and the significant advancements in AI and machine learning technologies.



Surging deployment of 5G networks globally fuels the market as it enhances Edge AI capabilities by providing high-speed, low-latency communication essential for real-time analytics and decision-making. This integration facilitates advanced applications in autonomous vehicles, smart cities, and IoT devices, demanding instant data processing at the edge.

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  Ericsson's October 2023 report on 5G network coverage reveals the ongoing expansion of 5G, noting the launch of approximately 280 networks globally. It is anticipated that by the end of 2023, 45 percent of the global population is expected to have 5G coverage, with an anticipated rise to about 85 percent by 2029.

  
  
  
  
  

Major telecom giants and Edge AI solution providers are collaborating to leverage 5G for accelerating Edge AI deployments, thereby driving innovation and efficiency across industries. Moreover, the increasing utilization of Edge AI in healthcare systems for remote patient monitoring exhibits a significant trend, propelled by the need for real-time, accurate health data analysis.



This trend gains momentum from the COVID-19 pandemic's aftermath, emphasizing decentralized healthcare and telemedicine. Edge AI enables wearable devices and remote monitoring equipment to provide immediate insights, reducing the strain on healthcare facilities and improving patient outcomes through timely interventions.



The automotive industry witnesses a surging demand for autonomous and connected vehicl

Introduction

Edge Computing Statistics: Edge computing is a computing model that decentralizes data processing, reducing delays and improving performance.

It has become important due to the needs of applications such as autonomous vehicles and IoT, which rely on immediate processing.

Edge computing also saves bandwidth, enhances data security, and allows growth. It is critical in areas like autonomous vehicles, industrial IoT, smart cities, 5G networks, and healthcare.

It enables faster decision-making and real-time data analysis at the network's edge, leading to industry transformation and increased effectiveness.

The global secure access service edge market size was USD 1.9 Billion in 2023 and is likely to reach USD 14.16 Billion by 2032, expanding at a CAGR of 25% during 2024–2032. The market growth is attributed to the rising threat of cyber-attacks and data breach pushes.



Increasing adoption of cloud-based solutions and services across various industries typifies the secure access service edge (SASE) market. The model establishes a new identity in enterprise security solutions and network architectures. SASE solutions converge multiple networking capabilities, including SD-WAN, scaling network security, and facilitating secure access to applications from any location. It has been gaining traction due to its ability to simplify network architectures and drive operational efficiencies.

Rising shift toward digital transformation and the rapid shift toward remote work has provided a growing opportunity for the SASE market. Enterprises are prioritizing their move to the cloud, spurring the need for robust security solutions and the need to maintain regulatory compliance. SASE builds on the existing cloud-native architecture, providing enterprises with an edge as they transition their services.

Impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Secure Access Service Edge Market

Artificial Intelligence plays a paramount role in reshaping the secure access service edge (SASE) market, driving transformation through its capabilities of prediction, automation, and optimization. Through its enhanced ability to predict potential cyber threats, AI strengthens security protocols, safeguards sensitive data, and efficiently manages network traffic.



The automation element, increases the speed and scalability of security processes, curtailing the need for human intervention. Efficient network optimization, fostered by machine learning (ML), a subset of AI, ensures seamless and reliable connectivity. Thus, AI induces efficiency, reliability, and robustness in the SASE market, influencing its overall scalability and growth.

Secure Access Service Edge Market Dynamics

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Digital Alignment Telescopes Market Outlook

The global digital alignment telescopes market size was valued at approximately USD 1.2 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach around USD 2.3 billion by 2032, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.2% from 2024 to 2032. The market is witnessing robust growth due to the increasing interest in astronomy both as a hobby and as a scientific pursuit, alongside advanced technological innovations that enhance user experience.

One of the primary growth factors of the digital alignment telescopes market is the increasing global interest in space exploration and astronomy. As more nations invest in space programs and as private companies like SpaceX make headlines with their ambitious projects, public interest in astronomy has surged. Additionally, educational institutions are increasingly integrating astronomy into their curriculums, thereby driving demand for telescopes that are easy to use and offer high precision. This trend is not confined to any specific region but is observable worldwide, indicating a broad-based growth trajectory for the market.

Technological advancements are another significant driver of market growth. Modern digital alignment telescopes come equipped with cutting-edge features such as automated star alignment, GPS integration, and advanced optics. These features make it easier for both amateur and professional astronomers to locate celestial objects accurately. Moreover, improvements in digital imaging technology have enabled the capture of high-resolution images, which can be easily shared and analyzed. This makes digital alignment telescopes more appealing to a broader audience, including research institutions and hobbyists.

The growing popularity of citizen science projects is also contributing to market expansion. Projects that involve the public in scientific research often require high-quality telescopes. These initiatives help in data collection and increase public awareness about scientific endeavors. As more people participate in such projects, the demand for user-friendly and accurate digital alignment telescopes rises. Furthermore, online platforms and social media have made it easier for amateur astronomers to share their findings, fostering a community of enthusiasts who drive demand for advanced telescopic equipment.

Regionally, the market exhibits a diverse outlook. North America holds a significant share of the market, driven by substantial investments in space research and a high number of amateur astronomers. Europe follows closely, with active participation in global space projects and a rich history of astronomical research. The Asia Pacific region is expected to witness the highest growth rate during the forecast period, fueled by increasing governmental investments in space exploration and rising interest among the younger population. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are also showing promising signs of growth, albeit at a slower pace, as they gradually increase their investments in scientific research and education.

Product Type Analysis

In the realm of digital alignment telescopes, the product type segmentation is crucial for understanding market dynamics. Refractor telescopes, reflector telescopes, and catadioptric telescopes each cater to different user needs and preferences. Refractor telescopes, which use lenses to form images, are highly popular among amateur astronomers due to their simplicity and ease of use. They offer clear and sharp images with minimal maintenance, making them a preferred choice for beginners and educational institutions. Their robust design ensures long-term durability, which adds to their appeal.

Reflector telescopes, on the other hand, utilize mirrors to gather and focus light. These types of telescopes are often favored by more experienced astronomers and research institutions. Reflector telescopes typically offer better image quality and are capable of observing faint celestial objects. Their design allows for larger apertures at a lower cost compared to refractor telescopes, making them suitable for deep-sky observations. Recent advancements in mirror coatings and materials have further enhanced the performance of reflector telescopes, making them an attractive option for serious astronomers.

Catadioptric telescopes combine the features of both refractor and reflector telescopes, utilizing both lenses and mirrors to form images. These telescopes are praised for their compact design and versatility, making them ideal for a wide range of applications, from amateur astronomy to pr

The global edge computing market size reached US$ 14.7 Billion in 2023. Looking forward, IMARC Group expects the market to reach US$ 90.3 Billion by 2032, exhibiting a growth rate (CAGR) of 24.35% during 2024-2032. The increasing demand for low-latency computing, the rising utilization of advanced technologies, the growing use of data-intensive applications in numerous end-use industries, and the escalating concerns regarding security and compliance risks associated with storing sensitive data in centralized data centers are some of the factors propelling the market.

IMARC Group provides an analysis of the key trends in each segment of the global edge computing market report, along with forecasts at the global, regional and country levels from 2024-2032. Our report has categorized the market based on component, organization size and vertical.

Automotive Wheel Alignment System Market Size And Forecast

Automotive Wheel Alignment System Market size was valued at USD 374 Million in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 490 Million by 2030, growing at a CAGR of 4.6% during the forecast period 2024 to 2030.

Global Automotive Wheel Alignment System Market Drivers

The market drivers for the Automotive Wheel Alignment System Market can be influenced by various factors. These may include:

Increasing Vehicle Ownership: The need for automobile wheel alignment systems rises in direct proportion to the world's growing vehicle population. In emerging nations, where rising disposable incomes encourage the purchase of vehicles, this tendency is particularly noteworthy. Expanding Automotive Aftermarket Sector: The wheel alignment system industry is heavily influenced by the aftermarket sector. Wheel alignment is one of the many maintenance and repair procedures that are more in demand as cars get older. The need for alignment systems is further fueled by the growth of the aftermarket sector. Technological Developments in Automotive: More accurate wheel alignment is required to guarantee peak performance due to technological developments in automobiles, such as the incorporation of electronic stability control (ESC) and advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS). This encourages the use of sophisticated alignment systems that can meet the demands of contemporary vehicles. Emphasis on Vehicle Safety and Economy: Consumers and government agencies share a common concern over vehicle safety and fuel economy. In order to maximize fuel efficiency and ensure road safety, proper wheel alignment is crucial. The need for alignment systems has increased as a result of the increased emphasis on routine wheel alignment maintenance. Growing Need for Autonomous Vehicles: Wheel alignment systems face additional difficulties when autonomous vehicles (AVs) are developed and used. Even more alignment precision is needed for AVs to function properly and safely. This calls for the application of cutting-edge alignment technologies that can satisfy the particular needs of autonomous driving systems. Transition to Electric Vehicles (EVs): The market for wheel alignment systems has both possibilities and problems as EV use rises. Compared to conventional internal combustion engine vehicles, electric vehicles (EVs) have different weight distributions and driving characteristics, necessitating specific alignment techniques and tools. Government Regulations: The market for wheel alignment systems is also impacted by government laws pertaining to emissions and vehicle safety. In order to comply with stricter restrictions regarding vehicle performance and safety standards, more sophisticated alignment systems may be adopted. Automobile Service Center Expansion: More opportunities for the adoption of wheel alignment systems arise from the growth of automobile service centers, especially in emerging economies. The growing service industry is driving up demand for technology and equipment that boost efficiency and quality of service.

The aim of this dataset is to help with an estimation of thresholds used in geometrical algorithms for the creation of Visibility Graphs out of document content.

For that purpose, the following thresholds are optimal values, leading to an maximal Area F1 for Table Region Detection tasks where those thresholds are the basis.

Prediction target thresholds are:

• x_eps: alignment epsilon for vertical edges in points
• y_eps: alignment epsilon for horizontal edges in points
• page_ratio_x: maximal relative horizontal distance of two nodes where an edge can be created
• page_ratio_y: maximal relative vertical distance of two nodes where an edge can be created
• threshold_page_width: Indicating at maximal which width of a node the width should be added as an edge condition
• width_pct_eps: relative width difference of nodes as a condition for vertical edges
• font_eps: Font size difference between two nodes in points, acting again as an edge condition

Independent variables here are:

• font_size_entropy: Shannon entropy of font sizes in a document, related to if a comparision of font sizes would be meaninful or is frequently present
• font_name_entropy: Shannon entropy of font names in a document
• bold_pct: percentage of bold texts in a document
• italic_pct: percentage of italic texts in a document
• x_var: deviation of the coordinate-based horizontal differences between nodes
• y_var: deviation of the coordinate-based vertical differences between nodes
• avg_width: average width of textual elements

The corresponding PDF documents used will be referred in upcoming versions.

Introduction

The Global Edge AI Accelerator Market is projected to expand from USD 7.68 billion in 2024 to approximately USD 94.27 billion by 2034, growing at an impressive CAGR of 28.5%. In 2024, North America led the market with a 33% share, generating around USD 2.5 billion in revenue.

The United States alone contributed nearly USD 2.4 billion, expected to grow at a 27.6% CAGR to reach USD 27.5 billion by 2034. The CPU segment dominated with a 38% market share due to its wide adoption for edge inference tasks, while Smartphones captured over 34% share among device types, reflecting increasing integration of edge AI technologies.

Measurement results of the straight-line distance at the X-axis (unit: mm).

Results of the paired-samples t-tests.

Measurement values and differences of the three pairs of reference center points (unit: mm).

3D Alignment Machine Market Outlook

The global 3D alignment machine market size was valued at approximately USD 1.2 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 2.9 billion by 2032, growing at a CAGR of 10.2% during the forecast period. The market is witnessing substantial growth due to the rising need for precision in automotive servicing and the technological advancements in alignment systems. Enhanced demand for automotive repairs, increasing vehicle ownership, and stringent regulatory frameworks regarding vehicle maintenance are driving the market forward.

One of the primary growth factors contributing to the expansion of the 3D alignment machine market is the increasing vehicle production and sales globally. The automotive industry is booming, especially in emerging economies, where the middle-class population is growing, leading to higher vehicle ownership rates. This surge in vehicle numbers necessitates regular maintenance and alignment services, driving demand for advanced alignment machines. Furthermore, with the continuous advancements in automotive technologies, the need for more sophisticated and accurate alignment systems grows, further propelling the market.

Technological advancements in alignment machines have significantly contributed to the marketÂ’s growth. The development of more sophisticated CCD and laser alignment machines has revolutionized the automotive repair industry. 3D alignment machines offer greater precision and efficiency compared to traditional methods, leading to their increased adoption across various automotive service segments. These machines are equipped with advanced features such as automatic height tracking, wireless communication capabilities, and integrated vehicle databases, which enhance their functionality and reliability.

The increasing awareness about vehicle safety and maintenance is another crucial factor driving the growth of the 3D alignment machine market. Governments and regulatory bodies worldwide are imposing stringent standards and regulations to ensure vehicle safety, which includes regular maintenance and alignment checks. This has led to a higher adoption rate of advanced alignment systems in automotive repair shops and dealerships. Additionally, consumer awareness regarding the importance of regular vehicle maintenance for safety and efficiency has also grown, contributing to the market expansion.

The role of a Wheel Alignment Machine in the automotive service industry cannot be overstated. These machines are essential for ensuring that vehicles operate smoothly and safely by aligning the wheels to the manufacturer's specifications. Proper wheel alignment improves vehicle handling, increases tire lifespan, and enhances fuel efficiency. As vehicles become more advanced, the precision required for wheel alignment has increased, making modern alignment machines indispensable in automotive repair shops. The integration of cutting-edge technology in these machines allows for accurate measurements and adjustments, ensuring optimal vehicle performance and safety.

Regionally, the Asia Pacific holds a significant share of the 3D alignment machine market due to the burgeoning automotive industry in countries like China, India, and Japan. The regionÂ’s expanding middle-class population, rapid urbanization, and increasing disposable incomes are driving vehicle sales and, consequently, the demand for automotive maintenance services. North America and Europe also represent substantial market shares, driven by technological advancements and a high rate of vehicle ownership. The Middle East & Africa region is expected to witness moderate growth, supported by the emerging automotive industry and increasing awareness of vehicle maintenance.

Product Type Analysis

The 3D alignment machine market by product type includes CCD alignment machines, 3D alignment machines, and laser alignment machines. Each of these product types offers distinct advantages and is designed to meet specific needs within the automotive service industry. The CCD alignment machines, for instance, are known for their high accuracy and ease of use, making them a popular choice among automotive repair shops and dealerships. These machines leverage charge-coupled device technology to capture precise alignment measurements, ensuring accurate results and enhancing service efficiency.

3D alignment machines represent the latest advancement in alignment technology, providing