This paper examines the reliability of survey data on business incomes, valuations, and rates of return, which are key inputs for studies of wealth inequality and entrepreneurial choice. We compare survey responses of business owners with available data from administrative tax records, brokered private business sales, and publicly traded company filings and document problems due to nonrepresentative samples and measurement errors across several surveys, subsamples, and years. We find that the discrepancies are economically relevant for the statistics of interest. We investigate reasons for these discrepancies and propose corrections for future survey designs.

Data and code for peer-reviewed article published in American Economic Review.

As part of our profession’s continuing efforts to understand and address the underrepresentation of women and minority students in undergraduate economics majors, this paper analyzes administrative and survey data to diagnose the learning environment in an introductory economics course. The first key contribution of our study is to document significantly lower survey measures of relevance, belonging, and growth mindsets (RBG) among women and URM students in introductory economics relative to non-URM men. Linking these measures to administrative data, we find that students with lower measures of RBG also tend to earn lower grades in the course and are less likely to declare economics as a major.We then provide evidence on the impact of a new, low-cost initiative that our department introduced to encourage persistence in economics among women and URM students.

his paper presents an equilibrium bond-pricing model that jointly explains the upward-sloping nominal and real yield curves and the violation of the expectations hypothesis. Instead of relying on the inflation risk premium, the ambiguity-averse agent faces different amounts of Knightian uncertainty in the long run versus the short run; hence the model-implied nominal and real short rate expectations are upward-sloping under the agent's worst-case equilibrium beliefs. The expectations hypothesis roughly holds under investors' worst-case beliefs. The difference between the worst-case scenario and the true distribution makes realized excess returns on long-term bonds predictable.

Data and code for peer-reviewed article published in American Economic Review: Insights.

This repository contains all R scripts needed to generate the main results of the paper entitled “Aggregating Distributional Treatment Effects: A Bayesian Hierarchical Analysis of the Microcredit Literature.” In its default state the masterfile.R generates the paper's tables and figures from saved MCMC output which takes about 15 minutes. If rStan is installed, then the masterfile can be toggled to run the MCMC scripts from the raw data, which takes about 72 hours on a high performance computing server.

The data and replication code for "Forced Migration and Human Capital: Evidence from Post-WWII Population Transfers" AMERICAN ECONOMIC REVIEW, VOL. 110, NO. 5, MAY 2020 (pp. 1430-63)

• Sascha O. Becker, Irena Grosfeld, Pauline Grosjean, Nico Voigtländer and Ekaterina Zhuravskaya

Release Date: 2022-12-15.Release Schedule:.The data in this file come from the 2021 Annual Survey of Manufactures data files released in December 2022. For more information about the Annual Survey of Manufactures data, see About: Annual Survey of Manufactures...Key Table Information:.Includes only establishments of firms with payroll..Data may be subject to employment- and/or sales-size minimums that vary by industry..Product lines are referenced by NAPCS collection codes in the table..Sales, value of shipments, or revenue for specific NAPCS Collection Codes may not add to sales, value of shipments, or revenue for respective total lines because of rounding...Data Items and Other Identifying Records: .Sales, value of shipments, or revenue of NAPCS collection code ($1,000).Relative standard error of NAPCS collection code sales, value of shipments, or revenue (%).Range indicating percent of total NAPCS collection code sales, value of shipments, or revenue imputed...Geography Coverage:.The data are shown for employer establishments and firms for the U.S. level that vary by industry..For information about 2021 Annual Survey of Manufactures, see About: Annual Survey of Manufactures...Industry Coverage:.The data are shown at the 2-through 6-digit 2017 NAICS code levels for the U.S. For information about NAICS, see Economic Census: Technical Documentation: Economic Census Code Lists...Footnotes:.Not applicable...FTP Download:.Download the entire table at: https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/asm/data/2021/AM1831NAPCS01.zip..API Information:.Annual Survey of Manufactures API data are housed in the Census Bureau API. For more information, see ASM API..Methodology:.To maintain confidentiality, the U.S. Census Bureau suppresses data to protect the identity of any business or individual. The census results in this file contain sampling and/or nonsampling error. Data users who create their own estimates using data from this file should cite the U.S. Census Bureau as the source of the original data only...To comply with disclosure avoidance guidelines, data rows with fewer than three contributing establishments are not presented. Additionally, establishment counts are suppressed when other select statistics in the same row are suppressed. For detailed information about the methods used to collect and produce statistics, including sampling, eligibility, questions, data collection and processing, data quality, review, weighting, estimation, coding operations, confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and more, see Annual Survey of Manufactures (ASM): Technical Documentation: Annual Survey of Manufactures Methodology...Symbols:.D - Withheld to avoid disclosing data of individual companies; data are included in higher level totals.N - Not available or not comparable.S - Estimate does not meet publication standards because of high sampling variability, poor response quality, or other concerns about the estimate quality. Unpublished estimates derived from this table by subtraction are subject to these same limitations and should not be attributed to the U.S. Census Bureau. For a description of publication standards and the total quantity response rate, see link to program methodology page..X - Not applicable.A - Relative standard error of 100% or more.r - Revised (represented as a superscript).s - Relative standard error is 40 percent or more and less than 100 percent (data variable displayed as a superscript).For a complete list of all economic programs symbols, see the Economic Census: Technical Documentation: Data Dictionary...Source:.U.S. Census Bureau, 2021 Annual Survey of Manufactures (ASM).For information about the Annual Survey of Manufactures (ASM), see Business and Economy: Annual Survey of Manufactures (ASM)..Contact Information:.U.S. Census Bureau.For general inquiries:.(800) 242-2184/ (301) 763-5154.ewd.surveys@census.gov.For specific data questions:.(844) 303-7713.For additional contacts, see Annual Survey of Manufactures (ASM): About: Contact Us

The data and programs replicate tables and figures from "The US–China Phase One trade deal: An economic analysis of the managed trade agreement", by Funke and Wende. Please see the ReadMe file for additional details.

Snapshot img

Alternative Data Market Size 2025-2029

The alternative data market size is forecast to increase by USD 60.32 billion at a CAGR of 52.5% between 2024 and 2029.

The market is experiencing significant growth due to the increased availability and diversity of data sources. This trend is driven by the rise of alternative data-driven investment strategies, which offer unique insights and opportunities for businesses and investors. However, challenges persist in the form of issues related to data quality and standardization. big data analytics and machine learning help businesses gain insights from vast amounts of data, enabling data-driven innovation and competitive advantage. Data governance, data security, and data ethics are crucial aspects of managing alternative data.
As more data becomes available, ensuring its accuracy and consistency is crucial for effective decision-making. The market analysis report provides an in-depth examination of these factors and their impact on the growth of the market. With the increasing importance of data-driven strategies, staying informed about the latest trends and challenges is essential for businesses looking to remain competitive in today's data-driven economy.

What will be the Size of the Alternative Data Market During the Forecast Period?

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Alternative data, the non-traditional information sourced from various industries and domains, is revolutionizing business landscapes by offering new opportunities for data monetization. This trend is driven by the increasing availability of data from various sources such as credit card transactions, IoT devices, satellite data, social media, and more. Data privacy is a critical consideration in the market. With the increasing focus on data protection regulations, businesses must ensure they comply with stringent data privacy standards. Data storytelling and data-driven financial analysis are essential applications of alternative data, providing valuable insights for businesses to make informed decisions. Data-driven product development and sales prediction are other significant areas where alternative data plays a pivotal role.
Moreover, data management platforms and analytics tools facilitate data integration, data quality, and data visualization, ensuring data accuracy and consistency. Predictive analytics and data-driven risk management help businesses anticipate trends and mitigate risks. Data enrichment and data-as-a-service are emerging business models that enable businesses to access and utilize alternative data. Economic indicators and data-driven operations are other areas where alternative data is transforming business processes.

How is the Alternative Data Market Segmented?

The market research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD billion' for the period 2025-2029, as well as historical data from 2019-2023 for the following segments.

Type

  Credit and debit card transactions
  Social media
  Mobile application usage
  Web scrapped data
  Others


End-user

  BFSI
  IT and telecommunication
  Retail
  Others


Geography

  North America

    Canada
    Mexico
    US


  Europe

    Germany
    UK
    France
    Italy


  APAC

    China
    India
    Japan


  South America



  Middle East and Africa

By Type Insights

The credit and debit card transactions segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period.

Alternative data derived from card and debit card transactions offers valuable insights into consumer spending behaviors and lifestyle choices. This data is essential for market analysts, financial institutions, and businesses seeking to enhance their strategies and customer experiences. The two primary categories of card transactions are credit and debit. Credit card transactions provide information on discretionary spending, luxury purchases, and credit management skills. In contrast, debit card transactions reveal essential spending habits, budgeting strategies, and daily expenses. By analyzing this data using advanced methods, businesses can gain a competitive advantage, understand market trends, and cater to consumer needs effectively. IT & telecommunications companies, hedge funds, and other organizations rely on web scraped data, social and sentiment analysis, and public data to supplement their internal data sources. Adhering to GDPR regulations ensures ethical data usage and compliance.

Get a glance at the market report of share of various segments. Request Free Sample

The credit and debit card transactions segment was valued at USD 228.40 million in 2019 and showed a gradual increase during the forecast period.

Regional Analysis

North America is estimated to contribute 56% to the growth of the global market during the forecast period.

T

Deep learning provides powerful methods to impute structured information from large-scale, unstructured text and image datasets. For example, economists might wish to detect the presence of economic activity in satellite images, or to measure the topics or entities mentioned in social media, the congressional record, or firm filings. This review introduces deep neural networks, covering methods such as classifiers, regression models, generative AI, and embedding models. Applications include classification, document digitization, record linkage, and methods for data exploration in massive scale text and image corpora. When suitable methods are used, deep learning models can be cheap to tune and can scale affordably to problems involving millions or billions of data points.. The review is accompanied by a regularly updated companion website, https://econdl.github.io/}{EconDL, with user-friendly demo notebooks, software resources, and a knowledge base that provides technical details and additional applications.

Key Table Information.Table Title.Manufacturing: E-Commerce Statistics for the U.S.: 2022.Table ID.ECNECOMM2022.EC2231ECOMM.Survey/Program.Economic Census.Year.2022.Dataset.ECN Core Statistics Manufacturing: E-Commerce Statistics for the U.S.: 2022.Release Date.2025-01-23.Release Schedule.The Economic Census occurs every five years, in years ending in 2 and 7.The data in this file come from the 2022 Economic Census data files released on a flow basis starting in January 2024 with First Look Statistics. Preliminary U.S. totals released in January 2024 are superseded with final data shown in the releases of later economic census statistics through March 2026.For more information about economic census planned data product releases, see 2022 Economic Census Release Schedule..Dataset Universe.The dataset universe consists of all establishments that are in operation for at least some part of 2022, are located in one of the 50 U.S. states, associated offshore areas, or the District of Columbia, have paid employees, and are classified in one of nineteen in-scope sectors defined by the 2022 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS)..Methodology.Data Items and Other Identifying Records.Sales, value of shipments, or revenue ($1,000)E-Shipments value ($1,000) E-Shipments as percent of total sales, value of shipments, or revenue (%) Range indicating imputed percentage of total sales, value of shipments, or revenueDefinitions can be found by clicking on the column header in the table or by accessing the Economic Census Glossary..Unit(s) of Observation.The reporting units for the economic census are employer establishments. An establishment is generally a single physical location where business is conducted or where services or industrial operations are performed. A company or firm is comprised of one or more in-scope establishments that operate under the ownership or control of a single organization. For some industries, the reporting units are instead groups of all establishments in the same industry belonging to the same firm..Geography Coverage.The data are shown for the U.S. level only. For information about economic census geographies, including changes for 2022, see Geographies..Industry Coverage.The data are shown at the 2- through 3-digit 2022 NAICS code levels for the U.S. For information about NAICS, see Economic Census Code Lists..Sampling.The 2022 Economic Census sample includes all active operating establishments of multi-establishment firms and approximately 1.7 million single-establishment firms, stratified by industry and state. Establishments selected to the sample receive a questionnaire. For all data on this table, establishments not selected into the sample are represented with administrative data. For more information about the sample design, see 2022 Economic Census Methodology..Confidentiality.The Census Bureau has reviewed this data product to ensure appropriate access, use, and disclosure avoidance protection of the confidential source data (Project No. 7504609, Disclosure Review Board (DRB) approval number: CBDRB-FY23-099).To protect confidentiality, the U.S. Census Bureau suppresses cell values to minimize the risk of identifying a particular business’ data or identity.To comply with disclosure avoidance guidelines, data rows with fewer than three contributing firms or three contributing establishments are not presented. Additionally, establishment counts are suppressed when other select statistics in the same row are suppressed. More information on disclosure avoidance is available in the 2022 Economic Census Methodology..Technical Documentation/Methodology.For detailed information about the methods used to collect data and produce statistics, survey questionnaires, Primary Business Activity/NAICS codes, NAPCS codes, and more, see Economic Census Technical Documentation..Weights.No weighting applied as establishments not sampled are represented with administrative data..Table Information.FTP Download.https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/economic-census/data/2022/sector31/.API Information.Economic census data are housed in the Census Bureau Application Programming Interface (API)..Symbols.D - Withheld to avoid disclosing data for individual companies; data are included in higher level totalsN - Not available or not comparableS - Estimate does not meet publication standards because of high sampling variability, poor response quality, or other concerns about the estimate quality. Unpublished estimates derived from this table by subtraction are subject to these same limitations and should not be attributed to the U.S. Census Bureau. For a description of publication standards and the total quantity response rate, see link to program methodology page.X - Not applicableA - Relative standard error of 100% or morer - Reviseds - Relative standard error exceeds 40%For a complete list of symbols, see Economic Census Data Dictionary..Data-Specific Notes.Data users who create their own es...

Release Date: 2020-12-17.Release Schedule:.The data in this file come from the 2017 Economic Census of Island Areas data files released on a flow basis from October 2019 through December 2020. For more information about economic census planned data product releases, see Economic Census: About: 2017 Release Schedules...Key Table Information:.Includes only establishments and firms with payroll..Data may be subject to employment- and/or sales-size minimums that vary by industry..The level of geographic detail covered varies by island. Refer to geographic area definitions for a detailed list of the geographies. Note that some tables include geography levels that only pertain to Puerto Rico..Some noise range columns are hidden..Totals may not sum due to rounding...Data Items and Other Identifying Records:.Number of establishments.Number of employees.Annual payroll ($1,000).Construction workers average for year.Total payroll for construction workers ($1,000).Other employees (paid employees for pay period including March 12) (number).Total payroll for other employees ($1,000).First-quarter payroll ($1,000).Employers cost for legally required fringe benefits ($1,000).Employers cost for voluntarily provided fringe benefits ($1,000).Range indicating percent of total employees imputed.Range indicating percent of total annual payroll imputed..Geography Coverage:.The data are shown for employer establishments and firms that vary by industry:. At the Territory and Municipio level for Puerto Rico.For information about economic census geographies, including changes for 2017, see Economic Census: Economic Geographies...Industry Coverage:.The data are shown for Puerto Rico at the 2- through 4-digit NAICS code levels for the construction industry. For information about NAICS, see Economic Census: Technical Documentation: Economic Census Code Lists...Footnotes:.Not applicable...FTP Download:.Download the entire table at: https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/economic-census/data/2017/sector00/IA1700IND04.zip..API Information:.Economic census data are housed in the Census Bureau API. For more information, see Explore Data: Developers: Available APIs: Economic Census..Methodology:.To maintain confidentiality, the U.S. Census Bureau suppresses data to protect the identity of any business or individual. The census results in this file contain sampling and/or nonsampling error. Data users who create their own estimates using data from this file should cite the U.S. Census Bureau as the source of the original data only...To comply with disclosure avoidance guidelines, data rows with fewer than three contributing establishments are not presented. Additionally, establishment counts are suppressed when other select statistics in the same row are suppressed. For detailed information about the methods used to collect and produce statistics, including sampling, eligibility, questions, data collection and processing, data quality, review, weighting, estimation, coding operations, confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and more, see Economic Census: Technical Documentation: Methodology...Symbols:.D - Withheld to avoid disclosing data for individual companies; data are included in higher level totals.N - Not available or not comparable.S - Estimate does not meet publication standards because of high sampling variability, poor response quality, or other concerns about the estimate quality. Unpublished estimates derived from this table by subtraction are subject to these same limitations and should not be attributed to the U.S. Census Bureau. For a description of publication standards and the total quantity response rate, see link to program methodology page..X - Not applicable.A - Relative standard error of 100% or more.r - Revised.s - Relative standard error exceeds 40%.For a complete list of symbols, see Economic Census: Technical Documentation: Data Dictionary.. .Source:.U.S. Census Bureau, 2017 Economic Census.For information about the economic census, see Business and Economy: Economic Census...Contact Information:.U.S. Census Bureau.For general inquiries:. (800) 242-2184/ (301) 763-5154. ewd.outreach@census.gov.For specific data questions:. (800) 541-8345.For additional contacts, see Economic Census: About: Contact Us.

We estimate the impact of financial sanctions in the U.S. criminal justice system leveraging nine natural experiments in a regression discontinuity design framework across a diverse range of enforcement levels ($17–$6,000) and institutional environments. We leverage survey and administrative data to consider a variety of short and long-term outcomes including employment, recidivism, household expenditures, and other self-reported measures of well-being. We find robust evidence of precise null effects, including ruling out long-run impacts larger than -$391–$142 in annual earnings and -0.001–0.01 in annual convictions, with no corresponding payment increases despite salient and heterogeneous enforcement mechanisms.

Release Date: 2020-08-20.Sector 51 Revision: June 2, 2020.Data shown in "All Sectors: Summary Statistics for the U.S., States, and Selected Geographies: 2017" and "Information: Summary Statistics for the U.S., States, and Selected Geographies: 2017" have been revised after conducting additional analytical review that revealed classification uncertainties within the Information sector (NAICS 51). As a result, some data are suppressed to ensure that confidentiality is adequately protected. The originally released data were publicly available from January 9, 2020 - June 2, 2020. The revised data were released June 2, 2020..Release Schedule:.The data in this file come from the 2017 Economic Census data files released on a flow basis starting in September 2019. As such, preliminary U.S. totals released in September 2019 will be superseded with final totals, by sector, once data for all states have been released. Users should be aware that during the release of this consolidated file, data at more detailed North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) and geographic levels may not add to higher-level totals. However, at the completion of the economic census (once all the component files have been released), the detailed data in this file will add to the totals. For more information about economic census planned data product releases, see Economic Census: About: 2017 Release Schedules...Key Table Information:.U.S. totals released in September 2019 will be superseded with final totals, by sector, once data for all states have been released..Includes only establishments and firms with payroll..Data may be subject to employment- and/or sales-size minimums that vary by industry...Data Items and Other Identifying Records: .Number of firms.Number of establishments.Sales, value of shipments, or revenue ($1,000).Annual payroll ($1,000).First-quarter payroll ($1,000).Number of employees.Range indicating percent of total sales, value of shipments, or revenue imputed.Range indicating percent of total annual payroll imputed.Range indicating percent of total employees imputed..For Wholesale Trade (42), data are published by Type of Operation (All establishments, Merchant Wholesalers, and Manufacturers' Sales Branches and Offices)...For selected Services sectors, data are published by Tax Status (All establishments, Establishments subject to federal income tax, and Establishments exempt from federal income tax)...Geography Coverage:.The data are shown for employer establishments and firms at the U.S., State, Combined Statistical Area, Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Area, Metropolitan Division, Consolidated City, County (and equivalent), and Economic Place (and equivalent; incorporated and unincorporated) levels that vary by industry. For information about economic census geographies, including changes for 2017, see Economic Census: Economic Geographies...Industry Coverage:.The data are shown at the 2- through 6-digit 2017 NAICS code levels for all economic census sectors and at the 7- and 8-digit 2017 NAICS code levels for selected economic census sectors. For information about NAICS, see Economic Census: Technical Documentation: Code Lists...Footnotes:.Transportation and Warehousing (48-49): footnote 106- Railroad transportation and U.S. Postal Service are out of scope...FTP Download:.Download the entire table at: https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/economic-census/data/2017/sector00/EC1700BASIC.zip..API Information:.Economic census data are housed in the Census Bureau API. For more information, see Explore Data: Developers: Available APIs: Economic Census..Methodology:.To maintain confidentiality, the U.S. Census Bureau suppresses data to protect the identity of any business or individual. The census results in this file contain sampling and/or nonsampling error. Data users who create their own estimates using data from this file should cite the U.S. Census Bureau as the source of the original data only...To comply with disclosure avoidance guidelines, data rows with fewer than three contributing establishments are not presented. Additionally, establishment counts are suppressed when other select statistics in the same row are suppressed. For detailed information about the methods used to collect and produce statistics, including sampling, eligibility, questions, data collection and processing, data quality, review, weighting, estimation, coding operations, confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and more, see Economic Census: Technical Documentation: Methodology...Symbols:.D - Withheld to avoid disclosing data for individual companies; data are included in higher level totals.N - Not available or not comparable.S - Estimate does not meet publication standards because of high sampling variability, poor response quality, or other concerns about the estimate quality. Unpublished estimates derived from this table by subtraction are subject to these same limitations and sh...

Release Date: 2022-12-15.Release Schedule:.The data in this file come from the 2021 Annual Survey of Manufactures data files released in December 2022. For more information about the Annual Survey of Manufactures data, see About: Annual Survey of Manufactures...Key Table Information:.Includes only establishments of firms with payroll..Data may be subject to employment- and/or sales-size minimums that vary by industry...Data Items and Other Identifying Records: .Sales, value of shipments, or revenue ($1,000) .Relative standard error for estimate of sales, value of shipments, or revenue (%) .Annual payroll ($1,000) .Relative standard error for estimate of annual payroll (%) .First-quarter payroll ($1,000) .Relative standard error for estimate of first-quarter payroll (%) .Number of employees.Relative standard error for estimate of number of employees (%) .Production workers for pay period including March 12.Relative standard error for estimate of production workers for pay period including March 12 (%) .Production workers annual hours (1,000) .Relative standard error for estimate of production workers annual hours (%) .Production workers annual wages ($1,000) .Relative standard error for estimate of production workers annual wages (%) .Total cost of materials ($1,000) .Relative standard error for estimate of total cost of materials (%) .Value added ($1,000) .Relative standard error for estimate of value added (%) .Total capital expenditures (new and used) ($1,000) .Relative standard error for estimate of total capital expenditures (new and used) (%) .Range indicating percent of total sales, value of shipments, or revenue imputed .Range indicating percent of total annual payroll imputed .Range indicating percent of total employees imputed ....Geography Coverage:.The data are shown for employer establishments and firms for the U.S. and State levels that vary by industry..For information about 2021 Annual Survey of Manufactures, see About: Annual Survey of Manufactures...Industry Coverage:.The data are shown at the 2-through 4-digit 2017 NAICS code levels for U.S. and States. For information about NAICS, see Annual Survey of Manufactures (ASM): Technical Documentation: ASM Product Class Codes and Descriptions...Footnotes:.Not applicable...FTP Download:.Download the entire table at: https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/asm/data/2021/AM1831BASIC02.zip..API Information:.Annual Survey of Manufactures API data are housed in the Census Bureau API. For more information, see ASM API..Methodology:.To maintain confidentiality, the U.S. Census Bureau suppresses data to protect the identity of any business or individual. The census results in this file contain sampling and/or nonsampling error. Data users who create their own estimates using data from this file should cite the U.S. Census Bureau as the source of the original data only..To comply with disclosure avoidance guidelines, data rows with fewer than three contributing establishments are not presented. Additionally, establishment counts are suppressed when other select statistics in the same row are suppressed. For detailed information about the methods used to collect and produce statistics, including sampling, eligibility, questions, data collection and processing, data quality, review, weighting, estimation, coding operations, confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and more, see Annual Survey of Manufactures (ASM): Technical Documentation: Annual Survey of Manufactures Methodology...Symbols:.D - Withheld to avoid disclosing data of individual companies; data are included in higher level totals.N - Not available or not comparable.S - Estimate does not meet publication standards because of high sampling variability, poor response quality, or other concerns about the estimate quality. Unpublished estimates derived from this table by subtraction are subject to these same limitations and should not be attributed to the U.S. Census Bureau. For a description of publication standards and the total quantity response rate, see link to program methodology page..X - Not applicable.A - Relative standard error of 100% or more.r - Revised (represented as a superscript).s - Relative standard error is 40 percent or more and less than 100 percent (data variable displayed as a superscript).For a complete list of all economic programs symbols, see the Economic Census: Technical Documentation: Data Dictionary...Source:.U.S. Census Bureau, 2021 Annual Survey of Manufactures (ASM).For information about the Annual Survey of Manufactures (ASM), see Business and Economy: Annual Survey of Manufactures (ASM)..Contact Information:.U.S. Census Bureau.For general inquiries:.(800) 242-2184/ (301) 763-5154.ewd.surveys@census.gov.For specific data questions:.(844) 303-7713.For additional contacts, see Annual Survey of Manufactures (ASM): About: Contact Us

These files contain the programs and data necessary to replicate the analyses in the paper “Pass-through of Electric Vehicle Subsidies: A Global Analysis”. Some of the data is proprietary for which we provide instructions on how the data can be obtained. The paper investigates the pass-through of electric vehicle (EV) subsidies in thirteen countries that account for 95% of global EV sales from 2013 to 2020. Our results indicate high pass-through rates of 70-80% on average. Pass-through is highest for global firms that sell the same EV models across multiple countries, consistent with uniform pricing by these firms, as well as avoidance of third-party arbitrage. We find suggestive evidence that pass-through is higher for tax incentives than for direct consumer subsidies.

College completion rates declined from the 1970s to the 1990s. We document that this trend has reversed--since the 1990s, college completion rates have increased. We investigate the reasons for the increase in college graduation rates. Collectively, student characteristics, institutional resources, and institution attended do not explain much of the change. However, we show that grade inflation can explain much of the change in graduation rates. We show that GPA is a strong predictor of graduation rates and that GPAs have been rising since the 1990s. We also find that in national survey data and rich administrative data from 9 large public universities increases in college GPAs cannot be explained by student demographics, preparation, and school factors. Further, we find that at a public liberal arts college, grades have increased over time conditional on final exam performance.

Key Table Information.Table Title.Agriculture: Summary Statistics for the U.S. and States: 2022.Table ID.ECNBASIC2022.EC2211BASIC.Survey/Program.Economic Census.Year.2022.Dataset.ECN Core Statistics Summary Statistics for the U.S., States, and Selected Geographies: 2022.Source.U.S. Census Bureau, 2022 Economic Census, Core Statistics.Release Date.2024-12-05.Release Schedule.The Economic Census occurs every five years, in years ending in 2 and 7.The data in this file come from the 2022 Economic Census data files released on a flow basis starting in January 2024 with First Look Statistics. Preliminary U.S. totals released in January 2024 are superseded with final data shown in the releases of later economic census statistics through March 2026.For more information about economic census planned data product releases, see 2022 Economic Census Release Schedule..Dataset Universe.The dataset universe consists of all establishments that are in operation for at least some part of 2022, are located in one of the 50 U.S. states, associated offshore areas, or the District of Columbia, have paid employees, and are classified in one of nineteen in-scope sectors defined by the 2022 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS)..Methodology.Data Items and Other Identifying Records.Number of firmsNumber of establishmentsSales, value of shipments, or revenue ($1,000)Annual payroll ($1,000)First-quarter payroll ($1,000)Number of employeesRange indicating imputed percentage of total sales, value of shipments, or revenueRange indicating imputed percentage of total annual payrollRange indicating imputed percentage of total employeesDefinitions can be found by clicking on the column header in the table or by accessing the Economic Census Glossary..Unit(s) of Observation.The reporting units for the economic census are employer establishments. An establishment is generally a single physical location where business is conducted or where services or industrial operations are performed. A company or firm is comprised of one or more in-scope establishments that operate under the ownership or control of a single organization. For some industries, the reporting units are instead groups of all establishments in the same industry belonging to the same firm..Geography Coverage.The data are shown for the U.S. and State levels that vary by industry. For information about economic census geographies, including changes for 2022, see Geographies..Industry Coverage.The data are shown at the 3-through 6-digit NAICS code levels for 115 only. For information about NAICS, see Economic Census Code Lists..Sampling.The 2022 Economic Census sample includes all active operating establishments of multi-establishment firms and approximately 1.7 million single-establishment firms, stratified by industry and state. Establishments selected to the sample receive a questionnaire. For all data on this table, establishments not selected into the sample are represented with administrative data. For more information about the sample design, see 2022 Economic Census Methodology..Confidentiality.The Census Bureau has reviewed this data product to ensure appropriate access, use, and disclosure avoidance protection of the confidential source data (Project No. 7504609, Disclosure Review Board (DRB) approval number: CBDRB-FY23-099).To protect confidentiality, the U.S. Census Bureau suppresses cell values to minimize the risk of identifying a particular business’ data or identity.To comply with disclosure avoidance guidelines, data rows with fewer than three contributing firms or three contributing establishments are not presented. Additionally, establishment counts are suppressed when other select statistics in the same row are suppressed. More information on disclosure avoidance is available in the 2022 Economic Census Methodology..Technical Documentation/Methodology.For detailed information about the methods used to collect data and produce statistics, survey questionnaires, Primary Business Activity/NAICS codes, NAPCS codes, and more, see Economic Census Technical Documentation..Weights.No weighting applied as establishments not sampled are represented with administrative data..Table Information.FTP Download.https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/economic-census/data/2022/.API Information.Economic census data are housed in the Census Bureau Application Programming Interface (API)..Symbols.D - Withheld to avoid disclosing data for individual companies; data are included in higher level totalsN - Not available or not comparableS - Estimate does not meet publication standards because of high sampling variability, poor response quality, or other concerns about the estimate quality. Unpublished estimates derived from this table by subtraction are subject to these same limitations and should not be attributed to the U.S. Census Bureau. For a description of publication standards and the total quantity response rate, see link to program methodology page.X - Not ap...

Release Date: 2021-05-06.Release Schedule:.The data in this file come from the 2017 Economic Census. For information about economic census planned data product releases, see Economic Census: About: 2017 Release Schedules...Key Table Information:.Includes only establishments of firms with payroll...Data Items and Other Identifying Records:.Number of establishments.Sales, value of shipments, or revenue ($1,000).Response coverage of primary type of food service inquiry (%)..Geography Coverage:.The data are shown for employer establishments of firms at the U.S. and States level. For information about economic census geographies, including changes for 2017, see Economic Census: Economic Geographies...Industry Coverage:.The data are shown at the 6-digit 2017 NAICS code level starting with NAICS code 722513. For information about NAICS, see Economic Census: Technical Documentation: Economic Census Code Lists...Footnotes:.Not applicable...FTP Download:.Download the entire table at: https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/economic-census/data/2017/sector72/EC1772FOODSVC.zip..API Information:.Economic census data are housed in the Census Bureau API. For more information, see Explore Data: Developers: Available APIs: Economic Census..Methodology:.To maintain confidentiality, the U.S. Census Bureau suppresses data to protect the identity of any business or individual. The census results in this file contain sampling and/or nonsampling error. Data users who create their own estimates using data from this file should cite the U.S. Census Bureau as the source of the original data only...To comply with disclosure avoidance guidelines, data rows with fewer than three contributing establishments are not presented. Additionally, establishment counts are suppressed when other select statistics in the same row are suppressed. For detailed information about the methods used to collect and produce statistics, including sampling, eligibility, questions, data collection and processing, data quality, review, weighting, estimation, coding operations, confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and more, see Economic Census: Technical Documentation: Methodology...Symbols:.D - Withheld to avoid disclosing data for individual companies; data are included in higher level totals.N - Not available or not comparable.S - Estimate does not meet publication standards because of high sampling variability, poor response quality, or other concerns about the estimate quality. Unpublished estimates derived from this table by subtraction are subject to these same limitations and should not be attributed to the U.S. Census Bureau. For a description of publication standards and the total quantity response rate, see link to program methodology page..X - Not applicable.A - Relative standard error of 100% or more.r - Revised.s - Relative standard error exceeds 40%.For a complete list of symbols, see Economic Census: Technical Documentation: Data Dictionary.. .Source:.U.S. Census Bureau, 2017 Economic Census.For information about the economic census, see Business and Economy: Economic Census...Contact Information:.U.S. Census Bureau.For general inquiries:. (800) 242-2184/ (301) 763-5154. ewd.outreach@census.gov.For specific data questions:. (800) 541-8345.For additional contacts, see Economic Census: About: Contact Us.

Release Date: 2021-05-06.Release Schedule:.The data in this file come from the 2017 Economic Census. For information about economic census planned data product releases, see Economic Census: About: 2017 Release Schedules...Key Table Information:.Includes only establishments of firms with payroll..Data may be subject to employment- and/or sales-size minimums that vary by industry...Data Items and Other Identifying Records:.Number of establishments.Sales, value of shipments, or revenue ($1,000).Sales, value of shipments, or revenue of NAPCS products relating to this inquiry ($1,000).Distribution of credit card products income (%).Response coverage of credit card products income inquiry (%)..Each record includes a code which represents a specific source of credit card products income category...Geography Coverage:.The data are shown for employer establishments at the U.S. level only. For information about economic census geographies, including changes for 2017, see Economic Census: Economic Geographies...Industry Coverage:.The data are shown for selected 6- and 7-digit 2017 NAICS codes. For information about NAICS, see Economic Census: Technical Documentation: Economic Census Code Lists...Footnotes:.Not applicable...FTP Download:.Download the entire table at: https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/economic-census/data/2017/sector52/EC1752CCARD.zip..API Information:.Economic census data are housed in the Census Bureau API. For more information, see Explore Data: Developers: Available APIs: Economic Census..Methodology:.To maintain confidentiality, the U.S. Census Bureau suppresses data to protect the identity of any business or individual. The census results in this file contain sampling and/or nonsampling error. Data users who create their own estimates using data from this file should cite the U.S. Census Bureau as the source of the original data only...To comply with disclosure avoidance guidelines, data rows with fewer than three contributing establishments are not presented. Additionally, establishment counts are suppressed when other select statistics in the same row are suppressed. For detailed information about the methods used to collect and produce statistics, including sampling, eligibility, questions, data collection and processing, data quality, review, weighting, estimation, coding operations, confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and more, see Economic Census: Technical Documentation: Methodology...Symbols:.D - Withheld to avoid disclosing data for individual companies; data are included in higher level totals.N - Not available or not comparable.S - Estimate does not meet publication standards because of high sampling variability, poor response quality, or other concerns about the estimate quality. Unpublished estimates derived from this table by subtraction are subject to these same limitations and should not be attributed to the U.S. Census Bureau. For a description of publication standards and the total quantity response rate, see link to program methodology page..X - Not applicable.A - Relative standard error of 100% or more.r - Revised.s - Relative standard error exceeds 40%.For a complete list of symbols, see Economic Census: Technical Documentation: Data Dictionary.. .Source:.U.S. Census Bureau, 2017 Economic Census.For information about the economic census, see Business and Economy: Economic Census...Contact Information:.U.S. Census Bureau.For general inquiries:. (800) 242-2184/ (301) 763-5154. ewd.outreach@census.gov.For specific data questions:. (800) 541-8345.For additional contacts, see Economic Census: About: Contact Us.

Release Date: 2021-04-22.Release Schedule:.The data in this file come from the 2017 Economic Census. For information about economic census planned data product releases, see Economic Census: About: 2017 Release Schedules...Key Table Information:.Includes only establishments and firms with payroll..Data may be subject to employment- and/or sales-size minimums that vary by industry...Data Items and Other Identifying Records:.Number of establishments.Sales, value of shipments, or revenue ($1,000).Capital expenditures for new construction ($1,000).Capital expenditures for new construction for work done by own employees ($1,000).Expenses for maintenance and repair ($1,000).Expenses for maintenance and repair for work done by own employees ($1,000).Response coverage of construction activity capital expenditures inquiry (%).Response coverage of construction activity expenses for maintenance & repair inquiry (%)..Geography Coverage.The data are shown for employer establishments at the US and State levels. For information about economic census geographies, including changes for 2017, see Economic Census: Economic Geographies...Industry Coverage:.The data are shown for 2017 NAICS code 486. For information about NAICS, see Economic Census: Technical Documentation: Economic Census Code Lists..Footnotes:.Not applicable..FTP Download:.Download the entire table at: https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/economic-census/data/2017/sector48/EC1748CONACT.zip..API Information:.Economic census data are housed in the Census Bureau API. For more information, see Explore Data: Developers: Available APIs: Economic Census..Methodology:.To maintain confidentiality, the U.S. Census Bureau suppresses data to protect the identity of any business or individual. The census results in this file contain sampling and/or nonsampling error. Data users who create their own estimates using data from this file should cite the U.S. Census Bureau as the source of the original data only...To comply with disclosure avoidance guidelines, data rows with fewer than three contributing establishments are not presented. Additionally, establishment counts are suppressed when other select statistics in the same row are suppressed. For detailed information about the methods used to collect and produce statistics, including sampling, eligibility, questions, data collection and processing, data quality, review, weighting, estimation, coding operations, confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and more, see Economic Census: Technical Documentation: Methodology...Symbols:.D - Withheld to avoid disclosing data for individual companies; data are included in higher level totals.N - Not available or not comparable.S - Estimate does not meet publication standards because of high sampling variability, poor response quality, or other concerns about the estimate quality. Unpublished estimates derived from this table by subtraction are subject to these same limitations and should not be attributed to the U.S. Census Bureau. For a description of publication standards and the total quantity response rate, see link to program methodology page..X - Not applicable.A - Relative standard error of 100% or more.r - Revised.s - Relative standard error exceeds 40%.For a complete list of symbols, see Economic Census: Technical Documentation: Data Dictionary.. .Source:.U.S. Census Bureau, 2017 Economic Census.For information about the economic census, see Business and Economy: Economic Census...Contact Information:.U.S. Census Bureau.For general inquiries:. (800) 242-2184/ (301) 763-5154. ewd.outreach@census.gov.For specific data questions:. (800) 541-8345.For additional contacts, see Economic Census: About: Contact Us.