BackgroundAmerican Indians and Alaska Native (AI/AN) populations experience significant health disparities compared to non-Hispanic white populations. Cardiovascular disease and related risk factors are increasingly recognized as growing indicators of global health disparities. However, comparative reports on disparities among this constellation of diseases for AI/AN populations have not been systematically reviewed.ObjectivesWe performed a literature review on the prevalence of diabetes, metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia, obesity, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease; and associated morbidity and mortality among AI/AN.Data sourcesA total of 203 articles were reviewed, of which 31 met study criteria for inclusion. Searches were performed on PUBMED, MEDLINE, the CDC MMWR, and the Indian Health Services.Study eligibility criteriaPublished literature that were published within the last fifteen years and provided direct comparisons between AI/AN to non-AI/AN populations were included.Study appraisal and synthesis methodsWe abstracted data on study design, data source, AI/AN population, comparison group, and. outcome measures. A descriptive synthesis of primary findings is included.ResultsRates of obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic syndrome are clearly higher for AI/AN populations. Hypertension and hyperlipidemia differences are more equivocal. Our analysis also revealed that there are likely regional and gender differences in the degree of disparities observed.LimitationsStudies using BRFSS telephone surveys administered in English may underestimate disparities. Many AI/AN do not have telephones and/or speak English. Regional variability makes national surveys difficult to interpret. Finally, studies using self-reported data may not be accurate.Conclusions and implications of key findingsProfound health disparities in cardiovascular diseases and associated risk factors for AI/AN populations persist, perhaps due to low socioeconomic status and access to quality healthcare. Successful programs will address social determinants and increase healthcare access. Community-based outreach to bring health services to the most vulnerable may also be very helpful in this effort.Systematic review registration numberN/A

A dataset of a longitudinal study of over 3,000 Mexican-Americans aged 65 or over living in five southwestern states. The objective is to describe the physical and mental health of the study group and link them to key social variables (e.g., social support, health behavior, acculturation, migration). To the extent possible, the study was modeled after the existing EPESE studies, especially the Duke EPESE, which included a large sample if African-Americans. Unlike the other EPESE studies that were restricted to small geographic areas, the Hispanic EPESE aimed at obtaining a representative sample of community-dwelling Mexican-American elderly residing in Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado, and California. Approximately 85% of Mexican-American elderly reside in these states and data were obtained that are generalizable to roughly 500,000 older people. The final sample of 3,050 subjects at baseline is comparable to those of the other EPESE studies. Data Availability: Waves I to IV are available through the National Archive of Computerized Data on Aging (NACDA), ICPSR. Also available through NACDA is the ����??Resource Book of the Hispanic Established Populations for the Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly����?? which offers a thorough review of the data and its applications. All subjects aged 75 or older were interviewed for Wave V and 902 new subjects were added. Hemoglobin A1c test kits were provided to subjects who self-reported diabetes. Approximately 270 of the kits were returned for analyses. Wave V data are being validated and reviewed. A tentative timeline for the archiving of Wave V data is November 2006. Wave VI interviewing and data collection is scheduled to begin in Fall 2006. * Dates of Study: 1993-2006 * Study Features: Longitudinal, Minority oversamples, Anthropometric Measures * Sample Size: ** 1993-4: 3,050 (Wave I) ** 1995-6: 2,438 (Wave II) ** 1998-9: 1,980 (Wave III) ** 2000-1: 1,682 (Wave IV) ** 2004-5: 2,073 (Wave V) ** 2006-7: (Wave VI) Links: * ICPSR Wave 1: http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/ICPSR/studies/2851 * ICPSR Wave 2: http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/ICPSR/studies/3385 * ICPSR Wave 3: http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/ICPSR/studies/4102 * ICPSR Wave 4: http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/ICPSR/studies/4314 * ICPSR Wave 5: http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/ICPSR/studies/25041 * ICPSR Wave 6: http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/ICPSR/studies/29654

Public Health Reports FAQ - ResearchHelpDesk - Public Health Reports is the official journal of the Office of the U.S. Surgeon General and the U.S. Public Health Service and has been published since 1878. It is published bimonthly, plus supplement issues, through an official agreement with the Association of Schools and Programs of Public Health. The journal is peer-reviewed and publishes original research, reviews, and commentaries in the areas of public health practice and methodology, public health law, and teaching at schools and programs of public health. Issues contain regular commentaries by the U.S. Surgeon General and executives of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Health. The journal focuses upon such topics as tobacco control, teenage violence, occupational disease and injury, immunization, drug policy, lead screening, health disparities, and many other key and emerging public health issues. In addition to the six regular issues, PHR produces supplemental issues approximately 2-5 times per year which focus on specific topics that are of particular interest to our readership. The journal's contributors are on the front line of public health and they present their work in a readable and accessible format. Abstract & indexing Clarivate Analytics: Current Contents - Clinical Medicine Clarivate Analytics: Science Citation Index (SCI) Clarivate Analytics: Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI) Clarivate Analytics: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCIE) CABI: Global Health Clarivate Analytics: Current Contents - Social & Behavioral Sciences EBSCO EMBASE/Excerpta Medica Ovid JSTOR PubMed Central (PMC) PAIS International - ProQuest ProQuest Statistical Reference Index PubMed: MEDLINE Scopus

Details of health research initiatives. (XLSX)

The global medical peer review services market was valued at $6,108.6 million in 2025 and is projected to grow at a CAGR of XX% during the forecast period 2025-2033. The market is driven by the increasing need for quality healthcare, rising prevalence of chronic diseases, and growing demand for cost-effective healthcare solutions. Other factors contributing to the market growth include the increasing adoption of electronic health records, the growing emphasis on patient safety and outcomes, and the rising demand for transparency in healthcare. The market is segmented by type, application, and region. By type, the market is divided into Medicare and Medicaid review, hospital quality and compliance review, and other. By application, the market is divided into medical insurance company, self-insured entities, government agencies, and others. By region, the market is divided into North America, South America, Europe, Middle East & Africa, and Asia Pacific. North America is the largest market for medical peer review services, followed by Europe and Asia Pacific. The growing demand for quality healthcare in these regions is driving the market growth.

This report provides a comprehensive analysis of the medical peer review services market, with a focus on the concentration, product insights, regional trends, end-user concentration, and level of M&A.

Despite a growing body of epidemiological evidence in recent years documenting the health impacts of racism, the cumulative evidence base has yet to be synthesized in a comprehensive meta-analysis focused specifically on racism as a determinant of health. This meta-analysis reviewed the literature focusing on the relationship between reported racism and mental and physical health outcomes. Data from 293 studies reported in 333 articles published between 1983 and 2013, and conducted predominately in the U.S., were analysed using random effects models and mean weighted effect sizes. Racism was associated with poorer mental health (negative mental health: r = -.23, 95% CI [-.24,-.21], k = 227; positive mental health: r = -.13, 95% CI [-.16,-.10], k = 113), including depression, anxiety, psychological stress and various other outcomes. Racism was also associated with poorer general health (r = -.13 (95% CI [-.18,-.09], k = 30), and poorer physical health (r = -.09, 95% CI [-.12,-.06], k = 50). Moderation effects were found for some outcomes with regard to study and exposure characteristics. Effect sizes of racism on mental health were stronger in cross-sectional compared with longitudinal data and in non-representative samples compared with representative samples. Age, sex, birthplace and education level did not moderate the effects of racism on health. Ethnicity significantly moderated the effect of racism on negative mental health and physical health: the association between racism and negative mental health was significantly stronger for Asian American and Latino(a) American participants compared with African American participants, and the association between racism and physical health was significantly stronger for Latino(a) American participants compared with African American participants. Protocol PROSPERO registration number: CRD42013005464.

Summary characteristics of hospitals comprising each neighborhood, demographics of their Hospital Service Areas, and their U.S. News and World Report, Leapfrog, Consumer Reports, and Health Grades ratings.

The dataset contains every sustained or not yet adjudicated violation citation from every full or special program inspection conducted up to three years prior to the most recent inspection for restaurants and college cafeterias in an active status on the RECORD DATE (date of the data pull). When an inspection results in more than one violation, values for associated fields are repeated for each additional violation record. Establishments are uniquely identified by their CAMIS (record ID) number. Keep in mind that thousands of restaurants start business and go out of business every year; only restaurants in an active status are included in the dataset. Records are also included for each restaurant that has applied for a permit but has not yet been inspected and for inspections resulting in no violations. Establishments with inspection date of 1/1/1900 are new establishments that have not yet received an inspection. Restaurants that received no violations are represented by a single row and coded as having no violations using the ACTION field. Because this dataset is compiled from several large administrative data systems, it contains some illogical values that could be a result of data entry or transfer errors. Data may also be missing. This dataset and the information on the Health Department’s Restaurant Grading website come from the same data source. The Health Department’s Restaurant Grading website is here: http://www1.nyc.gov/site/doh/services/restaurant-grades.page See the data dictionary file in the Attachments section of the OpenData website for a summary of data fields and allowable values.

*Denotes category adds to more than 100% due to classification in a number of ways.Region: 3 initiatives were carried out in multiple regions; Income classification: 1 initiative was undertaken in three countries, with different income classifications.Characteristics of reviewed health research priority setting initiatives with a focus on LMICs.

Type of criteria used for determining health research priorities.

This statistic shows a ranking of the estimated per capita consumer spending on healthcare in 2020 in Latin America and the Caribbean, differentiated by country. Consumer spending here refers to the domestic demand of private households and non-profit institutions serving households (NPISHs) in the selected region. Spending by corporations or the state is not included. Consumer spending is the biggest component of the gross domestic product as computed on an expenditure basis in the context of national accounts. The other components in this approach are consumption expenditure of the state, gross domestic investment as well as the net exports of goods and services. Consumer spending is broken down according to the United Nations' Classification of Individual Consumption By Purpose (COICOP). The shown data adheres broadly to group 06. As not all countries and regions report data in a harmonized way, all data shown here has been processed by Statista to allow the greatest level of comparability possible. The underlying input data are usually household budget surveys conducted by government agencies that track spending of selected households over a given period.The data is shown in nominal terms which means that monetary data is valued at prices of the respective year and has not been adjusted for inflation. For future years the price level has been projected as well. The data has been converted from local currencies to US$ using the average exchange rate of the respective year. For forecast years, the exchange rate has been projected as well. The timelines therefore incorporate currency effects.The shown forecast is adjusted for the expected impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the local economy. The impact has been estimated by considering both direct (e.g. because of restrictions on personal movement) and indirect (e.g. because of weakened purchasing power) effects. The impact assessment is subject to periodic review as more data becomes available.The shown data are an excerpt of Statista's Key Market Indicators (KMI). The KMI are a collection of primary and secondary indicators on the macro-economic, demographic and technological environment in more than 150 countries and regions worldwide. All input data are sourced from international institutions, national statistical offices, and trade associations. All data has been are processed to generate comparable datasets (see supplementary notes under details for more information).

Public Health Reports Impact Factor 2024-2025 - ResearchHelpDesk - Public Health Reports is the official journal of the Office of the U.S. Surgeon General and the U.S. Public Health Service and has been published since 1878. It is published bimonthly, plus supplement issues, through an official agreement with the Association of Schools and Programs of Public Health. The journal is peer-reviewed and publishes original research, reviews, and commentaries in the areas of public health practice and methodology, public health law, and teaching at schools and programs of public health. Issues contain regular commentaries by the U.S. Surgeon General and executives of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Health. The journal focuses upon such topics as tobacco control, teenage violence, occupational disease and injury, immunization, drug policy, lead screening, health disparities, and many other key and emerging public health issues. In addition to the six regular issues, PHR produces supplemental issues approximately 2-5 times per year which focus on specific topics that are of particular interest to our readership. The journal's contributors are on the front line of public health and they present their work in a readable and accessible format. Abstract & indexing Clarivate Analytics: Current Contents - Clinical Medicine Clarivate Analytics: Science Citation Index (SCI) Clarivate Analytics: Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI) Clarivate Analytics: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCIE) CABI: Global Health Clarivate Analytics: Current Contents - Social & Behavioral Sciences EBSCO EMBASE/Excerpta Medica Ovid JSTOR PubMed Central (PMC) PAIS International - ProQuest ProQuest Statistical Reference Index PubMed: MEDLINE Scopus

The global medical peer review services market, valued at approximately $4.862 billion in 2025, is projected to experience steady growth, exhibiting a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 3.5% from 2025 to 2033. This growth is fueled by several key factors. The increasing prevalence of chronic diseases and the resulting rise in healthcare costs are driving demand for efficient and cost-effective methods of quality assurance and risk management. Furthermore, stringent government regulations and increasing emphasis on healthcare compliance are compelling healthcare providers and insurance companies to utilize peer review services to ensure adherence to standards and reduce legal liabilities. The expansion of telehealth and remote patient monitoring also contributes to market growth as it generates a larger volume of medical records requiring review and analysis. Market segmentation reveals a significant contribution from Medical Insurance Companies and Self-insured Entities, reflecting the cost-containment focus within these sectors. Medicare and Medicaid reviews represent a major application type, driven by the need for efficient utilization management and fraud detection within these large government-funded programs. The market's growth trajectory is likely to be influenced by several factors over the forecast period. The increasing adoption of advanced analytics and technology in peer review processes is expected to enhance efficiency and accuracy. However, challenges such as data privacy concerns, the need for skilled reviewers, and the potential for bias in the review process could potentially restrain market expansion. Geographical expansion, particularly in emerging economies with growing healthcare systems, represents a significant opportunity for market players. Competition within the market is likely to remain robust, with established players continuously innovating and seeking to expand their service offerings and geographical reach. This dynamic environment calls for strategic partnerships, technological advancements, and a focus on providing comprehensive and high-quality services to maintain a competitive edge.

The global medical peer and external physician review services market size was valued at USD 18.3 billion in 2023 and is projected to expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.2% from 2023 to 2033. The market growth is primarily driven by the increasing demand for quality healthcare, rising healthcare costs, and the need for independent medical opinions. As per the American Hospital Association (AHA), in 2023, the total healthcare expenditures in the United States reached USD 4.3 trillion, accounting for 19.7% of the country's GDP. This surge in healthcare spending has led to a growing need for cost-effective and efficient healthcare delivery models, which include peer review services. The medical peer and external physician review services market is segmented based on application, type, and region. By application, the market is divided into hospitals, clinics, and others. By type, the market is classified into medical professional societies, peer review organizations (PROs), medical universities and academic institutes, certified physicians, and law and consulting firms/organizations. Geographically, the market is analyzed across North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, and the Middle East & Africa. North America held the largest market share in 2023 and is expected to maintain its dominance throughout the forecast period. This is attributed to the presence of well-established healthcare infrastructure, favorable government policies, and increasing demand for quality healthcare services in the region.

Findings from a study entitled, Monitoring and Reporting Hospital-Acquired Conditions - A Federalist Approach, published in Volume 4, Issue 4 of Medicare and Medicaid Research Review, shows that 28 states have serious adverse event reporting systems authorized and operated by state governments. Researchers selected four states to conduct an in-depth review of their reporting systems and uses of the data California, Connecticut, Nevada, and Pennsylvania and found that all four have innovative approaches in using these data to promote patient safety initiatives and publicly report facility-level rates. State selections of adverse events to report were at least partially influenced by Medicares list of hospital acquired conditions (HACs) for nonpayment. Federal initiatives have bolstered HAC reporting activity at the state level, yet there is still wide variability and lack of standardization. The authors recommend that more work and research is needed to develop a national reporting system template that has standard definitions, methodology, and reporting.

The medical peer and external physician review services market is experiencing robust growth, driven by increasing healthcare costs, a rising demand for quality assurance, and stringent regulatory compliance requirements. The market, estimated at $2.5 billion in 2025, is projected to expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7% from 2025 to 2033, reaching approximately $4.5 billion by 2033. This growth is fueled by the increasing adoption of value-based care models, which emphasize the need for objective and independent medical review to ensure appropriate utilization of resources and optimal patient outcomes. Key segments driving this expansion include medical professional societies, peer review organizations (PROs), and medical universities, all of which rely heavily on external review services to maintain quality standards and compliance. Furthermore, the rising number of medical malpractice lawsuits necessitates thorough and comprehensive medical record reviews, further bolstering market demand. The market's geographic distribution reflects the developed healthcare infrastructure in North America and Europe. While North America currently holds the largest market share, owing to high healthcare expenditure and a robust regulatory framework, regions like Asia-Pacific are witnessing significant growth, driven by increasing healthcare spending and rising adoption of international quality standards. However, challenges such as the high cost of services and the lack of awareness about the benefits of external review in certain regions could hinder overall market expansion. The competitive landscape is fragmented, with numerous companies offering specialized services. The presence of established players alongside emerging firms indicates opportunities for both organic and inorganic growth, through strategic partnerships and acquisitions. Future growth hinges on the continued adoption of value-based care, the evolution of regulatory landscapes, and technological advancements that streamline review processes and improve efficiency.

Occupational health and workplace safety specialists have performed well during the current period, but revenue has been volatile. The outbreak of COVID-19 in 2020 led to temporary shutdowns of key downstream markets, greatly reducing the number of employees and the need for occupational health and safety specialists. However, increased regulations resulting from OSHA’s National Emphasis Program encouraged some downstream demand during the pandemic. As the economy reopened, commodity prices surged, leading to heightened mining and manufacturing output as companies sought to take advantage of the favorable price environment. Low interest rates led to booming residential construction activity and the need for occupational health and safety experts. This surge in demand from these downstream markets, compounded by increased productivity through technology, lowered wage costs and bolstered profit. Over the past couple of years, interest rate hikes led to slowdowns in various downstream markets and have hindered growth in 2023 and 2024. Despite revenue shifts resulting from volatility in downstream markets, specialists have benefited from consistent investment from some sectors. For example, agricultural producers and healthcare facilities have consistently promoted growth. Overall, revenue for occupational health and workplace safety services providers is anticipated to expand at a CAGR of 2.9% during the current period, reaching $11.3 billion in 2024. This includes a 0.3% decline in revenue in that year. Occupational health and workplace safety services companies will continue to enjoy growth during the outlook period. Downstream demand from manufacturers, construction companies and government agencies will expand. Falling commodity prices will hinder investment from the mining sector, constraining the industry’s performance somewhat. Slower growth in corporate profit and government investment will weaken spending from some sectors, causing profit to dip. Overall, revenue for occupational health and workplace safety specialists is forecast to rise at a CAGR of 1.6% during the outlook period, reaching $12.2 billion in 2029.

In 2023, Singapore dominated the ranking of the world's health and health systems, followed by Japan and South Korea. The health index score is calculated by evaluating various indicators that assess the health of the population, and access to the services required to sustain good health, including health outcomes, health systems, sickness and risk factors, and mortality rates. The health and health system index score of the top ten countries with the best healthcare system in the world ranged between 82 and 86.9, measured on a scale of zero to 100.

Global Health Security Index  Numerous health and health system indexes have been developed to assess various attributes and aspects of a nation's healthcare system. One such measure is the Global Health Security (GHS) index. This index evaluates the ability of 195 nations to identify, assess, and mitigate biological hazards in addition to political and socioeconomic concerns, the quality of their healthcare systems, and their compliance with international finance and standards. In 2021, the United States was ranked at the top of the GHS index, but due to multiple reasons, the U.S. government failed to effectively manage the COVID-19 pandemic. The GHS Index evaluates capability and identifies preparation gaps; nevertheless, it cannot predict a nation's resource allocation in case of a public health emergency.

Universal Health Coverage Index  Another health index that is used globally by the members of the United Nations (UN) is the universal health care (UHC) service coverage index. The UHC index monitors the country's progress related to the sustainable developmental goal (SDG) number three. The UHC service coverage index tracks 14 indicators related to reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health, infectious diseases, non-communicable diseases, service capacity, and access to care. The main target of universal health coverage is to ensure that no one is denied access to essential medical services due to financial hardships. In 2021, the UHC index scores ranged from as low as 21 to a high score of 91 across 194 countries.