In 2023, around 1.93 million people immigrated to Germany. Numbers fluctuated during the time period covered in the graph at hand, peaking in 2015 during the high point of Europe’s refugee crisis. Significantly lower figures in 2020 may be attributed to the first year of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, and subsequent restrictions implemented by the German government on entering the country, in order to control the spread of the disease. Immigration to Germany “Immigrant” is a term used from the point of view of the receiving country, or the country being migrated to by a person. While reasons for and circumstances leading to an immigrant entering a foreign country may vary, they often include love, include seeking residence, employment, family reunions, or applying for asylum. Various countries are represented among foreigners living in Germany, though currently the leading three by numbers are Turkey, Ukraine, and Syria. Around 5.2 million immigrants living in Germany do not need a residence permit due to having EU citizenship, and therefore being allowed freedom of movement based on EU law. Another 2.64 million immigrants were granted an unlimited permit to stay in Germany. The near future Germany remains a popular choice for immigrants, even in currently challenging economic and political times. Welfare benefits, healthcare, and various support initiatives for those moving to or arriving in the country are on the list of selling points, though in practice, difficulties may be encountered depending on individual situations and laws in different German federal states. While the unemployment rate among foreigners living in Germany had gone up in 2020, it dropped again in the following years, but increased once more in 2023 and 2024 to over 16 percent. The country is Europe’s largest economy, housing many global players in various industries, which continues to attract jobseekers, despite these very industries facing struggles of their own brought on both by the ongoing coronavirus pandemic and geopolitical events in Europe.

Turkey Length of Stay: Overnight: Citizens: Germany data was reported at 1,201,429.000 Night in Dec 2023. This records a decrease from the previous number of 1,591,654.000 Night for Sep 2023. Turkey Length of Stay: Overnight: Citizens: Germany data is updated quarterly, averaging 884,346.000 Night from Mar 2020 (Median) to Dec 2023, with 15 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1,727,485.000 Night in Mar 2020 and a record low of 131,462.000 Night in Sep 2020. Turkey Length of Stay: Overnight: Citizens: Germany data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Turkish Statistical Institute. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkey – Table TR.Q013: Resident Arrivals: Length of Stay: by Country. [COVID-19-IMPACT]

As of 2024, around **** million people from Turkey were living in Germany. Foreign nationals are those who are not German based on Article 116 Paragraph 1 of the German constitution. These include stateless persons and those with unclear citizenship as well as the population group with a migration background. Individuals with a migration background can either have immigrated into Germany or been born in the country to at least one parent who was born a foreigner.

General situation of young people of Turkish descent and their relationship to Germany and the Germans. Sense of belonging and identity. Integration. Society and politics.

1. General situation and relationship to Germany and the Germans: born in Germany; general life satisfaction; parents are still alive, parents live in Germany or abroad; own future rather in Germany, in Turkey, in Europe, or elsewhere; life satisfaction in Germany; positive and or disturbing characteristics of Germany; personal contacts with Germans: proportion of people of German origin in the circle of friends; origin of the two closest friends; readiness for a partnership with a non-Muslim partner (Muslims only).

2. Sense of belonging and identity: German nationality; intention to German citizenship; closeness to Germany and to Turkey; self-assessment of German and Turkish language skills; identity as a German Turk (Muslims only: or Muslim); culture and cultural alienation: religiousness and religious practice in everyday life; attitudes towards religion and society.

3. Integration: sense of acceptance as an equal citizen; frequency of discrimination experience in different situations; attitude towards integration (scale); information on personal immigrant background (generation); better integration of the generation of the parents or of the own generation; self-assessment of personal integration; important aspects with regard to the integration of immigrants (immigrants themselves, state and German society); realization of these aspects and measures.

4. Society and politics: future worries; interest in politics; satisfaction with democracy; opinion on immigration: more advantages or disadvantages by immigration for Germany; Germany should take more or less refugees.

Demography: sex; age; employment status; religious affiliation; Muslim affiliation; number of own children; marital status; duration of stay in Germany (age); memberships in clubs, associations, ecclesial and social organizations, and in groups, that maintain the traditions of the country of origin of the family; purpose of residence permit; graduation acquired; acquisition of graduation in Germany, in Turkey or elsewhere; highest education degree; highest in Turkey acquired education degree; occupational position; household income.

Also encoded was: respondent-ID; weighting factor; BIK-type of municipality; integration-INDEX.

Turkey Number of Workers Sent Abroad: Male: Germany data was reported at 886.000 Person in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 855.000 Person for 2016. Turkey Number of Workers Sent Abroad: Male: Germany data is updated yearly, averaging 1,430.000 Person from Dec 1961 (Median) to 2017, with 57 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 79,526.000 Person in 1973 and a record low of 14.000 Person in 1984. Turkey Number of Workers Sent Abroad: Male: Germany data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Turkish Labour Agency. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkey – Table TR.G094: Number of Workers Sent Aboard.

This statistic shows the results of a survey conducted in Germany among persons with Turkish roots regarding their sense of belonging in 2017. Among respondents, 37.5 percent felt very strongly that they belonged in Germany, while 61.1 percent felt this way about Turkey.

Autostereotype and heterostereotype of Turkish school children in Cologne junior high schools.

Topics: length of stay in the Federal Republic; attendance at a preparation class; length of daily homework; school and discipline; participation in class trip; personal attitude and assumed attitude of Germans to common or separate school attendance of German children and children of guest workers; nationality of teachers; knowledge of Turkish by German teachers; classification of the relationship to the teacher as well as to Turkish and German classmates; structure of circle of friends; place of getting to know friends; desire for more contact with Germans; reasons for possible lack of contact; detailed assessment of knowledge of German and Turkish by respondent as well as father and mother; participation of parents in a German course; watching Turkish or German videofilms; radio and television habits; frequency of listening to the radio language course ´German for young Turks´ in one´s family; degree of familiarity of the language course in personal surroundings; source of information about the language course; assessment of the truth content of information spread by the media; personal interest in German customs and assumed interest of Germans in Turkish traditions; autostereotype of Turks and heterostereotype of Germans; actual as well as preferred housing situation, measured on proportion of foreigners in an apartment house; proportion of foreigners in one´s residential area; place for leisure activities; primary communication difficulties with authorities; reference person; significance of nationality of future spouse; judgement of parents on personal adjustment conduct; contentment with life; interest in German citizenship; year of arrival of parents in the FRG; invitation of parents to a visit with Germans; general judgement on Turks by Germans; judgement on the future of Turks in the Federal Republic Germany; personal decision to remain in the Federal Republic or return to Turkey.

Demography: age (classified); sex; marital status; family composition; age and number of siblings; number of siblings born in Germany; part of town in Cologne; year in which father or mother came to Germany; occupational position of father, age of mother (classified); employment of mother.

Interviewer rating: date; school form; year of school; preparation class; number of schoolchildren in the class; number of Turkish schoolchildren in the class; other foreign schoolchildren in the class; part of town in Cologne where the school is.

Turkey Number of Workers Sent Aboard: Germany data was reported at 886.000 Person in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 856.000 Person for 2016. Turkey Number of Workers Sent Aboard: Germany data is updated yearly, averaging 1,476.000 Person from Dec 1961 (Median) to 2017, with 57 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 103,793.000 Person in 1973 and a record low of 17.000 Person in 1986. Turkey Number of Workers Sent Aboard: Germany data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Turkish Labour Agency. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkey – Table TR.G094: Number of Workers Sent Aboard.

Germany Exports to Turkey was US$30.9 Billion during 2024, according to the United Nations COMTRADE database on international trade. Germany Exports to Turkey - data, historical chart and statistics - was last updated on July of 2025.

Forecast: Number of Turkey Hatcheries in Germany 2024 - 2028 Discover more data with ReportLinker!

Turkey Exports to Germany was US$20.43 Billion during 2024, according to the United Nations COMTRADE database on international trade. Turkey Exports to Germany - data, historical chart and statistics - was last updated on July of 2025.

Forecast: Fresh Turkey Cuts Market Size Volume in Germany 2024 - 2028 Discover more data with ReportLinker!

This paper compares the partnership arrangements of Turkish and Ethnic German immigrants (i.e., return migrants from Ethnic German communities from predominantly Eastern European countries), the two largest migrant groups in Germany, and native Germans. Most existing analyses of migrants' partnerships focus on intermarriage, marriage formation, or union dissolution. We know only a little, however, about the prevalence of non-marital living arrangements. Given that single person households and cohabitation are widespread phenomena mainly in post-materialist societies, analyzing whether immigrants engage in these behaviors sheds light on potential adaptation processes. The analyses are based on the German Microcensus of the years 2009 and 2013, with a focus on adults in the 18–40 age group. First, we present descriptive findings on the prevalence of partnership arrangements of immigrants and native Germans. Second, we estimate cross-sectional regressions with the partnership arrangement as the outcome variable in order to control for compositional differences between immigrant groups with respect to education. Our results show that while the vast majority of first-generation immigrants are married, the share of married natives is considerably smaller. Living in an independent household without a partner and cohabitation are rare phenomena among immigrants. By contrast, about one in seven natives is cohabiting and more than one quarter is living in an independent household without a partner. The most prevalent partnership living arrangement of the Turkish second generation is living in the parental household without a partner. These results are robust after controlling for education, age, and year in the multiple regression analysis.

TuGebic is a corpus of recordings of spontaneous speech samples from Turkish-German bilinguals, and the compilation of a corpus called TuGebic. Participants in the study were adult Turkish and German bilinguals living in Germany or Turkey at the time of recording in the first half of the 1990s. The data were manually tokenised and normalised, and all proper names (names of participants and places mentioned in the conversations) were replaced with pseudonyms. Token-level automatic language identification was performed, which made it possible to establish the proportions of words from each language.

Exports to Germany in Turkey decreased to 1555.09 USD Million in February from 1574.25 USD Million in January of 2024. This dataset includes a chart with historical data for Turkey Exports to Germany.

Forecast: Fresh Turkey Cuts Market Size Volume Per Capita in Germany 2024 - 2028 Discover more data with ReportLinker!

Turkey Imports from Germany was US$27.08 Billion during 2024, according to the United Nations COMTRADE database on international trade. Turkey Imports from Germany - data, historical chart and statistics - was last updated on July of 2025.

The largest number of immigrants in Germany were from Ukraine, as of 2023. The top three origin countries were rounded up by Romania and Turkey. Immigrants are defined as having left a country, which may be their home country, to permanently reside in another. Upon arriving, immigrants do not hold the citizenship of the country they move to. Immigration in the EU All three aforementioned countries are members of the European Union, which means their citizens have freedom of movement between EU member states. In practice, this means that citizens of any EU member country may relocate between them to live and work there. Unrestricted by visas or residence permits, the search for university courses, jobs, retirement options, and places to live seems to be defined by an enormous amount of choice. However, even in this freedom of movement scheme, immigration may be hampered by bureaucratic hurdles or financial challenges. Prosperity with a question mark While Germany continues to be an attractive destination for foreigners both in and outside the European Union, as well as asylum applicants, it remains to be seen how current events might influence these patterns, whether the number of immigrants arriving from certain countries will shift. Europe’s largest economy is suffering. Climbing inflation levels in the last few months, as well as remaining difficulties from the ongoing coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic are affecting global economic development. Ultimately, future immigrants may face the fact of moving from one struggling economy to another.

Turkey Number of Workers Sent Abroad: Female: Germany data was reported at 0.000 Person in 2017. This records a decrease from the previous number of 1.000 Person for 2016. Turkey Number of Workers Sent Abroad: Female: Germany data is updated yearly, averaging 14.000 Person from Dec 1961 (Median) to 2017, with 57 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 24,267.000 Person in 1973 and a record low of 0.000 Person in 2017. Turkey Number of Workers Sent Abroad: Female: Germany data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Turkish Labour Agency. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkey – Table TR.G094: Number of Workers Sent Aboard.

The TEDH has been created as part of the project "Foreign Language Acquisition in German-Turkish bilinguals". The TEDH Corpus contains interviews in three languages: Turkish, English, German. The corpus contains 74 communications from 25 different speakers. The bulk of the language material to be integrated, glossed and annotated has been collected by several researchers and is available in audio format. The transcription data as well as the metadata of the corpus are processed and stored in EXMARaLDA format.

The TEDH-corpus (Türkish-Englisch-Deutsch bei Herkunftssprecherinnen) was compiled between July 2010 and June 2012 in the research project "Foreign Language Acquisition in German-Turkish bilinguals" (principal investigator: Tanja Kupisch, coordination: Ilse Stangen). This project was part of the iNet3 at the research initiative "Linguistic Diversity Management in Urban Areas" (LiMA) at Hamburg University. The corpus includes speech data (transcriptions and audio files) from semi-structured interviews in Turkish, German and English of 25 Turkish-German bilinguals with an age range of 14 to 42 years, as well as speech data from L2 speakers of Turkish (with German as L1) and German (with Turkish as L1) and background data of all speakers. Recordings can be made available upon request, provided the user agrees to the terms and conditions.

Kupisch, T., Lloyd-Smith, A. and I. Stangen (accepted). Perceived global accent in Turkish heritage speakers in Germany: The impact of exposure and use for early bilinguals. In: Fatih Bayram and Deniz Tat (eds.) Studies in Turkish as a Heritage Language.

Kupisch, T., Belikova, A., Özçelik, Ö., Stangen, I. and L. White. (2017). On complete acquisition in heritage speakers: The definiteness effect in German-Turkish bilinguals. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, 7, 1-31.

Stangen, I., Kupisch, T., A.L. Proietti Erguen and M. Zielke. (2015). Foreign accent in heritage speakers of Turkish in Germany. In: Hagen Peukert (ed.), Transfer effects in multilingual language development. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 87-108.

Kupisch, T., Snape, N. and I. Stangen (2012). Foreign language acquisition in heritage speakers: The acquisition of articles in L3-English by German-Turkish bilinguals. In: Joana Duarte and Ingrid Gogolin (eds.), Linguistic Superdiversity in Urban Areas. Research Approaches. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 99-121.

CLARIN Metadata summary for Türkisch-Englisch-Deutsch bei Herkunftssprechern (TEDH) (CMDI-based)

Title: Türkisch-Englisch-Deutsch bei Herkunftssprechern (TEDH)
Description: The TEDH has been created as part of the project "Foreign Language Acquisition in German-Turkish bilinguals". The TEDH Corpus contains interviews in three languages: Turkish, English, German. The corpus contains 74 communications from 25 different speakers. The bulk of the language material to be integrated, glossed and annotated has been collected by several researchers and is available in audio format. The transcription data as well as the metadata of the corpus are processed and stored in EXMARaLDA format.
Data owner: Tanja Kupisch, Fachbereich Linguistik / Universitätsstraße 10 / D-78464 Konstanz, Tanja.Kupisch@uni-konstanz.de
Contributors: Tanja Kupisch, Fachbereich Linguistik / Universitätsstraße 10 / D-78464 Konstanz, Tanja.Kupisch@uni-konstanz.de (depositor), Tanja Kupisch (compiler), Ilse Stangen (compiler), Marina Zielke (compiler), Ilse Stangen (compiler), Tanja Kupisch (researcher), Ilse Stangen (researcher), Marina Zielke (researcher)
Keywords: annotated, bilingual society, code-switching, information status, language contact, EXMARaLDA
Languages: German (deu), Turkish (tur), English (eng)
Size: 44 speakers (29 female, 9 male, 6 unknown), 74 communications, 25.27 hours, 1516 minutes, 74 recordings, 74 transcriptions, 0 words
Spatial Coverage: Hamburg, DE
Genre: discourse
Modality: spoken
References: Kupisch, T., Lloyd-Smith, A. and I. Stangen (accepted). Perceived global accent in Turkish heritage speakers in Germany: The impact of exposure and use for early bilinguals. In: Fatih Bayram and Deniz Tat (eds.) Studies in Turkish as a Heritage Language.
Kupisch, T., Belikova, A., Özçelik, Ö., Stangen, I. and L. White. (2017). On complete acquisition in heritage speakers: The definiteness effect in German-Turkish bilinguals. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, 7, 1-31.
Stangen, I., Kupisch, T., A.L. Proietti Erguen and M. Zielke. (2015). Foreign accent in heritage speakers of Turkish in Germany. In: Hagen Peukert (ed.), Transfer effects in multilingual language development. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 87-108.
Kupisch, T., Snape, N. and I. Stangen (2012). Foreign language acquisition in heritage speakers: The acquisition of articles in L3-English by German-Turkish bilinguals. In: Joana Duarte and Ingrid Gogolin (eds.), Linguistic Superdiversity in Urban Areas. Research Approaches. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 99-121.