2016 AMPERE rawdB data.

Measurements of geomagnetic field perturbations associated with Birkeland currents. Derived from Iridium spacecraft magnetometers. Data are stored in Earth-Centered Inertial (ECI) coordinates, with pseudo space vehicle identifiers, quality flags and exact times.

SAMI3 (Sami3 is Also a Model of the Ionosphere) is a seamless, three-dimensional, physics-based model of the ionosphere (Huba et al, 2008). It is based on SAMI2, a two-dimensional model of the ionosphere (Huba et al., 2000).

SAMI3 models the plasma and chemical evolution of seven ion species (H⁺, He⁺, N⁺, O⁺, N⁺₂, NO⁺ and O⁺₂). The temperature equation is solved for three ion species (H⁺, He⁺ and O⁺) and for the electrons. Ion inertia is included in the ion momentum equation for motion along the geomagnetic field. This is important in modeling the topside ionosphere and plasmasphere where the plasma becomes collisionless.

SAMI3 includes 21 chemical reactions and radiative recombination, and uses a nonorthogonal, nonuniform, fixed grid for the magnetic latitude range +/- 89 degrees..

Drivers
Neutral composition, temperature, and winds: NRLMSISE00 (Picone et al., 2002) and HWM14 (Drob et al., 2015).
Solar radiation: Flare Irradiance Spectral Model version 2 (FISM v2)
Magnetic field: Richmond apex model [Richmond, 1995].
Neutral wind dynamo electric field: Determined from the solution of a 2D potential equation [Huba et at., 2008].
For the SAMI3/Weimer configuration: High latitude electric field: calculated from the empirical Weimer model for the potential.
For the SAMI3/AMPERE configuration: High latitude electric field: calculated using the Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Coupling solver (MIX) developed by Merkin and Lyon (2010). The inputs to MIX are SAMI3's internal conductances, plus field-aligned current observations from Active Magnetosphere and Planetary Electrodynamics Response Experiment (AMPERE), derived from the 66+ satellite Iridium NEXT constellation's engineering magnetometer data. This potential calculation is described in Chartier et al (2022).

For ease of use, SAMI3 output is remapped to a regular grid using the Earth System Modeling Framework by Hill et al (2004)

SAMI3 (Sami3 is Also a Model of the Ionosphere) is a seamless, three-dimensional, physics-based model of the ionosphere (Huba et al, 2008). It is based on SAMI2, a two-dimensional model of the ionosphere (Huba et al., 2000). SAMI3 models the plasma and chemical evolution of seven ion species (H⁺, He⁺, N⁺, O⁺, N⁺₂, NO⁺ and O⁺₂). The temperature equation is solved for three ion species (H⁺, He⁺ and O⁺) and for the electrons. Ion inertia is included in the ion momentum equation for motion along the geomagnetic field. This is important in modeling the topside ionosphere and plasmasphere where the plasma becomes collisionless. SAMI3 includes 21 chemical reactions and radiative recombination, and uses a nonorthogonal, nonuniform, fixed grid for the magnetic latitude range +/- 89 degrees.. DriversNeutral composition, temperature, and winds: NRLMSISE00 (Picone et al., 2002) and HWM14 (Drob et al., 2015). Solar radiation: Flare Irradiance Spectral Model version 2 (FISM v2)Magnetic field: Richmond apex model [Richmond, 1995]. Neutral wind dynamo electric field: Determined from the solution of a 2D potential equation [Huba et at., 2008]. For the SAMI3/Weimer configuration: High latitude electric field: calculated from the empirical Weimer model for the potential. For the SAMI3/AMPERE configuration: High latitude electric field: calculated using the Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Coupling solver (MIX) developed by Merkin and Lyon (2010). The inputs to MIX are SAMI3's internal conductances, plus field-aligned current observations from Active Magnetosphere and Planetary Electrodynamics Response Experiment (AMPERE), derived from the 66+ satellite Iridium NEXT constellation's engineering magnetometer data. This potential calculation is described in Chartier et al (2022). For ease of use, SAMI3 output is remapped to a regular grid using the Earth System Modeling Framework by Hill et al (2004) {"references": ["Chartier, A. T., Huba, J. D., Sitaram, D. P., Merkin, V. G., Anderson, B. J., & Vines, S. K. (2022). High\u2010Latitude Electrodynamics Specified in SAMI3 Using AMPERE Field\u2010Aligned Currents. Space Weather, 20(1), e2021SW002890. DOI: 10.1029/2021SW002890", "Drob, D. P., Emmert, J. T., Meriwether, J. W., Makela, J. J., Doornbos, E., Conde, M., ... & Klenzing, J. H. (2015). An update to the Horizontal Wind Model (HWM): The quiet time thermosphere. Earth and Space Science, 2(7), 301-319. DOI: 10.1002/2014EA000089", "Hill, C., DeLuca, C., Suarez, M., & Da Silva, A. (2004). The architecture of the earth system modeling framework. Computing in Science & Engineering, 6(1), 18-28. DOI:10.1109/MCISE.2004.1255817Huba, J.D., G. Joyce, and J.A. Fedder, SAMI2 (Sami2 is Another Model of the Ionosphere): A New Low-Latitude Ionosphere Model J. Geophys. Res., 105, 23,035, 2000, DOI: 10.1029/2000JA000035", "Huba, J.D., G. Joyce, and J. Krall, Three-dimensional equatorial spread F modeling, Geo- phys. Res. Lett. 35, L10102, 2008, DOI: 10.1029/2008GL033509", "Merkin, V. G., & Lyon, J. G. (2010). Effects of the low\u2010latitude ionospheric boundary condition on the global magnetosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 115(A10). DOI: 10.1029/2010JA015461", "Picone, J. M., Hedin, A. E., Drob, D. P., & Aikin, A. C. (2002). NRLMSISE\u201000 empirical model of the atmosphere: Statistical comparisons and scientific issues. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 107(A12), SIA-15. DOI: 10.1029/2002JA009430", "Richmond, A., Ionospheric electrodynamics using magnetic apex coordinates, J. Geomag. Geoelec. 47, 191, 1995, DOI: 10.5636/jgg.47.191"]}

The global ampere transformer market is experiencing robust growth, driven by the increasing demand for efficient power management across diverse sectors. The market size in 2025 is estimated at $5 billion, exhibiting a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 7% from 2025 to 2033. This expansion is fueled primarily by the burgeoning industrial manufacturing sector's need for reliable power transformation and the growing adoption of renewable energy sources, particularly in the energy and petroleum & natural gas sectors. Technological advancements in bar-type and wound CT transformers, enhancing efficiency and precision, further contribute to market growth. Geographic expansion, particularly in developing economies of Asia-Pacific and the Middle East & Africa, also presents significant opportunities for market players. However, factors such as high initial investment costs and the fluctuating prices of raw materials pose challenges to sustained market growth. The market segmentation reveals a strong preference for bar-type CT transformers due to their cost-effectiveness and suitability for various applications. Key players like Siemens, ABB, Schneider Electric, and Eaton are aggressively competing through product innovation, strategic partnerships, and regional expansion. The forecast period (2025-2033) anticipates continued growth, driven by increasing industrial automation, smart grid initiatives, and the ongoing transition to cleaner energy sources. While some regional markets may experience slower growth due to economic factors, the overall market trajectory remains positive, offering substantial investment potential for companies operating in this space.

Present and future spaceflight missions depend on the ability to produce high exhaust velocities while reducing the dependence on chemical fuel and its mass onboard a spaceflight vehicle. Oscillation of gaseous molecules during pre-ejection stages via an embedded wave driver allows for ejection at higher velocities, increasing chemical fuel efficiency. Oscillation of granulate and liquid reagents using simple harmonic motion has been shown to excite particles, forming geometric patterns when using calibrated frequencies. Methods shown to induce geometric patterns were used to attain similar formations in the reagents Lycopodium, CO2(g) and SF6(g). Oscillation of Lycopodium was used as a proven method to target, observe, and calibrate specific sound formations for experimentation with gases. SF6 was used to simulate xenon, a dense gas used in modern electronic propulsion devices. Ten-millimeter polypropylene, air-filled mass objects were used to observe acceleration, force, and velocity for a dense gas during oscillation and resulting formations. Observation of non-zero forces within gas formations during oscillation shows that additional thrust velocity can be achieved through the oscillation of propellant gas via wave drivers embedded within experimental electronic propulsion systems. Force and velocity calculations taken during oscillation of SF6 demonstrate proof of concept for future experimentation using xenon as an oscillation and ionization medium for ejection at velocities which can be used for spaceflight. Results of this experiment introduce a novel method for achieving increased velocity during space flight using sound as a performance enhancer.

Dataset containing Particle-in-Cell simulations of Langmuir probes in magnetized plasma decribed in the paper "Spherical Langmuir probes in magnetized plasma. A model based on Particle-in-Cell simulations". The simulations are done for plasma parameters representative of the lower E-region ionosphere, with probe biases in the electron saturation regime.

Each simulation has its own folder denoting the magnetic field strength |B| in Tesla, and probe bias electric potential in Voltage. The folder naming convention uses three digits for numerical values, where the last digit is after the decimal point. i.e "010" is the value 1.0.

Plasma parameters used for simulations:

Density (e,i) (m−3) 5.9e9 Te(K) 1000 Ti(K) 1000 me(kg) 9.11e-31 mi(kg) 4.55e-28

The hierarchical structure of the history.xy.h5 files:

-current
  -electrons
    -dataset
  -ions
    -dataset
-energy
  -kinetic
    -specie 0
    -specie 1
    -total
  -potential
    -specie 0
    -specie 1
    -total
-potential
  -dataset

The top-level group "current" is the current to the probe given for electrons and ions. Values are in Ampere. "energy" is the total kinetic and potential energies within the whole simulated domain for electrons (specie 0), ions (specie 1), and both species combined (total). The potential energy is not calculated per species for these simulations, and is therefore set to zero. Values are given in Joule.

The top-level group "potential" is the electric potential (bias) of the probe and is given in Volts.

Each datapoint is given each 1.5*10^(-9) s, giving it a sampling frequency of 6.67*10^(8) Hz.

In addition density data for the whole simulated domain is given in separate H5 files for (rho) electropns, ions, the combined charge density, and (phi) the electric potential.

Example python ploting scripts is added for ease of access.

Documentation for file: ICI4_mNLP_01112021.mat

The mNLP system on ICI-4

The mNLP system on ICI-4 consisted of four cylindrical Langmuir probes with a diameter of 0.51 mm and a length of 25 mm [1,2]. The instruments allowed for current measurements at a sampling rate of 8680.5 Hz. The mNLP data included in the file are 1) the raw currents (‘I_mnlp’) in which spikes have been removed using a median filter over ten data points, and 2) the “filtered currents” (‘I_mnlp_filt’). For the latter, the spin of the payload and the three first harmonics were removed using a band-pass filter [1,2]. Additionally, components with frequencies larger than 1kHz were also removed.

Variables:

Variable name

Units

Description/Comment

time_noNans

seconds

Time of flight since launch.

Alt

Km

Altitude of the payload.

I_mnlp

Ampere

Currents obtained by the four cylindrical Langmuir probes. The 1st-4th columns contain the currents obtained by the probes with bias voltages of 3V, 4.5V, 6V, and 7.5 V, respectively. The data was filtered using a median filter over ten data points.

I_mnlp_filt

Ampere

Same as I_mnlp with additional filtering of currents using band-pass filters [1,2].

Acknowledgement

The mNLP experiment and the ICI-4 campaign were funded through the Research Council of Norway. Thanks to Lasse Clausen, Espen Trondsen, Jøran I. Moen, David Michael Bang-Hauge, Bjørn Lybekk, and the Mechanical Workshop at the University of Oslo, Norway.

1. Bekkeng, T. A., K. S. Jacobsen, J. K. Bekkeng, A. Pedersen, T. Lindem, J.‐P. Lebreton, and J. I. Moen (2010), Design of a multi‐needle Langmuir probe system, Meas. Sci. Technol., 21, 085,903, doi:10.1088/0957‐0233/21/8/085903

2. Jacobsen, K. S., Pedersen, A., Moen, J. I., & Bekkeng, T. A. (2010), A new Langmuir probe concept for rapid sampling of space plasma electron density. Measurement Science and Technology, 21(8), https://doi.org/10.1088/0957‐0233/21/8/085902