Despite animal testing being a controversial topic for many years, it is still widely used globally to assess the safety of products and test the efficacy of new treatments and products. In 2020, the United States was the world’s largest user of animals in research and testing, with around 20 million animals used research and testing, followed by China where it is estimated that around 16 million animals were used in research and testing in that year. Animal testing is used especially in the medical, cosmetic, and chemical industries.

Animal Testing in the EU

The European Union also reported some 9.4 million animals used research and testing as of 2020. Basic research, and translational and applied research are the two leading purposes of animal testing in the European Union. Mice represent the most commonly used animal in research and testing in the EU, representing almost half of all animals used in research and testing, followed by fish and rats.

Animal Testing in Great Britain

Animal testing in Great Britain was most common in basic scientific research on the nervous system and the immune system, and most procedures on animals for scientific experiments in that year in Great Britain were conducted by universities and medical schools. As in the EU, mice were the most commonly used animals in research and testing, followed by domestic fowl and rats.

In 2019, 797,546 animals were used for research in research facilities in the United States. This is an increase from the previous year, when about 780,070 animals were used for research in the country.

This statistic displays the number of animals used in scientific research in Ireland in 2023. Mice were the most commonly used animal, accounting for nearly 87 thousand uses, followed by rats at more than eight thousand.

Background: The harm benefit analysis (HBA) is the cornerstone of animal research regulation and is considered to be a key ethical safeguard for animals. The HBA involves weighing the anticipated benefits of animal research against its predicted harms to animals but there are doubts about how objective and accountable this process is.

Objectives: i. To explore the harms to animals involved in pre-clinical animal studies and to assess these against the benefits for humans accruing from these studies; ii. To test the feasibility of conducting this type of retrospective HBA.

Methods: Data on harms were systematically extracted from a sample of pre-clinical animal studies whose clinical relevance had already been investigated by comparing systematic reviews of the animal studies with systematic reviews of human studies for the same interventions (antifibrinolytics for haemorrhage, bisphosphonates for osteoporosis, corticosteroids for brain injury, Tirilazad for stroke, antenatal cort...

ContextPublication bias jeopardizes evidence-based medicine, mainly through biased literature syntheses. Publication bias may also affect laboratory animal research, but evidence is scarce. ObjectivesTo assess the opinion of laboratory animal researchers on the magnitude, drivers, consequences and potential solutions for publication bias. And to explore the impact of size of the animals used, seniority of the respondent, working in a for-profit organization and type of research (fundamental, pre-clinical, or both) on those opinions. DesignInternet-based survey. SettingAll animal laboratories in The Netherlands. ParticipantsLaboratory animal researchers. Main Outcome Measure(s)Median (interquartile ranges) strengths of beliefs on 5 and 10-point scales (1: totally unimportant to 5 or 10: extremely important). ResultsOverall, 454 researchers participated. They considered publication bias a problem in animal research (7 (5 to 8)) and thought that about 50% (32–70) of animal experiments are published. Employees (n = 21) of for-profit organizations estimated that 10% (5 to 50) are published. Lack of statistical significance (4 (4 to 5)), technical problems (4 (3 to 4)), supervisors (4 (3 to 5)) and peer reviewers (4 (3 to 5)) were considered important reasons for non-publication (all on 5-point scales). Respondents thought that mandatory publication of study protocols and results, or the reasons why no results were obtained, may increase scientific progress but expected increased bureaucracy. These opinions did not depend on size of the animal used, seniority of the respondent or type of research. ConclusionsNon-publication of “negative” results appears to be prevalent in laboratory animal research. If statistical significance is indeed a main driver of publication, the collective literature on animal experimentation will be biased. This will impede the performance of valid literature syntheses. Effective, yet efficient systems should be explored to counteract selective reporting of laboratory animal research.

This statistic shows the moral stance of Americans regarding medical testing on animals in 2018. During the survey, 54 percent of respondents stated that they think medical testing on animals is morally acceptable, while 2 percent said it depends.

Animal Research Activity Wheel Market Outlook

The global market size for Animal Research Activity Wheels was valued at approximately USD 150 million in 2023, and it is projected to reach USD 250 million by 2032, growing at a CAGR of 5.5% from 2024 to 2032. This growth is driven by the increasing adoption of animal research activity wheels in various segments of biomedical research for studying behavior, exercise, and metabolic functions in animals, particularly rodents.

A significant growth factor for the Animal Research Activity Wheel market is the rising need for innovative methods to study animal behavior and physiology in controlled environments. These wheels are widely used in preclinical trials to understand the effects of various drugs and treatments on the metabolic and behavioral aspects of animals. Consequently, the demand for these wheels has surged, especially in pharmaceutical companies and academic research institutions focused on drug discovery and development.

Moreover, advancements in technology have led to the development of customizable and high-precision activity wheels that provide more accurate data and are easier to integrate with other research tools. These innovations are making it possible to conduct more comprehensive and precise studies, thereby encouraging more institutions and organizations to invest in such equipment. The ability to customize these wheels to suit specific research needs is another important growth driver, enabling researchers to obtain data that is closely aligned with their experimental requirements.

Additionally, increasing government funding and support for animal research is bolstering the market. Governments around the world are recognizing the importance of preclinical trials in the drug development process and are allocating substantial funds to research institutions and organizations for this purpose. This funding is enabling the procurement of advanced research tools, including activity wheels, to facilitate more in-depth and reliable experimental outcomes.

On the regional front, North America currently holds the largest market share due to the presence of numerous pharmaceutical companies and research institutions that heavily invest in advanced research tools. However, the market in the Asia Pacific region is expected to grow at the highest CAGR during the forecast period. This is attributed to the increasing number of contract research organizations (CROs) and growing governmental support for research activities in countries like China and India.

Product Type Analysis

The Animal Research Activity Wheel market can be segmented based on product type into standard activity wheels and customizable activity wheels. Standard activity wheels are widely used due to their ease of use and cost-effectiveness. These wheels are typically employed in routine studies where basic data on animal activity levels is sufficient. Standard wheels are designed to be durable and reliable, providing consistent performance over extended periods, making them a staple in many research settings.

On the other hand, customizable activity wheels are gaining popularity due to their ability to cater to specific research needs. These wheels can be tailored in terms of size, material, and additional features like data logging and integration with other research equipment. Customizable wheels are particularly useful in studies that require precise measurements and detailed data analysis. Their flexibility and adaptability make them a preferred choice for complex research projects where standard wheels might not suffice.

Moreover, the trend towards personalized research tools is driving the demand for customizable activity wheels. Researchers are increasingly looking for equipment that can be tailored to their unique experimental setups, offering them the ability to control various parameters and obtain more accurate and reliable data. This segment is expected to witness significant growth in the coming years as more research institutions and pharmaceutical companies invest in advanced and adaptable research tools.

Furthermore, the development of new materials and technologies is enhancing the performance and functionality of both standard and customizable activity wheels. Innovations in sensor technology, for example, are enabling more precise data collection and analysis, making these wheels indispensable tools in modern animal research. As a result, both segments are likely to experience robust growth during the forecast period.

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The global animal research software market is experiencing robust growth, driven by increasing demand for efficient and ethical animal research practices within pharmaceutical companies, research institutions, and academic settings. The market's expansion is fueled by several key factors: the rising prevalence of chronic diseases necessitating extensive pre-clinical trials, the growing adoption of sophisticated data management systems to improve research outcomes, and increasing regulatory scrutiny demanding enhanced transparency and traceability in animal research. Cloud-based solutions are gaining significant traction, offering scalability, accessibility, and cost-effectiveness compared to on-premise systems. The integration of advanced analytics and AI capabilities within these platforms is further enhancing their appeal, enabling researchers to derive deeper insights from complex datasets and optimize experimental designs. While the market shows significant promise, challenges remain. High initial investment costs associated with implementing new software and the need for specialized training for researchers can hinder adoption, particularly in smaller research institutions. Data security and privacy concerns, especially with cloud-based solutions, also pose a significant restraint. However, ongoing technological advancements and increasing industry awareness of the benefits of streamlined data management are expected to mitigate these challenges. The North American market currently holds the largest share, driven by robust funding for biomedical research and a well-established regulatory framework. However, rapidly developing economies in Asia-Pacific, particularly in India and China, are projected to witness significant growth in the coming years, presenting lucrative opportunities for market players. The segment focusing on pharmaceutical companies is the largest revenue contributor, followed closely by research institutions, reflecting the crucial role of animal research in drug discovery and development.

In this study we invited public responses to five different research projects, using non-technical summaries intended for lay audiences. Our aim was to assess the potential for this type of public consultation in protocol review, and a secondary aim was to better understand what types of animal research people are willing to accept and why. US participants (n = 1521) were asked (via an online survey) “Do you support the use of these (insert species) for this research”, and responded using a seven-point scale (1 = “No”, 4 = “Neutral”, and 7 = “Yes”). Participants were asked to explain the reasons for their choice; open-ended text responses were subjected to thematic analysis. Most participants (89.7%) provided clear comments, showing the potential of an online forum to elicit feedback. Four themes were prevalent in participant reasoning regarding their support for the proposed research: 1) impact on animals, 2) impact on humans, 3) scientific merit, and 4) availability of alternatives. Participant support for the proposed research varied but on average was close to neutral (mean ± SD: 4.5 ± 2.19) suggesting some ambivalence to this animal use. The protocol describing Parkinson’s research (on monkeys) was least supported (3.9 ± 2.17) and the transplant research (on pigs) was most supported (4.9 ± 2.02). These results indicate that public participants are sensitive to specifics of a protocol. We conclude that an online forum can provide meaningful public input on proposed animal research, offering research institutions the opportunity for improved transparency and the chance to reduce the risk that they engage in studies that are out of step with community values.

Journal of Animal Research FAQ - ResearchHelpDesk - The Journal of Animal Research, which is published in Print and Electronic form by New Delhi Publisher, accepts exceptionally exciting, novel and timely communications presenting new and original research work for publication keeping in mind the all round welfare of domestic animals including poultry, companion animals, wild animals and experimental models in lab animals. The Journal of Animal Research will publish the reviews, short communication and proceedings of symposia of National and International relevance subject to the final decision of Editor in Chief. National Academy of Agricultural Science (NAAS) Rating: 5.68 Journal of Animal Research is a Peer-Reviewed Journal Important Note : All the authors are requested to check the originality of their articles before submitting it to JOURNAL OF ANIMAL RESEARCH. In case, any article is found to be Duplicate submission, fabricated data, cut and paste (Plagiarised), at ANY STAGE of processing of your article, the following actions will be taken: Rejection of the article If the conduct is found to be grossly unacceptable i.e. submission of duplicate articles, the author will be blacklisted in Journal of Animal Research and other NDP Journals i.e. submission of duplicate articles, the author will be blacklisted in Journal of Animal Research and other NDP Journals Letter of conduct will be posted to the Head/Director of the department from where the study was conducted. List of blacklisted authors will be shared amongst the Chief Editors of other Indian Journals

Financial overview and grant giving statistics of American Fund For Alternatives To Animal Research

The USA animal model market valuation reached around US$ 947.3 million back in 2022. The demand in the USA animal model is set to increase at a 4.3% CAGR from 2023 to 2033. The demand for animal models in the United States, in terms of value, is anticipated to reach US$ 1,487.9 million by 2033. According to a study by Future Market Insights, mice held a substantial share of over 61.03% in 2022 within the USA market.

Data Points	Market Insights
USA Animal Model Market Value (2022)	US$ 947.3 million
USA Animal Model Market Estimated Value (2023)	US$ 976.1 million
USA Animal Model Market Projected Value (2033)	US$ 1,487.9 million
USA Animal Model Market Value-based CAGR (2022 to 2032)	4.3%

Category-wise Insights

Category	By Species
Top Segment	Mice
Market Share in Percentage	61.03%

Category	By End-user Verticals
Top Segment	Academic & Research Institutes
Market Share in Percentage	37.21%

Report Scope as per USA Animal Model Industry Analysis

Attribute	Details
Forecast Period	2023 to 2033
Historical Data Available for	2017 to 2022
Market Analysis	US$ million or billion for Value
Key Countries Covered	The United States of America
Key Market Segments Covered	By Species, By Technology, By Applications, By Use and By End-user Verticals
Key Companies Profiled	Charles River Laboratories The Jackson Laboratory Taconic Biosciences, Inc. Genoway Envigo (Inotiv, Inc.) Marshall BioResources Janvier Labs Applied stem cells Biocytogen Transposagen Biopharmaceuticals, Inc. (Hera Bio Labs) Cyagen Ingenious targeting labs Crown Bioscience Inc. (JSR Corporation). Harbour Biomed Sinclair BioResources Alpha Genesis Inc. Creative Animodel DaVinci Biomedical Research Products, Inc
Report Coverage	Market Forecast, Company Share Analysis, Competition Intelligence, DROT Analysis, Market Dynamics and Challenges, and Strategic Growth Initiatives
Customization & Pricing	Available upon Request

The global market for animal research activity wheels is a steadily expanding sector, projected to reach $83 million in 2025 and exhibiting a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 3.4% from 2025 to 2033. This growth is fueled by several key factors. The increasing prevalence of animal research in pharmaceutical and biomedical studies drives demand for reliable and accurate activity monitoring tools. Advancements in wheel design, incorporating features like improved data acquisition and analysis capabilities, and enhanced animal welfare considerations, are attracting more researchers. Furthermore, the growing adoption of preclinical testing in drug discovery pipelines further bolsters market expansion. The market segmentation reveals that pet hospitals represent a significant portion of the demand, followed by research institutes and other specialized facilities. Wheels with cages are expected to hold a larger market share compared to cageless designs, reflecting the preference for contained animal handling in controlled research environments. North America and Europe currently dominate the market, owing to established research infrastructures and stringent regulatory frameworks governing animal research. However, emerging markets in Asia-Pacific, driven by increased research investments and a growing pharmaceutical industry, are poised for significant growth in the coming years. Competition among key players like Bioseb, Imetronic, and others is intensifying, leading to innovation and competitive pricing strategies within the market. The restraints on market growth are primarily linked to ethical concerns surrounding animal testing and increasing regulatory scrutiny. Fluctuations in research funding and the high initial investment cost of activity wheel systems can also impact market expansion. However, ongoing research efforts focusing on developing more humane and data-rich activity monitoring techniques are likely to mitigate some of these limitations. The long-term forecast suggests continued, albeit moderate, growth, underpinned by the enduring need for animal models in pre-clinical research and the development of more sophisticated activity wheel technologies that address animal welfare concerns and enhance data quality. Further segmentation analysis reveals the significant role of specific geographic regions and application areas, offering valuable insights for targeted marketing and strategic business decisions.

The global animal research and testing market is projected to reach a market size of USD XXX million by 2033, growing at a CAGR of XX% from 2023 to 2033. Key drivers of this growth include the rising prevalence of chronic diseases, the need for more accurate and reliable preclinical data, and the growing adoption of animal models in biomedical research. Additionally, the increasing demand for personalized medicine and the growing investment in drug discovery and development are expected to drive the market growth over the forecast period. Key trends in the animal research and testing market include the increasing adoption of genetically modified animal models, the adoption of non-animal models, and the use of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) to enhance research and testing processes. The growing focus on animal welfare and the ethical concerns associated with animal testing are also restraining the market growth. However, the increasing adoption of alternative methods, such as in vitro and in silico models, is expected to alleviate these concerns and drive the market growth. North America is the largest regional market for animal research and testing, followed by Europe and Asia Pacific. Asia Pacific is expected to experience the highest growth rate due to the increasing demand for animal models in biomedical research and the growing investment in drug discovery and development in the region.

This study aimed to assess the design elements used in biomedical preclinical experimentsStudy population sourcesEligible manuscripts were selected from two topic areas that were chosen for pragmatic reasons: ready access and expected variation. The first group of studies came from The Collaborative Approach to Meta-Analysis and Review of Animal Data from Experimental Studies (CAMARADES) group at the University of Edinburgh. The CAMARADES group has expertise in systematic reviews and meta-analyses in animal studies and, in particular, traumatic brain injury (e.g., stroke) and neurological disease. CAMARADES provided a citation dataset of 500 preclinical trials previously included in systematic reviews of stroke. These 500 references (out of 1152 publications, all of which had been screened for MCAO (stroke model)), were randomly selected using the random number generator [1]. The second group of studies was selected from systematic reviews that had been conducted in the field of environmental toxicology. We selected 80 eligible studies from the three most recently conducted reviews listed on the National Toxicology Program website (https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/pubhealth/hat/noms/index.html) (fluoride, folic acid, and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)/perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS)) at the start of the project (Dec 2016), that included animal studies [2-4]. Because these reviews provided an insufficient number of studies, we also selected studies from an EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) mercury review, purposefully chosen because it was recent, included animal studies, and related to toxicology [5]. Study selectionOf the 500 CAMRADES references screened for eligibility, 26 references were excluded because the full text was not available in English (25 were in Chinese, 1 was in Russian), 2 were not primary research, 121 described in vitro and/or ex vivo experiments, and 51 did not assess an intervention. Of the remaining 300 references (all of which were in vivo primary research animal intervention studies in English), in 8 studies the number of experiments conducted was unclear, and another 89 references described more than one experiment, leaving 203 references eligible for evaluation.During data extraction, an additional 6 studies had to be excluded because the corresponding Portable Document Format files could not be annotated within the AFLEX interface (the tool used to extract the data) because of problems with the files (file size too big, document was a scanned photocopy so that text could not be highlighted). In each case, the study was excluded and the next eligible study, as determined by the random number sequence generator, was selected for data extraction.References1. R Core Team: R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL https://www.R-project.org/. 2017.2. National Toxicology Program: Monograph on Immunotoxicity Associated with Exposure to Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). Research Triangle Park, NC: National Toxicology Program. 2016.3. National Toxicology Program: NTP Monograph: Identifying Research Needs for Assessing Safe Use of High Intakes of Folic Acid. 2015.4. National Toxicology Program: Systematic Literature Review on the Effects of Fluoride on Learning and Memory in Animal Studies. NTP Research Report 1. Research Triangle Park, NC: National Toxicology Program 2016.5. Hassauer M, Kaiser E, Schneider K, Schuhmacher-Wolz U: Collate the literature on toxicity data on mercury in experimental animals and humans, Part I. Supporting Publications 2012:EN-297. [360 pp.]. . 2012.This folder contains four files1) Digital depository Design elements(raw).xls - an excel spreadsheet with two worksheets. The 1st worksheet contains the extracted data ( See publication) and the 2nd worksheet contains the legend. This is the raw dataset extracted from the PDF to text tool2) Digital depository Design elements(corrected).xls - an excel spreadsheet with two worksheets. The 1st worksheet contains the extracted data ( See publication) and the 2nd worksheet contains the legend and data dictionary. When PDF files are extracted to text - some characters are usual and these have been replaced or removed in this dataset. 3) Code Book Digital Depository Design Element dataset (corrected). This contains the codebook used to convert the Digital depository Design elements(raw) to Digital depository Design elements(corrected)4) Citation.txt - This file contains the reference information in RIS format. The identifier that links to the design elements dataset is the LB field. This field matches the field in the File Name variable in the Digital depository Design elements.xls. This can be used to find the reference for each extracted text. Open with a text file reader. change log: v3 updated to include link to paper.

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Preclinical Animal Telemetry Market 2024-2028

The global preclinical animal telemetry market size is estimated to grow by USD 21.55 million at a CAGR of 5.69% between 2023 and 2028.

As a part of organic growth strategies, companies are increasingly focusing on new feature integration, as well as product development and launches. The launch of new products is allowing companies to remain competitive in the market by offering the latest available technologies to their customers. Additionally, companies can efficiently meet the specific demands of end-users by bringing innovative changes in their product lineup as per customers' expectations. Some of the recent product launches have been discussed below: Since 2021, the US Animal Telemetry Network (ATN) has been attempting to integrate ocean profiles obtained from animal-borne satellite telemetry tags, including the Wildlife Computers SCOUT-CTD, into the World Meteorological Organizations Global Telecommunication System. Such constant improvements and upgrades in features have brought significant differentiation in products and have helped companies lower the competition and increase product penetration. Therefore, an increase in product launches of preclinical animal telemetry is driving the market growth during the forecast period.

Technavio has segmented the market into End-user, Type, and Geography

The end-user segment is classified into industrial laboratories and CROs, academic government, and other research laboratories
The type segment is classified into small animal telemetry and large animal telemetry
The geography segment includes key regions such as North America, Europe, Asia, and Rest of World (ROW)

It also includes an in-depth analysis of drivers, trends, and challenges. Our report examines historical data from 2018-2022, besides analyzing the current market scenario.

What will be the Size of the Preclinical Animal Telemetry Market During the Forecast Period?

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Preclinical Animal Telemetry Market Segmentation by End-user, Type and Geography Analysis

End-user Analysis

Industrial laboratories and CROs

The market share growth by the industrial laboratories and CROs segment will be significant during the forecast period. Industrial laboratories (including pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies) and CROs are among the key organizations involved in drug discovery, research, design, and development. These organizations spend a considerable number of resources and time in preclinical and clinical research for advancing new therapeutic candidates.

Get a glance at the market contribution of various segments Download PDF Sample

The Industrial laboratories and CROs were the largest segment and were valued at USD 32.41 million in 2018. Further, the increase in patent expiries of blockbuster drugs and biologicals has led to an increased focus on R&D activities. As a result, pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies are increasingly promoting the outsourcing of clinical research to CROs. This led to the outsourcing of R&D activities for developing new formulations. To reduce the risk of adverse events during clinical trials of these new formulations, the demand for preclinical animal testing, including toxicology testing and cosmetic testing, has increased. Animal telemetry solutions are finding extensive use for collecting and analyzing a large amount of preclinical safety and efficacy data. This preclinical safety and efficacy data is required to be submitted to drug regulatory authorities before permission for further studies in humans is granted. As a result, significant demand for preclinical animal research and testing can be observed across industrial laboratories and CROs globally, which is driving the adoption of animal telemetry systems, which, in turn, will drive the growth of the market during the forecast period.

Type Analysis

Small animal telemetry

The small animal telemetry segment includes animal telemetry solutions that are used in preclinical research with small animals such as mice, rabbits, ferrets, rats, hamsters, and Guinea pigs. Small animal telemetry solutions are usually miniaturized telemetry implants that are small in size and lightweight and can be custom-configured and modified as per the research and testing requirements. Furthermore, the availability of cost-effective, minimally invasive, wireless battery charging-based, flexible telemetry systems is adding to the growing sales of small animal telemetry systems. The market is expected to witness swift growth owing to stringencies in regulations for maintaining pharmacological safety and the growing availability of funding for research related to neuroscience, cardiology, and oncology.

Regional Analysis

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North America is estimate

Research Animals

## Overview

Research Animals is a dataset for classification tasks - it contains Extintos NaoExtintos annotations for 1,918 images.

## Getting Started

You can download this dataset for use within your own projects, or fork it into a workspace on Roboflow to create your own model.

  ## License

  This dataset is available under the [CC BY 4.0 license](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/CC BY 4.0).