Signature Annotation

## Overview

Signature Annotation is a dataset for object detection tasks - it contains Signature JQxE annotations for 200 images.

## Getting Started

You can download this dataset for use within your own projects, or fork it into a workspace on Roboflow to create your own model.

  ## License

  This dataset is available under the [CC BY 4.0 license](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/CC BY 4.0).

Cat Annotation Dataset The CAT dataset includes 10,000 cat images. For each image, we annotate the head of cat with nine points, two for eyes, one for mouth, and six for ears. The detail configuration of the annotation was shown in Figure 6 of the original paper: Weiwei Zhang, Jian Sun, and Xiaoou Tang, "Cat Head Detection - How to Effectively Exploit Shape and Texture Features", Proc. of European Conf. Computer Vision, vol. 4, pp.802-816, 2008. ### Format The annotation data are stored in a file with the name of the corresponding cat image plus ".cat", one annotation file for each cat image. For each annotation file, the annotation data are stored in the following sequence: 1. Number of points (always 9) 2. Left Eye 3. Right Eye 4. Mouth 5. Left Ear-1 6. Left Ear-2 7. Left Ear-3 8. Right Ear-1 9. Right Ear-2 10. Right Ear-3 ### Training, Validation, and Testing We randomly divide the data into three sets: 5,000 images for training, 2,000 images for valid

Polygon Annotation

## Overview

Polygon Annotation is a dataset for object detection tasks - it contains Crack annotations for 328 images.

## Getting Started

You can download this dataset for use within your own projects, or fork it into a workspace on Roboflow to create your own model.

  ## License

  This dataset is available under the [CC BY 4.0 license](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/CC BY 4.0).

The dataset is based on a debate.org crawl. It is restricted to a subset of four out of the total 23 categories -- politics, society, economics and science -- and contains additional annotations. 3 human annotators familiar with linguistics segmented these documents and labeled them as being of medium or low quality, to exclude low quality documents. The annotators were then asked to indicate the beginning of each new argument and to label argumentative sentences summarizing the aspects of the post as conclusion and outside of argumentation. In this way, we obtained a ground truth of labeled arguments on a sentence level (Krippendorff's alpha=0.24 based on 20 documents and three annotators).

Dataset Card for RICO Screen Annotations

This is a standardization of Google's Screen Annotation dataset on a subset of RICO screens, as described in their ScreenAI paper. It retains location tokens as integers.

  Dataset Details





  Dataset Description

This is an image-to-text annotation format first proscribed in Google's ScreenAI paper. The idea is to standardize an expected text output that is reasonable for the model to follow, and fuses together things like… See the full description on the dataset page: https://huggingface.co/datasets/rootsautomation/RICO-ScreenAnnotation.

Audio Annotation

## Overview

Audio Annotation is a dataset for object detection tasks - it contains Cars annotations for 2,132 images.

## Getting Started

You can download this dataset for use within your own projects, or fork it into a workspace on Roboflow to create your own model.

  ## License

  This dataset is available under the [CC BY 4.0 license](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/CC BY 4.0).

The MATHWELL Human Annotation Dataset contains 5,084 synthetic word problems and answers generated by MATHWELL, a reference-free educational grade school math word problem generator released in MATHWELL: Generating Educational Math Word Problems Using Teacher Annotations, and comparison models (GPT-4, GPT-3.5, Llama-2, MAmmoTH, and LLEMMA) with expert human annotations for solvability, accuracy, appropriateness, and meets all criteria (MaC). Solvability means the problem is mathematically possible to solve, accuracy means the Program of Thought (PoT) solution arrives at the correct answer, appropriateness means that the mathematical topic is familiar to a grade school student and the question's context is appropriate for a young learner, and MaC denotes questions which are labeled as solvable, accurate, and appropriate. Null values for accuracy and appropriateness indicate a question labeled as unsolvable, which means it cannot have an accurate solution and is automatically inappropriate. Based on our annotations, 82.2% of the question/answer pairs are solvable, 87.3% have accurate solutions, 78.1% are appropriate, and 58.4% meet all criteria.

This dataset is designed to train text classifiers to automatically label word problem generator outputs for solvability, accuracy, and appropriateness. More details about the dataset can be found in our paper.

Data Annotation Service Market Outlook

The global data annotation service market size was valued at approximately USD 1.7 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach around USD 8.3 billion by 2032, demonstrating a robust CAGR of 18.4% during the forecast period. The surge in demand for high-quality annotated datasets for machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI) applications is one of the primary growth factors driving this market. As the need for precise data labeling escalates, the data annotation service industry is set for significant expansion.

One of the significant growth factors propelling the data annotation service market is the increasing adoption of AI and machine learning technologies across various industries. As organizations strive to automate processes, enhance customer experience, and gain insights from large datasets, the demand for accurately labeled data has skyrocketed. This trend is particularly evident in sectors like healthcare, automotive, and retail, where AI applications such as predictive analytics, autonomous vehicles, and personalized shopping experiences necessitate high-quality annotated data.

Another critical driver for the data annotation service market is the growing complexity and volume of data generated globally. With the proliferation of IoT devices, social media platforms, and other digital ecosystems, the volume of data produced daily has reached unprecedented levels. To harness this data's potential, organizations require sophisticated data annotation services that can handle large-scale, multifaceted datasets. Consequently, the market for data annotation services is witnessing substantial growth as businesses aim to leverage big data effectively.

Furthermore, the rising emphasis on data privacy and security regulations is encouraging organizations to outsource their data annotation needs to specialized service providers. With stringent compliance requirements such as GDPR, HIPAA, and CCPA, companies are increasingly turning to expert data annotation services to ensure data integrity and regulatory adherence. This outsourcing trend is further bolstering the market's growth as it allows businesses to focus on their core competencies while relying on specialized service providers for data annotation tasks.

The evolution of Data Annotation Tool Software has played a pivotal role in the growth of the data annotation service market. These tools provide the necessary infrastructure to streamline the annotation process, ensuring efficiency and accuracy. By leveraging advanced algorithms and user-friendly interfaces, data annotation tool software enables annotators to handle complex datasets with ease. This technological advancement not only reduces the time and cost associated with manual annotation but also enhances the overall quality of the annotated data. As a result, organizations can deploy AI models more effectively, driving innovation across various sectors.

The regional outlook for the data annotation service market reveals a dynamic landscape with significant growth potential across various geographies. North America currently dominates the market, driven by the rapid adoption of AI technologies and a strong presence of key industry players. However, the Asia Pacific region is poised for the fastest growth during the forecast period, attributed to the burgeoning tech industry, increasing investments in AI research, and a growing digital economy. Europe and Latin America are also expected to witness substantial growth, driven by advancements in AI and a rising focus on data-driven decision-making.

Type Analysis

The data annotation service market can be segmented by type into text, image, video, and audio annotation. Text annotation holds a significant share of the market, driven by the increasing use of natural language processing (NLP) applications across various industries. Annotating text data involves labeling entities, sentiments, and other linguistic features essential for training NLP models. As chatbots, virtual assistants, and sentiment analysis tools gain traction, the demand for high-quality text annotation services continues to grow.

Image annotation is another critical segment, driven by the rising adoption of computer vision applications in industries such as automotive, healthcare, and retail. Image annotation involves labeling objects, boundaries, and other visual elements within images, enabling AI systems to recognize

1. Overview We provide various types of Annotated Imagery Data annotation services, including:
2. Bounding box
3. Polygon
4. Segmentation
5. Polyline
6. Key points
7. Image classification
8. Image description ...
9. Our Capacity
10. Platform: Our platform supports human-machine interaction and semi-automatic labeling, increasing labeling efficiency by more than 30% per annotator.It has successfully been applied to nearly 5,000 projects.

• Annotation Tools: Nexdata's platform integrates 30 sets of annotation templates, covering audio, image, video, point cloud and text.

-Secure Implementation: NDA is signed to gurantee secure implementation and Annotated Imagery Data is destroyed upon delivery.

-Quality: Multiple rounds of quality inspections ensures high quality data output, certified with ISO9001

1. About Nexdata Nexdata has global data processing centers and more than 20,000 professional annotators, supporting on-demand data annotation services, such as speech, image, video, point cloud and Natural Language Processing (NLP) Data, etc. Please visit us at https://www.nexdata.ai/computerVisionTraining?source=Datarade

liyucheng/annotation dataset hosted on Hugging Face and contributed by the HF Datasets community

Leaves from genetically unique Juglans regia plants were scanned using X-ray micro-computed tomography (microCT) on the X-ray μCT beamline (8.3.2) at the Advanced Light Source (ALS) in Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA USA). Soil samples were collected in Fall of 2017 from the riparian oak forest located at the Russell Ranch Sustainable Agricultural Institute at the University of California Davis. The soil was sieved through a 2 mm mesh and was air dried before imaging. A single soil aggregate was scanned at 23 keV using the 10x objective lens with a pixel resolution of 650 nanometers on beamline 8.3.2 at the ALS. Additionally, a drought stressed almond flower bud (Prunus dulcis) from a plant housed at the University of California, Davis, was scanned using a 4x lens with a pixel resolution of 1.72 µm on beamline 8.3.2 at the ALS Raw tomographic image data was reconstructed using TomoPy. Reconstructions were converted to 8-bit tif or png format using ImageJ or the PIL package in Python before further processing. Images were annotated using Intel’s Computer Vision Annotation Tool (CVAT) and ImageJ. Both CVAT and ImageJ are free to use and open source. Leaf images were annotated in following Théroux-Rancourt et al. (2020). Specifically, Hand labeling was done directly in ImageJ by drawing around each tissue; with 5 images annotated per leaf. Care was taken to cover a range of anatomical variation to help improve the generalizability of the models to other leaves. All slices were labeled by Dr. Mina Momayyezi and Fiona Duong.To annotate the flower bud and soil aggregate, images were imported into CVAT. The exterior border of the bud (i.e. bud scales) and flower were annotated in CVAT and exported as masks. Similarly, the exterior of the soil aggregate and particulate organic matter identified by eye were annotated in CVAT and exported as masks. To annotate air spaces in both the bud and soil aggregate, images were imported into ImageJ. A gaussian blur was applied to the image to decrease noise and then the air space was segmented using thresholding. After applying the threshold, the selected air space region was converted to a binary image with white representing the air space and black representing everything else. This binary image was overlaid upon the original image and the air space within the flower bud and aggregate was selected using the “free hand” tool. Air space outside of the region of interest for both image sets was eliminated. The quality of the air space annotation was then visually inspected for accuracy against the underlying original image; incomplete annotations were corrected using the brush or pencil tool to paint missing air space white and incorrectly identified air space black. Once the annotation was satisfactorily corrected, the binary image of the air space was saved. Finally, the annotations of the bud and flower or aggregate and organic matter were opened in ImageJ and the associated air space mask was overlaid on top of them forming a three-layer mask suitable for training the fully convolutional network. All labeling of the soil aggregate and soil aggregate images was done by Dr. Devin Rippner. These images and annotations are for training deep learning models to identify different constituents in leaves, almond buds, and soil aggregates Limitations: For the walnut leaves, some tissues (stomata, etc.) are not labeled and only represent a small portion of a full leaf. Similarly, both the almond bud and the aggregate represent just one single sample of each. The bud tissues are only divided up into buds scales, flower, and air space. Many other tissues remain unlabeled. For the soil aggregate annotated labels are done by eye with no actual chemical information. Therefore particulate organic matter identification may be incorrect. Resources in this dataset:Resource Title: Annotated X-ray CT images and masks of a Forest Soil Aggregate. File Name: forest_soil_images_masks_for_testing_training.zipResource Description: This aggregate was collected from the riparian oak forest at the Russell Ranch Sustainable Agricultural Facility. The aggreagate was scanned using X-ray micro-computed tomography (microCT) on the X-ray μCT beamline (8.3.2) at the Advanced Light Source (ALS) in Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA USA) using the 10x objective lens with a pixel resolution of 650 nanometers. For masks, the background has a value of 0,0,0; pores spaces have a value of 250,250, 250; mineral solids have a value= 128,0,0; and particulate organic matter has a value of = 000,128,000. These files were used for training a model to segment the forest soil aggregate and for testing the accuracy, precision, recall, and f1 score of the model.Resource Title: Annotated X-ray CT images and masks of an Almond bud (P. Dulcis). File Name: Almond_bud_tube_D_P6_training_testing_images_and_masks.zipResource Description: Drought stressed almond flower bud (Prunis dulcis) from a plant housed at the University of California, Davis, was scanned by X-ray micro-computed tomography (microCT) on the X-ray μCT beamline (8.3.2) at the Advanced Light Source (ALS) in Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA USA) using the 4x lens with a pixel resolution of 1.72 µm using. For masks, the background has a value of 0,0,0; air spaces have a value of 255,255, 255; bud scales have a value= 128,0,0; and flower tissues have a value of = 000,128,000. These files were used for training a model to segment the almond bud and for testing the accuracy, precision, recall, and f1 score of the model.Resource Software Recommended: Fiji (ImageJ),url: https://imagej.net/software/fiji/downloads Resource Title: Annotated X-ray CT images and masks of Walnut leaves (J. Regia) . File Name: 6_leaf_training_testing_images_and_masks_for_paper.zipResource Description: Stems were collected from genetically unique J. regia accessions at the 117 USDA-ARS-NCGR in Wolfskill Experimental Orchard, Winters, California USA to use as scion, and were grafted by Sierra Gold Nursery onto a commonly used commercial rootstock, RX1 (J. microcarpa × J. regia). We used a common rootstock to eliminate any own-root effects and to simulate conditions for a commercial walnut orchard setting, where rootstocks are commonly used. The grafted saplings were repotted and transferred to the Armstrong lathe house facility at the University of California, Davis in June 2019, and kept under natural light and temperature. Leaves from each accession and treatment were scanned using X-ray micro-computed tomography (microCT) on the X-ray μCT beamline (8.3.2) at the Advanced Light Source (ALS) in Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA USA) using the 10x objective lens with a pixel resolution of 650 nanometers. For masks, the background has a value of 170,170,170; Epidermis value= 85,85,85; Mesophyll value= 0,0,0; Bundle Sheath Extension value= 152,152,152; Vein value= 220,220,220; Air value = 255,255,255.Resource Software Recommended: Fiji (ImageJ),url: https://imagej.net/software/fiji/downloads

Ai Annotation

## Overview

Ai Annotation is a dataset for object detection tasks - it contains Pear Apple annotations for 501 images.

## Getting Started

You can download this dataset for use within your own projects, or fork it into a workspace on Roboflow to create your own model.

  ## License

  This dataset is available under the [CC BY 4.0 license](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/CC BY 4.0).

Data Annotation Tools Market size was valued at USD 0.03 Billion in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 4.04 Billion by 2030, growing at a CAGR of 25.5% during the forecasted period 2024 to 2030.

Global Data Annotation Tools Market Drivers

The market drivers for the Data Annotation Tools Market can be influenced by various factors. These may include:

Rapid Growth in AI and Machine Learning: The demand for data annotation tools to label massive datasets for training and validation purposes is driven by the rapid growth of AI and machine learning applications across a variety of industries, including healthcare, automotive, retail, and finance.

Increasing Data Complexity: As data kinds like photos, videos, text, and sensor data become more complex, more sophisticated annotation tools are needed to handle a variety of data formats, annotations, and labeling needs. This will spur market adoption and innovation.

Quality and Accuracy Requirements: Training accurate and dependable AI models requires high-quality annotated data. Organizations can attain enhanced annotation accuracy and consistency by utilizing data annotation technologies that come with sophisticated annotation algorithms, quality control measures, and human-in-the-loop capabilities.

Applications Specific to Industries: The development of specialized annotation tools for particular industries, like autonomous vehicles, medical imaging, satellite imagery analysis, and natural language processing, is prompted by their distinct regulatory standards and data annotation requirements.

Hawk Annotation Dataset includes language descriptions specifically for anomaly scenes in seven existing video anomaly datasets. These seven datasets include a variety of anomalous scenarios such as crime (UCF-Cirme), campus (ShanghaiTech and CUHK Avenue), pedestrian walkways (UCSD Ped1 and Ped2), traffic (DoTA), and human behavior (UBnormal). With the support of these visual scenarios, this dataset can perform comprehensive fine-tuning for various abnormal scenarios, being closer to open-world scenarios.

Data Annotation and Labeling Market Outlook

The global data annotation and labeling market size was valued at approximately USD 1.6 billion in 2023 and is projected to grow to USD 8.5 billion by 2032, exhibiting a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 20.5% during the forecast period. A key growth factor driving this market is the increasing demand for high-quality labeled data to train and validate machine learning and artificial intelligence models.

The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) technologies has significantly increased the demand for precise and accurate data annotation and labeling. As AI and ML applications become more widespread across various industries, the need for large volumes of accurately labeled data is more critical than ever. This requirement is driving investments in sophisticated data annotation tools and platforms that can deliver high-quality labeled datasets efficiently. Moreover, the complexity of data types being used in AI/ML applications—from text and images to audio and video—necessitates advanced annotation solutions that can handle diverse data formats.

Another major factor contributing to the growth of the data annotation and labeling market is the increasing adoption of automated data labeling tools. While manual annotation remains essential for ensuring high-quality outcomes, automation technologies are increasingly being integrated into annotation workflows to improve efficiency and reduce costs. These automated tools leverage AI and ML to annotate data with minimal human intervention, thus expediting the data preparation process and enabling organizations to deploy AI/ML models more rapidly. Additionally, the rise of semi-supervised learning approaches, which combine both manual and automated methods, is further propelling market growth.

The expansion of sectors such as healthcare, automotive, and retail is also fueling the demand for data annotation and labeling services. In healthcare, for instance, annotated medical images are crucial for training diagnostic algorithms, while in the automotive sector, labeled data is indispensable for developing autonomous driving systems. Retailers are increasingly relying on annotated data to enhance customer experiences through personalized recommendations and improved search functionalities. The growing reliance on data-driven decision-making across these and other sectors underscores the vital role of data annotation and labeling in modern business operations.

Regionally, North America is expected to maintain its leadership position in the data annotation and labeling market, driven by the presence of major technology companies and extensive R&D activities in AI and ML. Europe is also anticipated to witness significant growth, supported by government initiatives to promote AI technologies and increased investment in digital transformation projects. The Asia Pacific region is expected to emerge as a lucrative market, with countries like China and India making substantial investments in AI research and development. Additionally, the increasing adoption of AI/ML technologies in various industries across the Middle East & Africa and Latin America is likely to contribute to market growth in these regions.

Type Analysis

The data annotation and labeling market is segmented by type, which includes text, image/video, and audio. Text annotation is a critical segment, driven by the proliferation of natural language processing (NLP) applications. Text data annotation involves labeling words, phrases, or sentences to help algorithms understand language context, sentiment, and intent. This type of annotation is vital for developing chatbots, voice assistants, and other language-based AI applications. As businesses increasingly adopt NLP for customer service and content analysis, the demand for text annotation services is expected to rise significantly.

Image and video annotation represents another substantial segment within the data annotation and labeling market. This type involves labeling objects, features, and activities within images and videos to train computer vision models. The automotive industry's growing focus on developing autonomous vehicles is a significant driver for image and video annotation. Annotated images and videos are essential for training algorithms to recognize and respond to various road conditions, signs, and obstacles. Additionally, sectors like healthcare, where medical imaging data needs precise annotation for diagnostic AI tools, and retail, which uses visual data for inventory management and customer insigh

Certainly! Here is the translated version of the invoice annotation dataset description:

  Dataset Overview

Name: Invoice Annotation Dataset (IAD) Overview: This dataset includes thousands of invoice samples from various industries and in different formats. Each invoice has been meticulously annotated by human reviewers, covering almost all important structured information found on invoices such as invoice number, date, vendor name, purchaser details, item descriptions, amounts, tax… See the full description on the dataset page: https://huggingface.co/datasets/longmaodata/Invoice-annotation.

This folder contains four Image Annotation Datasets (ESPGame, IAPR-TC12, ImageCLEF 2011, ImagCLEF 2012). Each dataset has sub-folders of training images, testing images, ground truth, labels.

Moreover, labels are the limited number of labels the dataset could assign to an image. While the ground is the correct labeling for each image.

Dataset corresponding to the ICASSP 2024 paper "Crowdsourced and Automatic Speech Prominence Estimation" [link]

This dataset is useful for training machine learning models to perform automatic emphasis annotaiton, as well as downstream tasks such as emphasis-controlled TTS, emotion recognition, and text summarization. The dataset is described in Section 3 (Emphasis Annotation Dataset). The contents of this section are copied below for convenience.

We used our crowdsourced annotation system to perform human annotation on one eighth of the train-clean-100 partition of the LibriTTS [1] dataset. Specifically, participants annotated 3,626 utterances with a total length of 6.42 hours and 69,809 words from 18 speakers (9 male and 9 female). We collected at least one annotation of all 3,626 utterances, at least two annotations of 2,259 of those utterances, at least four annotations of 974 utterances, and at least eight annotations of 453 utterances. We did this in order to explore (in Section 6) whether it is more cost-effective to train a system on multiple annotations of fewer utterances or fewer annotations of more utterances. We paid 298 annotators to annotate batches of 20 utterances, where each batch takes approximately 15 minutes. We paid $3.34 for each completed batch (estimated $13.35 per hour). Annotators each annotated between one and six batches. We recruited on MTurk US residents with an approval rating of at least 99 and at least 1000 approved tasks. Today, microlabor platforms like MTurk are plagued by automated task-completion software agents (bots) that randomly fill out surveys. We filtered out bots by excluding annotations from an additional 107 annotators that marked more than 2/3 of words as emphasized in eight or more utterances of the 20 utterances in a batch. Annotators who fail the bot filter are blocked from performing further annotation. We also recorded participants' native country and language, but note these may be unreliable as many MTurk workers use VPNs to subvert IP region filters on MTurk [2].

The average Cohen Kappa score for annotators with at least one overlapping utterance is 0.226 (i.e., ``Fair'' agreement)---but not all annotators annotate the same utterances, and this overemphasizes pairs of annotators with low overlap. Therefore, we use a one-parameter logistic model (i.e., a Rasch model) computed via py-irt [3], which predicts heldout annotations from scores of overlapping annotators with 77.7% accuracy (50% is random).

The structure of this dataset is a single JSON file of word-aligned emphasis annotations. The JSON references file stems of the LibriTTS dataset, which can be found here. All code used in the creation of the dataset can be found here. The format of the JSON file is as follows.

{

{ "annotations": [ { "score": [ , , ... ], "stem": , "words": [ [ , ,

], [ , ,

], ... ] }, ... ], "country": , "language": }, ... }

[1] Zen et al., “LibriTTS: A corpus derived from LibriSpeech for text-to-speech,” in Interspeech, 2019.[2] Moss et al., “Bots or inattentive humans? Identifying sources of low-quality data in online platforms,” PsyArXiv preprint PsyArXiv:wr8ds, 2021.[3] John Patrick Lalor and Pedro Rodriguez, “py-irt: A scalable item response theory library for Python,” INFORMS Journal on Computing, 2023.

Annotations for 📚 FineWeb-Edu classifier

This dataset contains the annotations used for training 📚 FineWeb-Edu educational quality classifier. We prompt Llama-3-70B-Instruct to score web pages from 🍷 FineWeb based on their educational value. Note: the dataset contains the FineWeb text sample, the prompt (using the first 1000 characters of the text sample) and the scores but it doesn't contain the full Llama 3 generation.

Textual Annotation and Provenance Ontology (TAPO) stores the results of NLP workflow processes and describes all the provenance information like tools used. TAPO is an extention of W3C Web Annotation Ontology dedicated to store the process that have generated the annotation. TAPO was first used to annotate French agricultural alert bulletins called : Bulletin de Santé du Végétal. This ontology was build during the D2KAB project.