The deadliest energy source worldwide is coal. It is estimated that there are roughly 33 deaths from brown coal (also known as Lignite) and 25 deaths from coal per terawatt-hour (TWh) of electricity produced from these fossil fuels. While figures take into account accidents, the majority of deaths associated with coal come from air pollution. Air pollution deaths from fossil fuels Air pollution from coal-fired plants has been of growing concern as it has been linked to asthma, cancer, and heart disease. Burning coal can release toxic airborne pollutants such as mercury, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter. Eastern Asia accounts for roughly 31 percent of global deaths attributable to exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) generated by fossil fuel combustion, which is perhaps unsurprising given the fact China and India are the two largest coal consumers in the world. Safest energy source Clean and renewable energy sources are unsurprisingly the least deadly energy sources, with 0.04 and 0.02 deaths associated with wind and solar per unit of electricity, respectively. Nuclear energy also has a low death rate, even after the inclusion of nuclear catastrophes like Chernobyl and Fukushima.

Brown coal has the highest mortality rate of any source of electricity generation. The number of deaths per terawatt-hour of electricity production from brown coal was around *****. This was followed by coal overall, wherein the number of deaths per terawatt-hour of electricity production was around *****. The lowest number of deaths were attributed to electricity generation from solar sources.

https://www.googleapis.com/download/storage/v1/b/kaggle-user-content/o/inbox%2F8734253%2F6fb2bf7728a3a187a6d406c0ff2b7a8f%2Fnuclear%20energy%20flag.png?generation=1718487639963302&alt=media" alt="">

Introduction

This dataset is a curated collection of data related to nuclear energy, covering various aspects such as power plant locations and characteristics, uranium production, electricity generation, safety, and more. The data comes from reputable sources including the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), World Resources Institute, Ember Climate, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), and Our World in Data.

Nuclear energy is a critical topic as countries around the world seek to decarbonize their electricity grids and combat climate change. At the same time, concerns around safety, waste disposal, and weapons proliferation lead to ongoing debate about the role nuclear should play in the energy transition.

This dataset enables in-depth analysis to inform these important discussions. Potential use cases include:

• Examining trends in nuclear energy generation and capacity over time and across geographies
• Benchmarking the safety record of nuclear compared to other energy sources
• Analyzing uranium production and prices to understand nuclear fuel dynamics
• Identifying major nuclear plant operators and parent companies
• Assessing the current and potential future role of nuclear in the electricity mix of various countries and regions

I encourage the Kaggle community to explore and build upon this dataset. Potential future collaborations could expand the dataset to include more granular plant-level data, detailed reactor specifications, waste and decommissioning data, country-level policy information, public opinion surveys, and more. I also welcome suggestions for additional datasets to include and new analytics projects and tutorials to undertake. Please do not hesitate to create threads in the "Discussion" or "Suggestions" sections. Together we can create a rich resource to power essential research and decision-making around nuclear energy. 🤗

Starter Code

Refer to for some sample data analysis using this dataset. It also shows how to interface with the particular files.

File Descriptions

The below table contains brief descriptions of the files in the dataset. For a more in-depth description of a file titled filename, refer to README_${filename}.md. The README files do not contain any actual data. | File Name | Description | | --- | --- | | global_power_plant_database.csv | The Global Power Plant Database is a comprehensive, open-source dataset of grid-scale electricity generating facilities operating worldwide, currently containing nearly 35,000 power plants in 167 countries and representing about 72% of the world's capacity. The database provides detailed information on each power plant, including location, capacity, primary fuel type, owner, and commissioning year. It also includes both reported and estimated annual electricity generation data from 2013 to 2019. | | nuclear_energy_overview_eia.csv | The data file contains information about nuclear energy in the United States, broken down by year and month. It includes the number of operable nuclear generating units, their net summer capacity, the net generation of electricity from nuclear power, the percentage share of total electricity net generation coming from nuclear power, and the capacity factor of nuclear generating units. This dataset provides a comprehensive overview of the state of nuclear energy in the U.S. over time. | | number_of_plants_producing_uranium_in_us.csv | The file contains yearly data on the number of uranium mills and plants producing uranium concentrate in the United States. It includes columns for the year, the number of conventional milling operations, non-conventional milling operations, in-situ recovery plants, and byproduct recovery plants active each year. | | rates_death_from_energy_production_per_twh.csv | The file contains data on the mortality rates associated with different energy sources used for electricity production. It includes columns for the energy source type, the number of deaths per terawatt-hour (TWh) of electricity generated, and the year (consistently 2021 for all entries). The data provides insights into the relative safety of various energy sources in terms of deaths per ...

This scatter chart displays death rate (per 1,000 people) against electricity production from coal sources (% of total) in Costa Rica. The data is about countries per year.

This scatter chart displays death rate (per 1,000 people) against electricity production from coal sources (% of total) in Poland. The data is about countries per year.

This layer maps economic damage due to climate change by county level across the United States. Projections for three time periods and two emissions scenarios are included for agricultural production, human mortality, and energy expenditures.The default symbology and pop-up display change in energy expenditures for an intermediate emission scenario (RCP 4.5) for the period 2040-2059 relative to 2012.AttributesEnergy - Percent change in residential and commercial sector energy expenditure relative to 2012. Estimates are based on modeling from Rhodium Group’s version of the National Energy Modeling System RHG-NEMS.Mortality - Net change in deaths per 100,000 population due to heat and cold. Changes are reported relative to 2012 statistics from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Agriculture - Percent change in total agricultural yields, area-weighted average, for maize, wheat, soybeans, and cotton due to climate change including effects of CO2 fertilization. Changes are reported relative to statistics from the US Department of Agriculture in the year 2012. Counties with null values did not have production of these crops in 2012.High Risk Labor - Percent change in labor productivity in high risk sectors. High risk sectors consist of agriculture, forestry, fishing, hunting, mining quarrying, oil extraction, gas extraction, utilities, construction, manufacturing, transportation and warehousing. Total Labor - Percent change in labor supply of full-time-equivalent workers for all jobs. Values are based on total productivity losses assuming there is no growth in the labor force and account for changes in labor supply. Changes are reported relative to statistics from the Bureau of Labor Statistics in the year 2012.Emissions Scenarios Representative Concentration Pathwaysintermediate (RCP 4.5) and high (RCP 8.5)Time PeriodsTwo-Decade periods2020-20392040-20592080-2099For more information about how the data used in this layer were created see:Climate Impact LabHsiang, S., Kopp, R.E., Jina, A., Rising, J., Delgado M., Mohan, S., Rasmussen, D.J., Muir-Wood, R., Wilson, P., Oppenheimer, M., Larsen, K., and Houser, T. (2017). Estimating economic damage from climate change in the United States. Science. doi:10.1126/science.aal4369

This scatter chart displays death rate (per 1,000 people) against electricity production from coal sources (% of total) in Turkey. The data is about countries per year.

In 2021, the number of deaths due to air pollution in Japan was estimated at **** thousand. Since 2010, the number of deaths has risen, making Japan one of the countries with a high number of deaths attributable to air pollution exposure.
Health risks and sources of air pollution The most common air pollutant is particulate matter with a diameter of *** micrometers or less, also called PM ***. The air pollutants can invade the lungs and cause asthma, cancer, heart diseases, allergies, and other health conditions. A major cause of air pollution is fossil fuel combustion, which is produced from power plants and industrial facilities. In Japan, fossil fuels such as petroleum and coal had the largest share of the primary energy supply. Another cause is carbon dioxide emissions from the transport sector since PM *** is generated from sources such as automobile exhaust fumes. Therefore, most pollution areas are highly populated, urban areas. Measures to improve air quality in Japan In 2020, the Tokyo government announced its intention to improve the air quality with stricter air pollution regulations. The new target for Tokyo's level of PM *** is set at ** micrograms or less per cubic meter by fiscal year 2030. To decrease air pollution, Japan aims to reduce its use of fossil fuels and increase its nuclear and renewable energy share. Renewables accounted for a share of primary energy supply of almost **** percent, whereas nuclear energy made up about ***** percent in 2018. In recent years, these measures began to show their effect as figures for the total annual greenhouse gas emissions indicated a decline.

Africa has ambitious plans to address energy deficits and sustain economic growth with fossil fueled power plants. The continent is also experiencing faster population growth than anywhere else in the world that will lead to proliferation of vehicles. Here, we estimate air pollutant emissions in Africa from future (2030) electricity generation and transport. We find that annual emissions of two precursors of fine particles (PM2.5) hazardous to health, sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx), approximately double by 2030 relative to 2012, increasing from 2.5 to 5.5 Tg SO2 and 1.5 to 2.8 Tg NOx. We embed these emissions in the GEOS-Chem model nested over the African continent to simulate ambient concentrations of PM2.5 and determine the burden of disease (excess deaths) attributable to exposure to future fossil fuel use. We calculate 48000 avoidable deaths in 2030 (95% confidence interval: 6000–88000), mostly in South Africa (10400), Nigeria (7500), and Malawi (2400), with 3-times higher mortality rates from power plants than transport. Sensitivity of the burden of disease to either population growth or air quality varies regionally and suggests that emission mitigation strategies would be most effective in Southern Africa, whereas population growth is the main driver everywhere else.

Context

There's a story behind every dataset and here's your opportunity to share yours.

Content

This Data consists of some world statistics published by the World Bank since 1961

Variables:

1) Agriculture and Rural development - 42 indicators published on this website. https://data.worldbank.org/topic/agriculture-and-rural-development

2) Access to electricity (% of the population) - Access to electricity is the percentage of the population with access to electricity. Electrification data are collected from industry, national surveys, and international sources.

3) CPIA gender equality rating (1=low to 6=high) - Gender equality assesses the extent to which the country has installed institutions and programs to enforce laws and policies that promote equal access for men and women in education, health, the economy, and protection under law.

4) Mineral rents (% of GDP) - Mineral rents are the difference between the value of production for a stock of minerals at world prices and their total costs of production. Minerals included in the calculation are tin, gold, lead, zinc, iron, copper, nickel, silver, bauxite, and phosphate.

5) GDP per capita (current US$) - GDP per capita is gross domestic product divided by midyear population. GDP is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources. Data are in current U.S. dollars.

6) Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above)- Adult literacy rate is the percentage of people ages 15 and above who can both read and write with understanding a short simple statement about their everyday life.

7) Net migration - Net migration is the net total of migrants during the period, that is, the total number of immigrants less the annual number of emigrants, including both citizens and noncitizens. Data are five-year estimates.

8) Birth rate, crude (per 1,000 people) - Crude birth rate indicates the number of live births occurring during the year, per 1,000 population estimated at midyear. Subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate provides the rate of natural increase, which is equal to the rate of population change in the absence of migration.

9) Death rate, crude (per 1,000 people) - Crude death rate indicates the number of deaths occurring during the year, per 1,000 population estimated at midyear. Subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate provides the rate of natural increase, which is equal to the rate of population change in the absence of migration.

10) Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) - Infant mortality rate is the number of infants dying before reaching one year of age, per 1,000 live births in a given year.

11) Population, total - Total population is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship. The values shown are midyear estimates.

Acknowledgements

These datasets are publicly available for anyone to use under the following terms provided by the Dataset Source https://www.worldbank.org/en/about/legal/terms-of-use-for-datasets

Banner photo by https://population.un.org/wpp/Maps/

Inspiration

Subsaharan Africa and east Asia record high population total, actually Subsaharan Africa population bypassed Europe and central Asia population by 2010, has this been influenced by crop and food production, large arable land, high crude birth rates(influx), low mortality rates(exits from the population) or Net migration.

This scatter chart displays death rate (per 1,000 people) against electricity production from nuclear sources (% of total) in Georgia. The data is about countries per year.

This scatter chart displays death rate (per 1,000 people) against electricity production from coal sources (% of total) in Sudan. The data is about countries per year.

Among avian species, the differential cost entailed by either sex in competition for mates have been regarded as the main evolutionary influence on sex differences in mortality rates. However, empirical evidence suggests that sex-biased adult mortality is mainly related to differential energy investment in gamete production, a greater annual mass devoted to egg production leading to higher female mortality. We explicitly tested the generality of this pattern in a comparative framework. Annual egg production can be relatively large in some species (up to 200% of female body mass) and annual mortality is generally biased towards females. We showed that greater annual egg productivity resulted in higher mortality rates of females relative to males. Mating system was secondarily important, species where males were more involved in mating competition having more equal mortality rates between the sexes. However, both traits explained only a limited fraction of the interspecific variation in female-biased mortality. Other traits, such as sexual size dimorphism and parental care, had much weaker influences on female-biased mortality. Our results suggest that both annual mass devoted to gamete production by females and mating system contribute to the evolution of the fundamental life-history trade-off between reproduction and survival in avian taxa.

This scatter chart displays electricity production from hydroelectric sources (% of total) against death rate (per 1,000 people) in Bolivia. The data is about countries per year.

BackgroundClimate change negatively impacts human health through heat stress and exposure to worsened air pollution, amongst other pathways. Indoor use of air conditioning can be an effective strategy to reduce heat exposure. However, increased air conditioning use increases emissions of air pollutants from power plants, in turn worsening air quality and human health impacts. We used an interdisciplinary linked model system to quantify the impacts of heat-driven adaptation through building cooling demand on air-quality-related health outcomes in a representative mid-century climate scenario.Methods and findingsWe used a modeling system that included downscaling historical and future climate data with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, simulating building electricity demand using the Regional Building Energy Simulation System (RBESS), simulating power sector production and emissions using MyPower, simulating ambient air quality using the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model, and calculating the incidence of adverse health outcomes using the Environmental Benefits Mapping and Analysis Program (BenMAP). We performed simulations for a representative present-day climate scenario and 2 representative mid-century climate scenarios, with and without exacerbated power sector emissions from adaptation in building energy use. We find that by mid-century, climate change alone can increase fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations by 58.6% (2.50 μg/m3) and ozone (O3) by 14.9% (8.06 parts per billion by volume [ppbv]) for the month of July. A larger change is found when comparing the present day to the combined impact of climate change and increased building energy use, where PM2.5 increases 61.1% (2.60 μg/m3) and O3 increases 15.9% (8.64 ppbv). Therefore, 3.8% of the total increase in PM2.5 and 6.7% of the total increase in O3 is attributable to adaptive behavior (extra air conditioning use). Health impacts assessment finds that for a mid-century climate change scenario (with adaptation), annual PM2.5-related adult mortality increases by 13,547 deaths (14 concentration–response functions with mean incidence range of 1,320 to 26,481, approximately US$126 billion cost) and annual O3-related adult mortality increases by 3,514 deaths (3 functions with mean incidence range of 2,175 to 4,920, approximately US$32.5 billion cost), calculated as a 3-month summer estimate based on July modeling. Air conditioning adaptation accounts for 654 (range of 87 to 1,245) of the PM2.5-related deaths (approximately US$6 billion cost, a 4.8% increase above climate change impacts alone) and 315 (range of 198 to 438) of the O3-related deaths (approximately US$3 billion cost, an 8.7% increase above climate change impacts alone). Limitations of this study include modeling only a single month, based on 1 model-year of future climate simulations. As a result, we do not project the future, but rather describe the potential damages from interactions arising between climate, energy use, and air quality.ConclusionsThis study examines the contribution of future air-pollution-related health damages that are caused by the power sector through heat-driven air conditioning adaptation in buildings. Results show that without intervention, approximately 5%–9% of exacerbated air-pollution-related mortality will be due to increases in power sector emissions from heat-driven building electricity demand. This analysis highlights the need for cleaner energy sources, energy efficiency, and energy conservation to meet our growing dependence on building cooling systems and simultaneously mitigate climate change.

Recent trends in renewable energy development in the United States (U.S.) show that new installed capacity of utility-scale solar energy has exceeded 30% of total installed capacity of all sources per year since 2013. Photovoltaic solar energy provides benefits in that no emissions are produced; however, there are potential impacts from photovoltaic solar development on birds that include habitat loss and potential for collision mortality. Only 2 papers in the peer-reviewed literature present fatality information from fatality monitoring studies at a photovoltaic utility-scale solar energy facility; however, more data exists in unpublished reports. To provide a more comprehensive overview of bird mortality patterns, we synthesized results from fatality monitoring studies at 10 photovoltaic solar facilities across 13 site-years in California and Nevada. We found variability in the distribution of avian orders and species among and within Bird Conservation Regions, and found that water-obligate birds, which rely on water for take-off and landing, occurred at 90% (9/10) of site-years in the Sonoran and Mojave Deserts Bird Conservation Region. We found that a cause of mortality could not be determined for approximately 61% of intact carcasses, and that approximately 54% of all carcasses were feather spots, introducing uncertainty into the interpretation of the fatality estimates. The average annual fatality estimate we calculated for photovoltaic solar (high-end estimate of 2.49 birds per megawatt per year) is lower than that reported by another study (9.9 birds per megawatt per year) that included one photovoltaic facility. Our results provide a summary of fatalities in bird conservation regions where the facilities are located, but expanding our conclusions to new regions is limited by the location of facilities with fatality monitoring data.

标题：能源生产假设死亡人数分析数据集 数据内容： 本数据集包含了2014年全球能源生产假设死亡人数的相关数据。数据集中的主要字段包括： - 国家实体（Entity）：表示能源生产的主体或地区。 - 国家代码（Code）：用于标识国家的唯一代码。 - 年份（Year）：固定为2014年，表示数据的时间范围。 - 假设死亡人数（Hypothetical number of deaths from energy production）：基于能源生产死亡率和IEA估计的全球能源消耗量计算得出的假设死亡人数。 数据来源： 互联网公开数据 数据用途： 该数据集可用于以下几个行业的相关问题研究： 1. 能源行业：用于分析能源生产对人类健康的影响，评估不同能源生产方式的安全性。 2. 环境行业：用于研究能源消耗与环境健康之间的关系，支持环境影响评估。 3. 健康行业：用于评估能源相关活动对公共健康的潜在风险，为健康政策制定提供支持。 标签：能源生产, 假设死亡人数, 环境影响, 公共健康, 能源消耗, 安全评估, 假设分析， 行业分类： - 能源行业 - 环境行业 - 健康行业 统计信息分析： - 数据集中包含6种不同的国家实体（Entity）。 - 国家代码（Code）字段仅有1种不同值，表明数据集可能针对特定国家或区域。 - 年份（Year）字段固定为2014年，表明数据仅涵盖该年份。 - 假设死亡人数（Hypothetical number of deaths from energy production）字段包含6种不同的值，表明不同国家或地区的假设死亡人数存在差异。

This dataset is about countries per year in Slovak Republic. It has 64 rows. It features 4 columns: country, electricity production from nuclear sources, and death rate.

This dataset is about countries per year in Singapore. It has 64 rows. It features 4 columns: country, electricity production from coal sources, and death rate.

Environmental impacts of wind energy facilities increasingly cause concern, a central issue being bats and birds killed by rotor blades. Two approaches have been employed to assess collision rates: carcass searches and surveys of animals prone to collisions. Carcass searches can provide an estimate for the actual number of animals being killed but they offer little information on the relation between collision rates and, for example, weather parameters due to the time of death not being precisely known. In contrast, a density index of animals exposed to collision is sufficient to analyse the parameters influencing the collision rate. However, quantification of the collision rate from animal density indices (e.g. acoustic bat activity or bird migration traffic rates) remains difficult. We combine carcass search data with animal density indices in a mixture model to investigate collision rates. In a simulation study we show that the collision rates estimated by our model were at least as precise as conventional estimates based solely on carcass search data. Furthermore, if certain conditions are met, the model can be used to predict the collision rate from density indices alone, without data from carcass searches. This can reduce the time and effort required to estimate collision rates. We applied the model to bat carcass search data obtained at 30 wind turbines in 15 wind facilities in Germany. We used acoustic bat activity and wind speed as predictors for the collision rate. The model estimates correlated well with conventional estimators. Our model can be used to predict the average collision rate. It enables an analysis of the effect of parameters such as rotor diameter or turbine type on the collision rate. The model can also be used in turbine-specific curtailment algorithms that predict the collision rate and reduce this rate with a minimal loss of energy production.