This package contains the anonymized dataset, R notebook results, and R code for processing the meaning preserving transformations and human subject study. Note that the title has been changed from the earlier version on arvix which was "Do People Prefer 'Natural' Code?".

See the README file for more details.

Context

Internet privacy has gained widespread attention in recent years. To measure the degree to which people are concerned about hot-button issues like Internet privacy, social scientists conduct polls in which they interview a large number of people about the topic. In this assignment, we will analyze data from a July 2013 Pew Internet and American Life Project poll on Internet anonymity and privacy, which involved interviews across the United States.

Content

The dataset has the following fields (all Internet use-related fields were only collected from interviewees who either use the Internet or have a smartphone):

Internet.Use: A binary variable indicating if the interviewee uses the Internet, at least occasionally (equals 1 if the interviewee uses the Internet, and equals 0 if the interviewee does not use the Internet). Smartphone: A binary variable indicating if the interviewee has a smartphone (equals 1 if they do have a smartphone, and equals 0 if they don't have a smartphone). Sex: Male or Female. Age: Age in years. State: State of residence of the interviewee. Region: Census region of the interviewee (Midwest, Northeast, South, or West). Conservativeness: Self-described level of conservativeness of interviewee, from 1 (very liberal) to 5 (very conservative). Info.On.Internet: Number of the following items this interviewee believes to be available on the Internet for others to see: (1) Their email address; (2) Their home address; (3) Their home phone number; (4) Their cell phone number; (5) The employer/company they work for; (6) Their political party or political affiliation; (7) Things they've written that have their name on it; (8) A photo of them; (9) A video of them; (10) Which groups or organizations they belong to; and (11) Their birth date. Worry.About.Info: A binary variable indicating if the interviewee worries about how much information is available about them on the Internet (equals 1 if they worry, and equals 0 if they don't worry). Privacy.Importance: A score from 0 (privacy is not too important) to 100 (privacy is very important), which combines the degree to which they find privacy important in the following: (1) The websites they browse; (2) Knowledge of the place they are located when they use the Internet; (3) The content and files they download; (4) The times of day they are online; (5) The applications or programs they use; (6) The searches they perform; (7) The content of their email; (8) The people they exchange email with; and (9) The content of their online chats or hangouts with others. Anonymity.Possible: A binary variable indicating if the interviewee thinks it's possible to use the Internet anonymously, meaning in such a way that online activities can't be traced back to them (equals 1 if he/she believes you can, and equals 0 if he/she believes you can't). Tried.Masking.Identity: A binary variable indicating if the interviewee has ever tried to mask his/her identity when using the Internet (equals 1 if he/she has tried to mask his/her identity, and equals 0 if he/she has not tried to mask his/her identity). Privacy.Laws.Effective: A binary variable indicating if the interviewee believes United States law provides reasonable privacy protection for Internet users (equals 1 if he/she believes it does, and equals 0 if he/she believes it doesn't).

Acknowledgements

MITx ANALYTIX

This package contains the anonymized dataset, R notebook results, and R code for processing the meaning preserving transformations and human subject study.

See the README file for more details.

Anonymized visual and linguistic river meaning dataset. This dataset was the foundation for the Our River Adventure Glossary presented in "Combining visual and linguistic methods to cultivate and communicate river meanings with young children" accepted in People and Nature.

Anonymized dataset including all data analysed in the study.

In recent years, well-being research has expanded beyond traditional dimensions, recognizing that a fulfilling life may encompass more than happiness and meaning. We examined the unique contributions of a newly proposed dimension of well-being—psychological richness—to mental, social, and physical health outcomes alongside the established dimensions of hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. We assessed well-being using validated scales that measure life satisfaction, meaning in life, and psychological richness and analyzed data from 11,041 participants. We evaluated health outcomes across mental, social, and physical dimensions using the Subjective Well-being Inventory. Our findings revealed that life satisfaction and meaning in life consistently enhanced health outcomes across most domains. However, psychological richness exhibited a more nuanced profile. Specifically, psychological richness was strongly correlated with positive mental and social health indicators, such as confidence in coping and perceived social support, but also uniquely linked to social isolation and perceived physical symptoms. These results suggest that psychological richness fosters cognitive resilience and social engagement despite potential physical health and social connectedness trade-offs. Notably, individuals high in psychological richness did not report heightened negative emotions, even when experiencing social isolation or physical discomfort, aligning this dimension with other forms of well-being. This study identified psychological richness as an essential addition to well-being models, offering fresh perspectives for tailored well-being interventions.

Anonymized data from surveys with People with HIV.

Notation and definition of diffident time complexities.

ObjectiveThis multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial aimed to evaluate whether prolonged noisy galvanic vestibular stimulation improves body balance in patients with vestibulopathy.Materials and methodsThis trial was registered in the Japan Pharmaceutical Information Center Clinical Trials Information registry (jRCT1080224083). Subjects were 20- to 85-year-old patients who had been unsteady for more than one year and whose symptoms had persisted despite more than six months of rehabilitation. Enrolled subjects were randomly assigned to one of two groups; one group received the optimal intensity of noisy galvanic vestibular stimulation first and then the placebo 14 days later, the other was evaluated in the reverse order. The primary outcome was the difference of the mean percent change from the baseline in the velocity of center of pressure during 3 h of stimulation between the noisy galvanic vestibular stimulation and placebo periods. This was analyzed with the mixed effects model.ResultsForty-two subjects were enrolled. The mean percent change in the velocity during stimulation for 3 h was -9.3% (SD 19.9%) for noisy galvanic vestibular stimulation and -12.6% (SD 15.0%) for placebo. No significant effects of noisy galvanic vestibular stimulation over placebo were found for velocity in the least-squares means of the difference [3.1% (95% CI -0.2 to 6.4, p = 0.066)].ConclusionProlonged noisy galvanic vestibular stimulation did not significantly improve body balance in patients with poorly-compensated vestibulopathy.

BackgroundInstability catch (IC) during active forward bending is an aberrant movement pattern observed in patients with low back pain. Increasing load and speed may show different responses in kinematics and motor unit behavior including peak amplitudes (pAMP) and mean firing rates (mFR).ObjectivesThis study aimed to compare kinematic patterns under different loads and speeds and explored the motor unit behavior in individuals with and without IC.Methods17 participants were classified as having IC and 10 participants were classified as having no IC from clinical observations. Inertial measurement units were used to quantify kinematic parameters, and decomposition electromyography (dEMG) was used to investigate motor unit behavior. Participants performed 2 sets of 1-minute forward bending under low load and low speed (LL), high load and low speed (HL), and low load and high speed (LH) conditions.ResultsSignificant between-group differences (P 

Kawaii, which is a Japanese word that means cute, lovely, and adorable, is an essential factor in promoting positive emotions in people. The characteristics of a target’s appearance that induce such feelings of kawaii have been thoroughly investigated around the notion of Konrad Lorenz’s famous baby schema. Such knowledge has been exploited to design the appearance of commercial products to increase their social acceptance and commercial appeal. However, the effects of the number of targets and showing their mutual relationships (like friendship) have not been investigated in the context of kawaii. Therefore, in this study, we conducted three web-based experiments and focused on how such factors contribute to feelings of kawaii toward social robots. In Experiment 1, the feelings of kawaii toward static images of targets were compared when they appeared alone or with another target: persons (twin boys/girls), non-human objects (cherries), and social robots. The results showed that the feeling of kawaii was stronger for two targets that displayed a mutual relationship (e.g., looking at each other and/or making physical contact) than for one target alone and for two-independent targets. In Experiment 2, these findings were replicated using video clips of robots. Two-related targets were rated as more kawaii than two-independent targets or a single target. These two experiments consistently show the advantage of multiple robots that display their mutual relationship for enhancing the viewer’s feeling of kawaii. Experiment 3 examined the effect of the number of robots (from one to ten) and found that two robots induced the strongest feeling of kawaii. These results indicate that not only the physical characteristics of a target itself but also the number of targets and their perceived relationships affect feelings of kawaii.

Normalized myocardial 18F DOPA uptake per patient. (XLSX)

BackgroundSevere neonatal jaundice (NJ) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality globally with low and, middle income countries having a greater burden. Increased red blood cell destruction and reduced bilirubin elimination increase the risk of severe NJ development. Severe NJ predisposes the neonates to bilirubin-induced encephalopathy leading to kernicterus-spectrum disorders in the long-term.ObjectiveThe study was undertaken to determine the risk factors associated with development of significant jaundice in neonates at a teaching hospital in Ghana.Materials and methodsA retrospective review of patient electronic medical records at the paediatric ward and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) at the Cape Coast Teaching Hospital (CCTH) was conducted. Demographics, initial serum bilirubin concentration (total, direct and indirect), full blood count, G6PD status and outcome data were collected. Binary logistic regression models were used to determine the risk factors of NJ severity which was the main outcome. Stata 18.0 software was used for the analysis.ResultsData on two hundred and ninety-three (293) neonates were extracted of which 247 were used for further analyses after data cleaning. Of these, 30% had significant NJ defined as initial TSB concentration ≥ 213micromol/L. Significant NJ was significantly associated with admission after 24 hours of birth (aOR = 2.45; 95% CI:1.26,4.77; p = 0.009) and full/partial defect G6PD (aOR = 2.21; 95% CI:1.03,4.71; p = 0.041).ConclusionsSignificant NJ is common and significantly associated with admission after 24 hours of life and G6PD full/partial defect at Cape Coast Teaching Hospital.

Examples of content coded tweets (paraphrased and redacted to retain anonymity).

KOJI AWARENESS is a newly developed self-rating whole-body movement assessment system that includes 11 domains and 22 tests. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the intersession reliability of KOJI AWARENESS, and the secondary aim was to determine whether a fixed bias existed between self-rating and external examiner rating. Fifty university students rated their movement ability in two separate sessions; an external examiner also rated the students’ movement ability. Participants were blinded to their scores at the first session as well as the external examiner’s rating scores. The primary analysis included examining the intersession reliability of the total score with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). ICC values were interpreted as follows: insufficient, < .7 and sufficient, ≥ .7. To achieve the secondary aim, Bland–Altman analysis was performed. ICC for the intersession reliability was .86 with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of .77 to .92 and a minimum detectable change (MDC) of 5.15. Bland–Altman analysis revealed fixed bias as the 95% CIs of the mean difference between the two different rating scores (−3.49 to −2.43 and −3.94 to −2.98 in the first and second sessions, respectively) did not include 0 in the data of each session. However, no proportional bias was identified because no statistically significant Pearson’s correlation (P > .05) was noted between the means of the two methods and the mean difference between the two different methods in each session. This study identified that KOJI AWARENESS has sufficient intersession reliability among relatively young and healthy participants. External examiner rating tended to have lower total scores than self-rating; however, the bias was below the MDC and seemed not to be clinically significant.