As of December 30, 2024, the major economy with the highest yield on 10-year government bonds was Turkey, with a yield of 27.38 percent. This is due to the risks investors take when investing in Turkey, notably due to high inflation rates potentially eradicating any profits made when using a foreign currency to investing in securities denominated in Turkish lira. Of the major developed economies, United States had one the highest yield on 10-year government bonds at this time with 4.59 percent, while Switzerland had the lowest at 0.27 percent. How does inflation influence the yields of government bonds? Inflation reduces purchasing power over time. Due to this, investors seek higher returns to offset the anticipated decrease in purchasing power resulting from rapid price rises. In countries with high inflation, government bond yields often incorporate investor expectations and risk premiums, resulting in comparatively higher rates offered by these bonds. Why are government bond rates significant? Government bond rates are an important indicator of financial markets, serving as a benchmark for borrowing costs, interest rates, and investor sentiment. They affect the cost of government borrowing, influence the price of various financial instruments, and serve as a reflection of expectations regarding inflation and economic growth. For instance, in financial analysis and investing, people often use the 10-year U.S. government bond rates as a proxy for the longer-term risk-free rate.

Average estimated yields and associated CV values for current (2018) model runs. Based on work done by Harsimran Kaur et al in 2017. The following is from her thesis:

Agro-ecological classes (AECs) of dryland cropping systems in the inland Pacific Northwest have been predicted to become more dynamic with greater use of annual fallow under projected climate change. At the same time, initiatives are being taken by growers either to intensify or diversify their cropping systems using oilseed and grain legume crops. The main objective of this study was to use a mechanistic model (CropSyst) to provide yield and soil water forecasts at regional scales which could compare fallow versus spring crop choices (flex/opportunity crop). Model simulations were based on historic weather data (1981-2010) as well as combined with actual year weather data for simulations at pre-planting dates starting in Dec. for representative years. Yield forecasts of spring pea, canola and wheat were compared to yield simulations using only weather of the representative year via linear regression analysis to assess pre-plant forecasts. Crop yield projections on pre-plant forecast date of Feb 1st had higher R2 with yield simulated using actual years weather data and lower CVs across the region as compared to forecasts based on historic weather data and other pre-season forecast dates (Dec. 1st and Jan. 1st). Therefore, Feb. 1st was considered the most reliable time to predict yield and other relevant outputs such as available water forecasts on a regional scale. Regional forecast maps of predicted spring crop yields and CVs showed ranges of 1 to 4367 kg/ha and 11 to 293% for spring canola, 72 to 2646 kg/ha and 11 to 143% for spring pea and 39 to 5330 kg/ha and 11 to 158% for spring wheat across study region for a representative year. These data combined with predicted available water after fallow and following spring crop yield as well as estimates of winter wheat yield reduction would collectively serve as information contributing to decisions related to crop intensification and diversification.

The global crop yield forecasting market is experiencing robust growth, driven by the increasing need for efficient agricultural practices and enhanced food security in a changing climate. The market, estimated at $2.5 billion in 2025, is projected to witness a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 15% from 2025 to 2033, reaching an estimated value of $8 billion by 2033. This expansion is fueled by several key factors. Technological advancements in remote sensing, data analytics, and artificial intelligence are enabling the development of sophisticated forecasting models, providing farmers with more accurate and timely predictions of crop yields. Furthermore, the rising adoption of precision agriculture techniques, coupled with the growing awareness of climate change's impact on crop production, is further propelling market growth. The increasing demand for higher crop yields to meet the rising global food demand also contributes significantly to this expansion. The market segmentation reveals strong growth across both software and service offerings, with the commercial application segment dominating due to its larger scale operations and greater investment capacity in advanced technologies. Geographic growth is anticipated to be particularly strong in regions like Asia-Pacific and North America, driven by higher technology adoption rates and significant agricultural sectors. However, challenges remain, including the high initial investment costs associated with implementing these technologies, a lack of digital literacy among some farming communities, and potential data security concerns. Despite these restraints, the long-term outlook for the crop yield forecasting market remains positive, with continued innovation and technological advancements expected to drive further market expansion in the coming years.

The Potential Impacts of Climate Change on World Food Supply: Datasets from a Major Crop Modeling Study contain projected country and regional changes in grain crop yields due to global climate change. Equilibrium and transient scenarios output from General Circulation Models (GCMs) with three levels of farmer adaptations to climate change were utilized to generate crop yield estimates of wheat, rice, coarse grains (barley and maize), and protein feed (soybean) at 125 agricultural sites representing major world agricultural regions. Projected yields at the agricultural sites were aggregated to major trading regions, and fed into the Basic Linked Systems (BLS) global trade model to produce country and regional estimates of potential price increases, food shortages, and risk of hunger. These datasets are produced by the Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) and are distributed by the Columbia University Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN).

In December 2024, the yield on a 10-year U.S. Treasury note was 4.39 percent, forecasted to decrease to reach 3.27 percent by August 2025. Treasury securities are debt instruments used by the government to finance the national debt. Who owns treasury notes? Because the U.S. treasury notes are generally assumed to be a risk-free investment, they are often used by large financial institutions as collateral. Because of this, billions of dollars in treasury securities are traded daily. Other countries also hold U.S. treasury securities, as do U.S. households. Investors and institutions accept the relatively low interest rate because the U.S. Treasury guarantees the investment. Looking into the future Because these notes are so commonly traded, their interest rate also serves as a signal about the market’s expectations of future growth. When markets expect the economy to grow, forecasts for treasury notes will reflect that in a higher interest rate. In fact, one harbinger of recession is an inverted yield curve, when the return on 3-month treasury bills is higher than the ten year rate. While this does not always lead to a recession, it certainly signals pessimism from financial markets.

As of 2024, the expected dividend yield of Japanese real estate investment trusts (J-REITs) stood at 5.15 percent. The Japanese real estate investment trust market was established in 2001 and is one of the largest in the world.

United States CSI: Expected Interest Rates: Next Yr: Go Down data was reported at 4.000 % in May 2018. This records a decrease from the previous number of 6.000 % for Apr 2018. United States CSI: Expected Interest Rates: Next Yr: Go Down data is updated monthly, averaging 11.000 % from Jan 1978 (Median) to May 2018, with 485 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 54.000 % in Jun 1980 and a record low of 3.000 % in May 2014. United States CSI: Expected Interest Rates: Next Yr: Go Down data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by University of Michigan. The data is categorized under Global Database’s USA – Table US.H030: Consumer Sentiment Index: Unemployment, Interest Rates, Prices and Government Expectations. The question was: No one can say for sure, but what do you think will happen to interest rates for borrowing money during the next 12 months -- will they go up, stay the same, or go down?

The hectares of habitat protected and the number of adults and children fed in one year were calculated for each of the six crop types for Canada and United States. The calculations were based on the 50th centile of the cumulative frequency distributions of change in crop yield due to pesticide treatment for each crop type. An editable interactive table was created using Microsoft Excel that would allow individuals to determine how pesticide treatment in their selected jurisdiction (province in Canada or state in the United States) and crop translates into habitat saved, calories produced, and mouths fed. This table allows the user to choose the country (Canada or United States), whether to include the organic agriculture correction factor, their state or province of interest, crop, and whether a young child, adolescent child, adult women, or adult man is being fed. The table will then calculate the hectares of habitat saved, added number of calories produced (kcal), the number of individual fed in one day, and the number of individual fed in one year. Due to the variability in yield results between crops and studies, the Excel user form allows individuals to set whichever yield increase they anticipate observing or use the 50th centile of yield increase from the cumulative frequency distribution for each crop.

This statistic illustrates the projected sources of growth in crop production worldwide from 2005/07 to 2050, by region. During the time period considered, the crop yields in South Asia are projected to grow by 92 percent.

Yield Monitors Market Outlook

The global yield monitors market size was valued at USD 2.5 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 5.8 billion by 2032, growing at a CAGR of 9.1% during the forecast period. The growth of this market is driven by the increasing adoption of precision farming techniques and the advancement in agricultural technologies. Yield monitors play a crucial role in enhancing farm productivity by providing real-time data and insights, which help farmers make informed decisions about crop management and resource allocation.

One of the primary growth factors for the yield monitors market is the escalating demand for food due to the rising global population. As the worldÂ’s population continues to grow, there is an increasing need to optimize agricultural output to ensure food security. Yield monitors help farmers maximize crop yields and improve efficiency by providing accurate data on crop performance. Moreover, the integration of advanced technologies such as GPS and IoT in yield monitors further enhances their precision and reliability, driving market growth.

Another significant growth factor is the growing awareness among farmers about the benefits of precision farming. Precision farming involves the use of advanced technologies to monitor and manage agricultural variables, ultimately leading to more efficient farming practices. Yield monitors are an integral part of precision farming as they provide valuable insights into crop health, soil conditions, and other critical factors. This technology helps farmers reduce waste, optimize resource use, and increase overall farm profitability, thereby driving the adoption of yield monitors.

The availability of government subsidies and support for the adoption of advanced agricultural technologies is also contributing to the growth of the yield monitors market. Many governments around the world are recognizing the importance of modernizing agriculture to meet the challenges of food security and environmental sustainability. As a result, they are offering financial incentives and subsidies to encourage farmers to adopt technologies like yield monitors. These initiatives are expected to boost the market significantly over the forecast period.

The rise in Precision Farming Equipment Sales is a testament to the growing emphasis on optimizing agricultural productivity through technology. Precision farming equipment, including yield monitors, is designed to provide farmers with detailed insights into their fields, allowing for more targeted interventions. This equipment helps in reducing input costs and increasing yields by ensuring that resources such as water, fertilizers, and pesticides are used efficiently. As farmers increasingly recognize the benefits of precision farming, the demand for advanced equipment is expected to rise, further driving the growth of the yield monitors market. The integration of precision farming equipment into traditional farming practices is transforming the agricultural landscape, making it more sustainable and profitable.

Regionally, North America holds a substantial share of the yield monitors market, driven by the high adoption rates of precision farming practices and advanced agricultural technologies. The region's well-established agricultural infrastructure and the presence of key market players further contribute to market growth. Additionally, Europe is expected to witness significant growth due to the increasing focus on sustainable farming practices and stringent regulations related to agricultural productivity and environmental protection.

Product Type Analysis

The product type segment of the yield monitors market includes optical sensors, GPS-based systems, mass flow sensors, and others. Optical sensors are widely used in yield monitors due to their ability to provide precise and real-time data on crop health. They measure the reflectance of light from crops to determine various parameters such as chlorophyll content, which is indicative of crop health. The growing demand for advanced sensing technologies in agriculture is expected to drive the growth of the optical sensors segment.

GPS-based systems are another critical component of yield monitors. These systems use satellite signals to provide accurate location data, which is essential for precision farming. GPS-based systems help farmers monitor crop performance across different sections of the field, enabling them to a

At the end of 2024, the yield on the 10-year U.S. Treasury bond was 4.21 percent. Despite the increase in recent years, the highest yields could be observed in the early 1990s. What affects bond prices? The factors that play a big role in valuation and interest in government bonds are interest rate and inflation. If inflation is expected to be high, investors will demand a higher return on bonds. Country credit ratings indicate how stable the economy is and thus also influence the government bond prices. Risk and bonds Finally, when investors are worried about the bond issuer’s ability to pay at the end of the term, they demand a higher interest rate. For the U.S. Treasury, the vast majority of investors consider the investment to be perfectly safe. Ten-year government bonds from other countries show that countries seen as more risky have a higher bond return. On the other hand, countries in which investors do not expect economic growth have a lower yield.

jats:pA substantial increase in food production is needed for global food security. Europe is the largest wheat producer, delivering 35% of wheat globally, but its future genetic yield potential is yet unknown. We estimated the genetic yield potential of wheat in Europe under 2050 climate by designing jats:italicin silico/jats:italic wheat ideotypes based on genetic variation in wheat germplasm. To evaluate the importance of heat and drought stresses around flowering, a critical stage in wheat development, sensitive and tolerant ideotypes were designed. Ideotype yields ranged from 9 to 17 t hajats:sup-1/jats:sup across major wheat growing regions in Europe under 2050 climate. Both ideotypes showed a substantial increase in yield of 66-89% compared to current local cultivars under future climate. Key traits for wheat improvements under future climate were identified. Ideotype design is a powerful tool for estimating crop genetic yield potential in a target environment, along with the potential to accelerate breeding by providing target traits for improvements./jats:p

As of April 16, 2025, the yield for a ten-year U.S. government bond was 4.34 percent, while the yield for a two-year bond was 3.86 percent. This represents an inverted yield curve, whereby bonds of longer maturities provide a lower yield, reflecting investors' expectations for a decline in long-term interest rates. Hence, making long-term debt holders open to more risk under the uncertainty around the condition of financial markets in the future. That markets are uncertain can be seen by considering both the short-term fluctuations, and the long-term downward trend, of the yields of U.S. government bonds from 2006 to 2021, before the treasury yield curve increased again significantly in the following years. What are government bonds? Government bonds, otherwise called ‘sovereign’ or ‘treasury’ bonds, are financial instruments used by governments to raise money for government spending. Investors give the government a certain amount of money (the ‘face value’), to be repaid at a specified time in the future (the ‘maturity date’). In addition, the government makes regular periodic interest payments (called ‘coupon payments’). Once initially issued, government bonds are tradable on financial markets, meaning their value can fluctuate over time (even though the underlying face value and coupon payments remain the same). Investors are attracted to government bonds as, provided the country in question has a stable economy and political system, they are a very safe investment. Accordingly, in periods of economic turmoil, investors may be willing to accept a negative overall return in order to have a safe haven for their money. For example, once the market value is compared to the total received from remaining interest payments and the face value, investors have been willing to accept a negative return on two-year German government bonds between 2014 and 2021. Conversely, if the underlying economy and political structures are weak, investors demand a higher return to compensate for the higher risk they take on. Consequently, the return on bonds in emerging markets like Brazil are consistently higher than that of the United States (and other developed economies). Inverted yield curves When investors are worried about the financial future, it can lead to what is called an ‘inverted yield curve’. An inverted yield curve is where investors pay more for short term bonds than long term, indicating they do not have confidence in long-term financial conditions. Historically, the yield curve has historically inverted before each of the last five U.S. recessions. The last U.S. yield curve inversion occurred at several brief points in 2019 – a trend which continued until the Federal Reserve cut interest rates several times over that year. However, the ultimate trigger for the next recession was the unpredicted, exogenous shock of the global coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, showing how such informal indicators may be grounded just as much in coincidence as causation.

While the understanding of average impacts of climate change on crop yields is improving, few assessments have quantified expected impacts on yield distributions and the risk of yield failures. Here we present the relative distribution as a method to assess how the risk of yield failure due to heat and drought stress (measured in terms of return period between yields falling 15% below previous five year Olympic average yield) responds to changes of the underlying yield distributions under climate change. Relative distributions are used to capture differences in the entire yield distribution between baseline and climate change scenarios, and to further decompose them into changes in the location and shape of the distribution. The methodology is applied here for the case of rainfed wheat and grain maize across Europe using an ensemble of crop models under three climate change scenarios with simulations conducted at 25 km resolution. Under climate change, maize generally displayed shorter return periods of yield failures (with changes under RCP 4.5 between −0.3 and 0 years compared to the baseline scenario) associated with a shift of the yield distribution towards lower values and changes in shape of the distribution that further reduced the frequency of high yields. This response was prominent in the areas characterized in the baseline scenario by high yields and relatively long return periods of failure. Conversely, for wheat, yield failures were projected to become less frequent under future scenarios (with changes in the return period of −0.1 to +0.4 years under RCP 4.5) and were associated with a shift of the distribution towards higher values and a change in shape increasing the frequency of extreme yields at both ends. Our study offers an approach to quantify the changes in yield distributions that drive crop yield failures. Actual risk assessments additionally require models that capture the variety of drivers determining crop yield variability and scenario climate input data that samples the range of probable climate variation.

Crop Yield Boosters Market Outlook

The global Crop Yield Boosters market size was valued at USD 7.5 billion in 2023 and is anticipated to reach USD 14.3 billion by 2032, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.2% during the forecast period. The escalating demand for food production due to the ever-growing global population is a primary factor propelling the market. Additionally, advancements in agricultural technologies and the pressing need for sustainable farming practices contribute significantly to the market's growth trajectory. As the world grapples with climate change and resource limitations, the need for efficient crop yield solutions has become more urgent than ever.

One of the primary growth drivers for the Crop Yield Boosters market is the increasing adoption of innovative agricultural practices worldwide. Farmers are steadily shifting from traditional farming methods to more advanced and efficient techniques to enhance productivity. The integration of precision farming and smart agriculture tools has paved the way for the increased use of crop yield boosters. These advancements enable farmers to monitor crop health, soil fertility, and other critical factors, allowing them to apply the right type and amount of boosters, thereby maximizing yields and minimizing environmental impact. Moreover, the rise of digital farming solutions further supports the market by providing data-driven insights that optimize booster application.

The growing awareness and understanding of the benefits associated with crop yield boosters among farmers and agricultural stakeholders is another significant growth factor. Educational campaigns and government initiatives focused on sustainable agriculture are helping to spread knowledge about these products. As a result, farmers are becoming more inclined to incorporate fertilizers, growth regulators, and biostimulants into their farming practices. The emphasis on organic and environmentally friendly farming solutions has also led to increased demand for biostimulants, which are perceived as safer alternatives to traditional chemicals. This shift towards sustainable agriculture practices is expected to fuel the growth of the market further.

Furthermore, the burgeoning global food demand driven by population growth and changing dietary patterns necessitates the enhancement of agricultural productivity. Countries across the globe are experiencing increasing pressure to produce more food with limited arable land and resources. Crop yield boosters provide a viable solution to this challenge by improving crop resilience, enhancing growth rates, and increasing total output. Governments in various regions are providing subsidies and financial incentives to encourage the use of these products, which is expected to further stimulate market growth. The ongoing research and development aimed at improving the efficacy and environmental compatibility of crop yield boosters is also likely to contribute to market expansion.

The concept of an Agricultural Catalyst is becoming increasingly significant in the context of crop yield boosters. These catalysts are essentially innovations or practices that accelerate agricultural productivity and sustainability. By integrating advanced technologies and sustainable practices, agricultural catalysts help in optimizing resource use and enhancing crop resilience. This is particularly crucial as the agricultural sector faces mounting challenges from climate change and resource scarcity. The role of agricultural catalysts extends beyond mere productivity; they are pivotal in transforming traditional farming into a more efficient and eco-friendly process. As the demand for food continues to rise, these catalysts provide a pathway to meet global food security goals while minimizing environmental impact.

The regional outlook for the Crop Yield Boosters market is diverse, with significant variations in terms of adoption and growth rates. Asia Pacific is expected to lead the market due to its vast agricultural base and increasing population demanding higher food production. Rapid urbanization and industrialization in countries like India and China are further driving the need for increased agricultural output. North America, with its technologically advanced farming infrastructure and strong emphasis on sustainable agriculture, is also poised for substantial growth. EuropeÂ’s market growth is fueled by stringent environmental regulations and a strong push towards organic farming, which increases the demand for biostimulants. Meanwhile, Latin America and the

Expected background yield, expected signal yield, and observed data for the mass method for 2017.

The yield of the signal ggF $HH$ process in each analysis category as a function of the $c_{tthh}$ HEFT coefficients....

The AI in Agriculture market is experiencing robust growth, projected to reach $2.08 billion in 2025 and expand significantly over the forecast period (2025-2033). A compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 22.55% indicates a rapidly evolving landscape driven by several key factors. Increased demand for precision farming techniques, enabling optimized resource allocation and enhanced crop yields, is a major driver. The ability of AI to analyze large datasets from various sources, including weather patterns, soil conditions, and drone imagery, provides actionable insights leading to improved decision-making for farmers. Furthermore, advancements in machine learning and computer vision are fueling the development of sophisticated AI-powered tools for tasks such as automated weed detection, disease prediction, and yield forecasting. The market is segmented by application (weather tracking, precision farming, drone analytics) and deployment (cloud, on-premise, hybrid), reflecting diverse technological implementations and user needs. Leading companies like Microsoft, IBM, and several specialized agricultural AI firms are actively shaping this market with innovative solutions. The continued adoption of AI across various agricultural practices is expected to propel market expansion. The cloud-based deployment model is likely to dominate due to its scalability and accessibility. While challenges remain, such as data security concerns and the need for robust infrastructure, the overall market trajectory suggests considerable potential. The integration of AI into existing agricultural workflows will continue to be crucial, necessitating collaborative efforts between technology providers and agricultural stakeholders. Regional variations in technology adoption rates are anticipated, with North America and Europe likely leading the market initially, followed by a gradual increase in adoption across Asia and other regions as awareness and technological infrastructure improve. The long-term forecast indicates strong potential for growth as AI becomes more integrated and accessible to a wider range of farmers globally. Recent developments include: August 2024: The Union Government unveiled the AI-driven National Pest Surveillance System (NPSS), enabling farmers to consult agricultural scientists and pest control experts directly via their phones. Leveraging AI tools, NPSS will scrutinize up-to-date pest data, assisting both farmers and experts in effective pest management. According to the Ministry, NPSS aims to benefit approximately 140 million farmers nationwide. The Centre envisions this platform as a bridge, linking scientists directly to the agricultural fields., July 2024: Google launched its Agricultural Landscape Understanding (ALU) tool, designed to equip farmers with vital agricultural insights and enhance crop yields. This tool, available in limited capacity, seeks to transform agricultural practices into data-driven endeavors. Leveraging high-resolution satellite imagery and machine learning, the ALU will delineate field boundaries and provide insights on drought preparedness, irrigation, and market access, among other features.. Key drivers for this market are: Maximize Crop Yield Using Machine Learning technique, Increase in the Adoption of Cattle Face Recognition Technology; Increase Use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) Across Agricultural Farms. Potential restraints include: Maximize Crop Yield Using Machine Learning technique, Increase in the Adoption of Cattle Face Recognition Technology; Increase Use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) Across Agricultural Farms. Notable trends are: Drone Analytics Application Segment is Expected to Hold Significant Market Share.

Current methods of crop improvement are not keeping pace with projected increases in population growth. Breeding, focused around key traits of stem height and disease resistance, delivered the step‐change yield improvements of the green revolution of the 1960s. However, subsequently, yield increases through conventional breeding have been below the projected requirement of 2.4% per year required by 2050. Genetic modification (GM) mainly for herbicide tolerance and insect resistance has been transformational, akin to a second green revolution, although GM has yet to make major inroads into intrinsic yield processes themselves. Drought imposes the major restriction on crop yields globally but, as yet, has not benefited substantially from genetic improvement and still presents a major challenge to agriculture. Much still has to be learnt about the complex process of how drought limits yield and what should be targeted. Mechanisms of drought adaptation from the natural environment cannot be taken into crops without significant modification for the agricultural environment because mechanisms of drought tolerance are often in contrast with mechanisms of high productivity required in agriculture. However, through convergence of fundamental and translational science, it would appear that a mechanism of sucrose allocation in crops can be modified for both productivity and resilience to drought and other stresses. Recent publications show how this mechanism can be targeted by GM, natural variation and a new chemical approach. Here, with an emphasis on drought, we highlight how understanding fundamental science about how crops grow, develop and what limits their growth and yield can be combined with targeted genetic selection and pioneering chemical intervention technology for transformational yield improvements. © 2017 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

In the 2024/26 crop year, a yield of 5.7 metric tons per hectare was expected for corn crops in Brazil , up by around four percent when compared to the previous crop year. The area planted with corn in the country was forecast to reach around 21 million hectares that crop year.