Age-standardised incidence rates (per 100,000 individuals), 5-year average percent change and the standardised rate ratios compared to 1988–1992 in selected high income countries: Adenocarcinoma of the anus.

Age-standardised incidence rates (per 100,000 individuals), 5-year average percent change and standardised rate ratios compared to 1988–1992 in selected high income countries: Squamous cell carcinoma of the anus.

Background Development of proximal and distal colorectal cancers involve partly different mechanisms associated with the microsatellite instability (MSI) and the chromosomal instability (CIN) pathways. Colorectal cancers in patients under 50 years of age represent about 5% of the total number of tumors and have been associated with an increased frequency of MSI tumors. However, MSI and CIN may play different roles in the development of colon cancer and rectal cancer, and we have specifically investigated their contribution to the development of rectal cancer at young age. Methods Thirty rectal cancers diagnosed before the age of 50 were characterized for DNA-ploidy, MSI, mutations of KRAS and CTNNB1 and immunohistochemical expression of p53, β-catenin and of the mismatch repair (MMR) proteins MLH1 and MSH2. Results DNA aneuploidy was detected in 21/30 tumors, KRAS mutations in 6 tumors, no mutations of CTNNB1 were detected but immunohistochemical staining for β-catenin showed nuclear staining in 6 tumors, and immunohistochemical expression of p53 was detected in 18 tumors. MSI was detected in 3/30 tumors, all of which showed and immunohistochemical loss of staining for the MMR protein MSH2, which strongly indicates a phenotype associated with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC). Conclusions MSI occurs only in a small fraction of the tumors from young patients with rectal cancer, but when present it strongly indicates an underlying HNPCC-causing mutation, and other mechanisms than HNPCC thus cause rectal cancer in the majority of young patients.

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence is rising in the young, yet the age of those affected is not clearly defined. In this study, we identify such cohorts and define clinicopathological features of early-onset colon and rectal cancers.Methods: The Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Program (SEER) database was queried to compare clinicopathological characteristics of colon and rectal cancers diagnosed during 1973–1995 with those diagnosed during 1995–2014.Results: We identified 430,886 patients with colon and rectal cancers. From 1973–1995 to 1995–2014, colon cancer incidence increased in patients aged 20–44 years, while rectal cancer incidence increased in patients aged ≤54 years. The percent change of cancer incidence was greatest for rectal cancer with a 41.5% (95% confidence interval (CI): 37.4–45.8%) increase compared to a 9.8% (CI: 6.2–13.6%) increase in colon cancer. Colon cancer has increased in tumors located in ascending, sigmoid, and rectosigmoid locations. Adenocarcinoma histology has increased in both colon and rectal cancers (P < 0.01), but mucinous and signet ring cell subtypes have not increased (P = 0.13 and 0.08, respectively). Incidence increases were race-specific, with rectal cancer seeing similar rises in white (38.4%, CI: 33.8–43.1%) and black populations (38.0%, CI: 26.2–51.2%), while colon cancer as a whole saw a rise in white (11.5%, CI: 7.2–15.9%) but not black populations (−6.8%, CI: −14.6–1.9%).Conclusions: Our study underscores the existence of key differences between early-onset colon (20–44 years) and rectal cancers (≤54 years) and provides evidence-based inclusion criteria for future investigations. We recommend that future research of CRC in the young should avoid investigating these cases as a single entity.

Rate: Number of new cases (per 100,000) of invasive colorectal cancer diagnosed.

Definition: Age-adjusted incidence rate of cancer of the colon and rectum per 100,000 population (ICD-O-3 codes: C18.0-C20.9 excl. types 9590-9992).

Data Source: New Jersey State Cancer Registry, Cancer Epidemiology Services, New Jersey Department of Health

This dataset tracks the updates made on the dataset "Predominance of CIN versus MSI in the development of rectal cancer at young age" as a repository for previous versions of the data and metadata.

This report contains data related to article: "Rectal Cancer in Adolescent and Young Adult Patients: Pattern of Clinical Presentation and Case-Matched Comparison of Outcomes"

Background: Rectal cancer in adolescents and young adults (age ≤39) is increasing. Early diagnosis is a challenge in this subset of patients.

Objective: This study aims to analyze the presentation pattern and outcomes of sporadic rectal cancer in adolescents and young adults.

Design: This is a retrospective study.

Setting: This study was conducted at 3 European tertiary centers.

Patients: Data on adolescents and young adults operated on for sporadic rectal cancer (January 2008 through October 2019) were analyzed. To compare outcomes, adolescents and young adults were matched to a group of patients aged ≥40 operated on during the same period.

Main outcome measures: The primary outcomes measured were clinical presentation and long-term outcomes.

Results: Sporadic rectal cancers occurred in 101 adolescents and young adults (2.4%; mean age, 33.5; range, 18-39); 51.5% were male, and a smoking habit was reported by 17.8% of patients. The rate of a family history for colorectal cancer was 25.7%, and of these patients, 24.7% were obese. Diagnosis based on symptoms was reported in 92.1% patients, and the mean time from first symptoms to diagnosis was 13.7 months. The most common symptom at diagnosis was rectal bleeding (68.8%), and 12% and 34% of the adolescents and young adults presented with locally advanced or metastatic disease at diagnosis. Consequently, 68.3% and 62.4% adolescents and young adults received neoadjuvant and adjuvant treatments. The rate of complete pathological response was 24.1%; whereas 38.6% patients had stage IV disease, and 93.1% were microsatellite stable. At a mean follow-up of 5 years, no difference in cancer-specific survival, but a lower disease-free survival was reported in adolescents and young adults (p < 0.0001) vs the matched group. Adolescents and young adults with stages I to II disease had shorter cancer-specific survival and disease-free survival (p = 0.006; p < 0.0001); with stage III disease, they had a shorter disease-free survival (p = 0.01).

Limitations: This study was limited by its observational, retrospective design.

Conclusions: The significantly delayed diagnosis in adolescents and young adults may have contributed to the advanced disease at presentation and lower disease-free survival, even at earlier stages, suggesting a higher metastatic potential than in older patients. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/B537.

Cncer de recto en pacientes adolescentes y adultos jvenes cuadro de presentacin clnica y comparacin de desenlaces por casos emparejados: ANTECEDENTES:El cáncer de recto en adolescentes y adultos jóvenes (edad ≤ 39) está aumentando. El diagnóstico temprano es un desafío en este subgrupo de pacientes.OBJETIVO:Analizar el cuadro de presentación y los desenlaces en adolescentes y adultos jóvenes con cáncer de recto esporádico.DISEÑO:Estudio retrospectivo.ÁMBITO:Tres centros europeos de tercer nivel.PACIENTES:Se analizaron los datos de adolescentes y adultos jóvenes operados de cáncer de recto esporádico (enero de 2008 - octubre de 2019). Para comparar los desenlaces se emparejó a adolescentes y adultos jóvenes con un grupo de pacientes mayores de 40 años operados en el mismo período de tiempo.PRINCIPALES VARIABLES ANALIZADAS:Cuadro clínico, resultados a largo plazo.RESULTADOS:Los cánceres de recto esporádicos en adolescentes y adultos jóvenes fueron 101 (2,4%, edad media: 33,5, rango 18-39). El 51,5% eran hombres, el 17,8% de los pacientes fumaba. El 25,7% tentía antecedentes familiares de cáncer colorrectal. El 24,7% eran obesos. El diagnóstico con base en los síntomas se informó en el 92,1% de los pacientes, el tiempo promedio desde los primeros síntomas hasta el diagnóstico fue de 13,7 meses. El síntoma más común en el momento del diagnóstico fue el sangrado rectal (68,8%). 12% y 34% de adolescentes y adultos jóvenes presentaron enfermedad localmente avanzada o metastásica en el momento del diagnóstico. Por lo tanto, el 68,3% y el 62,4% de adolescentes y adultos jóvenes recibieron neoadyuvancia y adyuvancia. La tasa de respuesta patológica completa fue del 24,1%; mientras que el 38,6% estaban en estadio IV. El 93,1% eran microsatelite estable. Con una media de seguimiento de 5 años, no se observaron diferencias en la sobrevida específica del cáncer, pero se informó una menor sobrevida libre de enfermedad en adolescentes y adultos jóvenes (p <0,0001) frente al grupo emparejado. Los adolescentes y adultos jóvenes en estadios I-II tuvieron una sobrevida específica por cáncer y una sobrevida libre de enfermedad más corta (p = 0,006; p <0,0001); el estadio III tuvo una sobrevida libre de enfermedad más baja (p = 0,01).LIMITACIONES:Diseño observacional y retrospectivo.CONCLUSIONES:El diagnóstico notablemente demorado en adolescentes y adultos jóvenes puede contribuir a la presentación de una enfermedad avanzada y a una menor sobrevida libre de enfermedad, incluso en estadios más tempranas, lo cual implica un mayor potencial metastásico en comparación con pacientes mayores. Consulte Video Resumen en http://links.lww.com/DCR/B537.

Introduction: Disparities in the incidence, mortality, and survival of cancer types between urban and rural areas in China reflect the effects of different risk factor exposure, education, and different medical availability. We aimed to characterize the disparities in the incidence, mortality, and survivals of cancer types between urban and rural areas in Shanghai, China, 2002-2015.Materials and Methods: The incidence and mortality were standardized by Segi's world standard population. Trends in the incidence and mortality of cancers were compared using annual percent change. The 5-year observed and relative survivals were calculated with life table and Ederer II methods.Results: Age-standardized incidences and mortalities were 212.55/105 and 109.45/105 in urban areas and 210.14/105 and 103.99/105 in rural areas, respectively. Female breast cancer and colorectal cancer occurred more frequently in urban than in rural areas, quite in contrast to liver cancer and cervical cancer. Cancers of lung and bronchus, liver, stomach, and colon and rectum were the leading causes of cancer death in both areas. Age-standardized incidence of female breast cancer and colorectal cancer in urban areas increased while gastric cancer and liver cancer decreased in both areas. Age-standardized mortalities of cancers of breast, esophagus, stomach, colon and rectum, liver, and lung and bronchus decreased in both areas. For all cancers combined, the 5-year observed and relative survivals of cancer patients were higher in urban than in rural areas. The 5-year observed and relative survivals of cancers of liver, pancreas, stomach, brain and central nervous system (CNS), and prostate were higher in urban than in rural areas. The 5-year observed and relative survivals of cervical cancer were higher in rural than in urban areas.Conclusions: Factors promoting female breast cancer and colorectal cancer in urban areas and liver cancer and cervical cancer in rural areas should be specifically intervened in cancer prophylaxis. Improved medical services can greatly prolong the survival of major cancers in rural areas.

IntroductionTotal mesorectal excision (TME), chemotherapy (CT), and radiotherapy (RT) are usually integrated into the comprehensive treatment of stage II/III rectal cancer (RC). Neoadjuvant radiotherapy (nRT) has become the standard treatment for stage II/III RC patients to help reduce the size of a tumor or kill cancer cells that have spread. Adjuvant RT is delivered after the resection to destroy remaining cancer cells and used mainly in stage II/III RC patients who have not received preoperative radiotherapy, such as those who suffered from a bowel obstruction before surgery. It is controversial whether radiotherapy can improve the survival of stage II/III RC patients. An increasing number of studies have reported that rectal cancer exhibited mismatched biology, epidemiology, and therapeutic response to current treatment strategy in different age groups. It is necessary to investigate whether radiotherapy exhibits disparate effects in different age groups of patients with stage II/III RC.MethodsData from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program was extracted to identify stage II/III RC diagnosed in the periods of 2004–2016. The statistical methods included Pearson’s chi-square test, log-rank test, Cox regression model, and propensity score matching.ResultsNeoadjuvant radiotherapy (nRT) cannot improve the prognosis, and postoperative RT may even reduce the survival time for early onset stage II/III RC. Postoperative RT was not able to improve the overall survival (OS), while nRT may provide limited survival improvement for middle-aged stage II/III RC patients. In addition, radiotherapy can significantly improve the prognosis for elderly stage II/III RC.ConclusionsThis study indicated the inconsistent survival effect of radiotherapy on stage II/III rectal cancer patients in different age groups. Hence, we formulated a novel flow chart of radiotherapy decision-making based on age in stage II/III RC patients.

The burden of colorectal cancer (CRC) varies substantially across different geographical locations. However, there was no further quantitative analysis of regional social development and the disease burden of CRC. In addition, the incidence of early- and late-onset CRC has increased rapidly in developed and developing regions. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the trends in CRC burden across different regions, in addition to the epidemiological differences between early and late-onset CRC and their risk factors. In this study, estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) was employed to quantify trends in age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), mortality rate, and disability-adjusted life-years. Restricted cubic spline models were fitted to quantitatively analyze the relationship between trends in ASIR and Human Development Index (HDI). In addition, the epidemiological characteristics of early- and late-onset CRC were investigated using analyses stratified by age groups and regions. Specifically, meat consumption and antibiotic use were included to explore the differences in the risk factors for early- and late-onset CRC. The quantitative analysis showed that the ASIR of CRC was exponentially and positively correlated with the 2019 HDI in different regions. In addition, the growing trend of ASIR in recent years varied substantially across HDI regions. Specifically, the ASIR of CRC showed a significant increase in developing countries, while it remained stable or decreased in developed countries. Moreover, a linear correlation was found between the ASIR of CRC and meat consumption in different regions, especially in developing countries. Furthermore, a similar correlation was found between the ASIR and antibiotic use in all age groups, with different correlation coefficients for early-onset and late-onset CRC. It is worth mentioning that the early onset of CRC could be attributable to the unrestrained use of antibiotics among young people in developed countries. In summary, for better prevention and control of CRC, governments should pay attention to advocate self-testing and hospital visits among all age groups, especially among young people at high risk of CRC, and strictly control meat consumption and the usage of antibiotics.

The molecular diagnosis of rectal cancer market is booming, driven by technological advancements and rising disease prevalence. This analysis explores market size, growth trends, key players (Kingmed, Roche, Qiagen, etc.), and future opportunities in this rapidly expanding sector. Learn about the latest innovations and challenges in rectal cancer diagnostics.

PurposeRectal cancer patients achieving pCR are known to have an excellent prognosis, yet no widely accepted consensus on risk stratification and post-operative management (e.g., adjuvant therapy) has been established. This study aimed to identify magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) high-risk factors for tumor relapse in pathological complete remission (pCR) achieved by rectal cancer patients who have undergone neoadjuvant concurrent chemoradiation therapy (CRT) and curative resection.Materials and MethodsWe analyzed 88 (male/female = 55/33, median age, 59.5 years [range 34–78]) pCR-proven rectal cancer patients who had undergone pre-CRT MRI, CRT, post-CRT MRI and curative surgery between July 2005 and December 2012. Patients were observed for post-operative tumor relapse. We analyzed the pre/post-CRT MRIs for parameters including mrT stage, mesorectal fascia (mrMRF) status, tumor volume, tumor regression grade (mrTRG), nodal status (mrN), and extramural vessel invasion (mrEMVI). We performed univariate analysis and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis.ResultsPost-operative tumor relapse occurred in seven patients (8.0%, n = 7/88) between 5.7 and 50.7 (median 16.8) months. No significant relevance was observed between tumor volume, volume reduction rate, mrTRG, mrT, or mrN status. Meanwhile, positive mrMRF (Ppre-CRT = 0.018, Ppre/post-CRT = 0.006) and mrEMVI (Ppre-CRT = 0.026, Ppre-/post-CRT = 0.008) were associated with higher incidence of post-operative tumor relapse. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed a higher risk of tumor relapse in patients with positive mrMRF (Ppre-CRT = 0.029, Ppre-/post-CRT = 0.009) or mrEMVI (Ppre-CRT = 0.024, Ppre-/post-CRT = 0.003).ConclusionPositive mrMRF and mrEMVI status was associated with a higher risk of post-operative tumor relapse of pCR achieved by rectal cancer patients, and therefore, can be applied for risk stratification and to individualize treatment plans.

Discover the latest market trends and insights into the booming rectal cancer therapeutics market. This analysis covers market size, growth drivers, key players (Eli Lilly, Genentech, Merck), and future projections through 2033, providing a comprehensive overview for investors and industry professionals.

Explore the expanding rectal cancer therapeutics market with insights on growth drivers, key trends, and emerging treatments. Discover market size projections, CAGR, and regional dynamics for this vital therapeutic area.

Yearly citation counts for the publication titled "Histological grades of rectal cancer: whole-volume histogram analysis of apparent diffusion coefficient based on reduced field-of-view diffusion-weighted imaging".

Access Market Research Intellect's Rectal Cancer Therapeutics Market Report for insights on a market worth USD 5.2 billion in 2024, expanding to USD 9.8 billion by 2033, driven by a CAGR of 7.4%.Learn about growth opportunities, disruptive technologies, and leading market participants.

Yearly citation counts for the publication titled "Indications and surgical alternatives for palliation of rectal cancer".

National Cancer Registration and Analysis Service (NCRAS). (2019). Cancer Registration: Trends in incidence of common cancer in adolescents and young adults in England (1985-2016) [Data set]. Public Health England. https://doi.org/10.25503/cbbh-vg22 This data set contains patient level data for common cancers in adolescents and young adults in England between the years 1985 to 2016. Male cancers included in the dataset are: testis (C62), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) (C82-C85), rectosigmoid junction/rectal (C19/C20), and colon (C18) Female cancers include: breast (C50), cervix uteri (C53), thyroid (C73), rectosigmoid junction/rectal (C19/C20), and colon (C18) Variables included: • Pseudonymised Patient ID • Patient age (in 5- or 10-year bands) • Sex (1=M, 2=F) • Diagnosis year (in 5-year bands) • Basis of diagnosis (coded as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, &) • Death certificate only (DCO) (coded as Y=Yes and N=No) • 4-digit ICD10 code (for colon) • 3-digit ICD10 code (for all other sites) • Histology code/description (5-digit code) • Grade of cancer • Laterality (if relevant, coded as; 1, 2, 3, 9, &, B, L, M, R) • Pathology stage (coded as 0,1, 2, 4, 5, 6, ?, 1A, 1A1, 1A2, 1B, 1B1, 1B2, 1C, 1E, 1S, 2A, 2A1, 2B, 2C, 3A, 3B, 3C, 4A, 4B, U, X) • Stage best (coded as, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, &, ?, 1A, 1A1, 1A2, 1B, 1B1, 1B2, 1C, 1E, 1S, 2A, 2A1, 2A2, 2B, 2C, 2E, 2S, 3A, 3B, 3E, 3S, 4A, 4B, 4C, 4S, U, X) • Quintile deprivation index from 2015 (for years 2012-2016) (Quintile score [1-5], describing income deprivation where 1= least deprived to 5= most deprived) Data for years 1985-1994 has been extracted from the ONS Incidence Dataset. Data for years 1995-2016 has been extracted from Cancer Registration database. Caution must be taken when using older data as it is not of as high a quality as data from more recent years. Differences in the registration process over time will explain some differences seen in the data. Additionally, improvements over time in the coding accuracy and methods used to identify cancers (e.g. biopsy, imaging) will be responsible for some of the increases in the registration of certain cancers. More information about the cancer registration process and database used can be found here: Data Resource Profile: National Cancer Registration Dataset in England (https://academic.oup.com/ije/advance-article/doi/10.1093/ije/dyz076/5476570). 'Histology coded' applies different coding systems depending on the diagnosis year of the given tumour. Tumours diagnosed from 1985-1989 are coded using MOTNAC (Manual of Tumor Nomenclature and Coding), tumours from 1990-1994 use ICD-O, and cases from 1995-2016 use ICD10. Histolology coded description and pathology stage are not available for data from 1985-1994. The variable 'Stage best' is not equivalent in the two different datasets and should not be compared.

Spacer Gel for Rectal Radioprotection Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global Spacer Gel for Rectal Radioprotection market size reached USD 580 million in 2024, reflecting robust demand in oncology care. The market is projected to expand at a CAGR of 8.9% from 2025 to 2033, reaching a forecasted value of USD 1.27 billion by 2033. This growth is primarily driven by increasing prostate and cervical cancer incidence, rising adoption of advanced radiotherapy techniques, and growing awareness regarding mitigation of radiation-induced rectal toxicity.

One of the primary growth drivers for the Spacer Gel for Rectal Radioprotection market is the rising global incidence of prostate cancer, which remains one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers among men. As radiotherapy continues to be a mainstay treatment for prostate and certain gynecological cancers, the need to minimize collateral damage to surrounding healthy tissues, particularly the rectum, has become increasingly critical. Spacer gel technology, which physically separates the rectum from the radiation field, significantly reduces rectal toxicity and improves patient quality of life. This clinical benefit has led to the inclusion of spacer gels in international radiotherapy treatment guidelines, further accelerating their adoption across oncology centers worldwide.

Another significant factor propelling market growth is the technological advancements in spacer gel formulations and delivery systems. The evolution from early-generation gels to more biocompatible and easily injectable materials, such as hyaluronic acid-based and polyethylene glycol-based spacer gels, has improved procedural safety and outcomes. These innovations have also simplified the administration process, making it feasible for a broader range of healthcare facilities, including ambulatory surgical centers. Moreover, ongoing clinical trials and positive real-world evidence are increasing physician confidence and expanding the eligible patient pool for spacer gel use, thereby driving market penetration.

The expanding healthcare infrastructure in emerging economies is also contributing to the market’s upward trajectory. Countries in Asia Pacific and Latin America are witnessing significant investments in cancer care facilities and radiotherapy equipment, which is fostering the adoption of spacer gels as part of standard radioprotection protocols. Additionally, increasing patient awareness regarding the benefits of spacer gels, coupled with improved reimbursement frameworks in key markets, is expected to further boost demand. The market is also benefitting from strategic collaborations between spacer gel manufacturers, cancer centers, and research institutions to promote education and training on the use of these products.

Regionally, North America continues to dominate the Spacer Gel for Rectal Radioprotection market due to high penetration of advanced radiotherapy technologies, favorable reimbursement policies, and strong presence of leading manufacturers. Europe follows closely, supported by widespread adoption in public healthcare systems and robust clinical research activities. Meanwhile, Asia Pacific is poised for the fastest growth, driven by increasing cancer incidence, rising healthcare expenditure, and expanding access to advanced oncological treatments. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are also emerging as important markets, though growth in these regions is tempered by limited access to radiotherapy infrastructure and lower awareness levels.

Product Type Analysis

The Spacer Gel for Rectal Radioprotection market is segmented by product type into hyaluronic acid-based spacer gels, polyethylene glycol-based spacer gels, and others. Hyaluronic acid-based spacer gels currently command a significant share of the market due to their excellent biocompatibility, ease of injection, and established safety profile. These gels are derived from naturally occurring polysaccharides, which are well-tolerated by the body and gradually resorbed over time. Their favorable viscosity and mechanical properties ensure effective and stable separation of the rectum from the prostate during radiotherapy, minimizing the risk of rectal injury. The adoption of hyaluronic acid-based gels is further supported by a growing body of clinical evidence demonstrating their efficacy in reducing high-grade rectal toxicity and improving patient-reported outcomes.