This is a dataset of georeferenced 1917 Sanborn Fire Insurance maps of Knoxville TN, including individual sheets, a sheet index, a seamless mosaic, and a map key. Digital images of the data sheets were downloaded from the University of Tennessee Library https://digital.lib.utk.edu/collections/sanbornmapcollection. Multi-part sheets were clipped into pieces for georeferencing. Chris DeRolph georeferenced each sheet and piece, where possible. There were a few outlying images that were unable to be georeferenced due to lack of recognizable common features between the sheets and reference maps/imagery in the sheet vicinity. The sheet index shapefile includes a field with a hyperlink to the UTK library download page for the sheet. The seamless mosaic was created using the Mosaic to New Raster tool in ArcGIS Pro with all georeferenced sheets/pieces as inputs and the Minimum Mosaic Operator. No attempt was made prior to the mosaicking process to remove sheet numbers, scale bars, north arrows, overlapping labels/annotation, etc. Viewing individual sheets will provide the cleanest look at an area, while the seamless mosaic provides the most comprehensive view of the city at the time the maps were created.

This scanned historical map from the University of Idaho Experimental Forest archives shows areas recommended for purchase in and around the proposed U of I Experimental Forest. The printed paper map is dated April 23, 1934.This map was scanned on a Contex HD 5450 wide format scanner at 300 dpi with 24-bit color. The original file was scanned on April 7, 2023 and created as an uncompressed TIF file. Subsequently, a 300 dpi JPEG file was created from the archival TIF file using Adobe Photoshop 2023. The JPG file was rotated, de-skewed, and cropped to make the documents as usable as possible.The JPG file was georeferenced using georeferencing tools in ArcGIS Pro 3.0.1 in June, 2023. Twenty-two (22) control points were placed to align the image to the NAD 1983 UTM Zone 11N coordinate system. The public land survey system was used as the target layer. A first order polynomial transformation (affine) was selected to transform the image without deforming it and the georeferencing information was saved with the image. Total RMS error was less than 100.

Please note that this dataset is not an official City of Toronto land use dataset. It was created for personal and academic use using City of Toronto Land Use Maps (2019) found on the City of Toronto Official Plan website at https://www.toronto.ca/city-government/planning-development/official-plan-guidelines/official-plan/official-plan-maps-copy, along with the City of Toronto parcel fabric (Property Boundaries) found at https://open.toronto.ca/dataset/property-boundaries/ and Statistics Canada Census Dissemination Blocks level boundary files (2016). The property boundaries used were dated November 11, 2021. Further detail about the City of Toronto's Official Plan, consolidation of the information presented in its online form, and considerations for its interpretation can be found at https://www.toronto.ca/city-government/planning-development/official-plan-guidelines/official-plan/ Data Creation Documentation and Procedures Software Used The spatial vector data were created using ArcGIS Pro 2.9.0 in December 2021. PDF File Conversions Using Adobe Acrobat Pro DC software, the following downloaded PDF map images were converted to TIF format. 9028-cp-official-plan-Map-14_LandUse_AODA.pdf 9042-cp-official-plan-Map-22_LandUse_AODA.pdf 9070-cp-official-plan-Map-20_LandUse_AODA.pdf 908a-cp-official-plan-Map-13_LandUse_AODA.pdf 978e-cp-official-plan-Map-17_LandUse_AODA.pdf 97cc-cp-official-plan-Map-15_LandUse_AODA.pdf 97d4-cp-official-plan-Map-23_LandUse_AODA.pdf 97f2-cp-official-plan-Map-19_LandUse_AODA.pdf 97fe-cp-official-plan-Map-18_LandUse_AODA.pdf 9811-cp-official-plan-Map-16_LandUse_AODA.pdf 982d-cp-official-plan-Map-21_LandUse_AODA.pdf Georeferencing and Reprojecting Data Files The original projection of the PDF maps is unknown but were most likely published using MTM Zone 10 EPSG 2019 as per many of the City of Toronto's many datasets. They could also have possibly been published in UTM Zone 17 EPSG 26917 The TIF images were georeferenced in ArcGIS Pro using this projection with very good results. The images were matched against the City of Toronto's Centreline dataset found here The resulting TIF files and their supporting spatial files include: TOLandUseMap13.tfwx TOLandUseMap13.tif TOLandUseMap13.tif.aux.xml TOLandUseMap13.tif.ovr TOLandUseMap14.tfwx TOLandUseMap14.tif TOLandUseMap14.tif.aux.xml TOLandUseMap14.tif.ovr TOLandUseMap15.tfwx TOLandUseMap15.tif TOLandUseMap15.tif.aux.xml TOLandUseMap15.tif.ovr TOLandUseMap16.tfwx TOLandUseMap16.tif TOLandUseMap16.tif.aux.xml TOLandUseMap16.tif.ovr TOLandUseMap17.tfwx TOLandUseMap17.tif TOLandUseMap17.tif.aux.xml TOLandUseMap17.tif.ovr TOLandUseMap18.tfwx TOLandUseMap18.tif TOLandUseMap18.tif.aux.xml TOLandUseMap18.tif.ovr TOLandUseMap19.tif TOLandUseMap19.tif.aux.xml TOLandUseMap19.tif.ovr TOLandUseMap20.tfwx TOLandUseMap20.tif TOLandUseMap20.tif.aux.xml TOLandUseMap20.tif.ovr TOLandUseMap21.tfwx TOLandUseMap21.tif TOLandUseMap21.tif.aux.xml TOLandUseMap21.tif.ovr TOLandUseMap22.tfwx TOLandUseMap22.tif TOLandUseMap22.tif.aux.xml TOLandUseMap22.tif.ovr TOLandUseMap23.tfwx TOLandUseMap23.tif TOLandUseMap23.tif.aux.xml TOLandUseMap23.tif.ov Ground control points were saved for all georeferenced images. The files are the following: map13.txt map14.txt map15.txt map16.txt map17.txt map18.txt map19.txt map21.txt map22.txt map23.txt The City of Toronto's Property Boundaries shapefile, "property_bnds_gcc_wgs84.zip" were unzipped and also reprojected to EPSG 26917 (UTM Zone 17) into a new shapefile, "Property_Boundaries_UTM.shp" Mosaicing Images Once georeferenced, all images were then mosaiced into one image file, "LandUseMosaic20211220v01", within the project-generated Geodatabase, "Landuse.gdb" and exported TIF, "LandUseMosaic20211220.tif" Reclassifying Images Because the original images were of low quality and the conversion to TIF made the image colours even more inconsistent, a method was required to reclassify the images so that different land use classes could be identified. Using Deep learning Objects, the images were re-classified into useful consistent colours. Deep Learning Objects and Training The resulting mosaic was then prepared for reclassification using the Label Objects for Deep Learning tool in ArcGIS Pro. A training sample, "LandUseTrainingSamples20211220", was created in the geodatabase for all land use types as follows: Neighbourhoods Insitutional Natural Areas Core Employment Areas Mixed Use Areas Apartment Neighbourhoods Parks Roads Utility Corridors Other Open Spaces General Employment Areas Regeneration Areas Lettering (not a land use type, but an image colour (black), used to label streets). By identifying the letters, it then made the reclassification and vectorization results easier to clean up of unnecessary clutter caused by the labels of streets. Reclassification Once the... Visit https://dataone.org/datasets/sha256%3A3e3f055bf6281f979484f847d0ed5eeb96143a369592149328c370fe5776742b for complete metadata about this dataset.

Introduction

Geographical scale, in terms of spatial extent, provide a basis for other branches of science. This dataset contains newly proposed geographical and geological GIS boundaries for the Pan-Tibetan Highlands (new proposed name for the High Mountain Asia), based on geological and geomorphological features. This region comprises the Tibetan Plateau and three adjacent mountain regions: the Himalaya, Hengduan Mountains and Mountains of Central Asia, and boundaries are also given for each subregion individually. The dataset will benefit quantitative spatial analysis by providing a well-defined geographical scale for other branches of research, aiding cross-disciplinary comparisons and synthesis, as well as reproducibility of research results.

The dataset comprises three subsets, and we provide three data formats (.shp, .geojson and .kmz) for each of them. Shapefile format (.shp) was generated in ArcGIS Pro, and the other two were converted from shapefile, the conversion steps refer to 'Data processing' section below. The following is a description of the three subsets:

(1) The GIS boundaries we newly defined of the Pan-Tibetan Highlands and its four constituent sub-regions, i.e. the Tibetan Plateau, Himalaya, Hengduan Mountains and the Mountains of Central Asia. All files are placed in the "Pan-Tibetan Highlands (Liu et al._2022)" folder.

(2) We also provide GIS boundaries that were applied by other studies (cited in Fig. 3 of our work) in the folder "Tibetan Plateau and adjacent mountains (Others’ definitions)". If these data is used, please cite the relevent paper accrodingly. In addition, it is worthy to note that the GIS boundaries of Hengduan Mountains (Li et al. 1987a) and Mountains of Central Asia (Foggin et al. 2021) were newly generated in our study using Georeferencing toolbox in ArcGIS Pro.

(3) Geological assemblages and characters of the Pan-Tibetan Highlands, including Cratons and micro-continental blocks (Fig. S1), plus sutures, faults and thrusts (Fig. 4), are placed in the "Pan-Tibetan Highlands (geological files)" folder.

Note: High Mountain Asia: The name ‘High Mountain Asia’ is the only direct synonym of Pan-Tibetan Highlands, but this term is both grammatically awkward and somewhat misleading, and hence the term ‘Pan-Tibetan Highlands’ is here proposed to replace it. Third Pole: The first use of the term ‘Third Pole’ was in reference to the Himalaya by Kurz & Montandon (1933), but the usage was subsequently broadened to the Tibetan Plateau or the whole of the Pan-Tibetan Highlands. The mainstream scientific literature refer the ‘Third Pole’ to the region encompassing the Tibetan Plateau, Himalaya, Hengduan Mountains, Karakoram, Hindu Kush and Pamir. This definition was surpported by geological strcture (Main Pamir Thrust) in the western part, and generally overlaps with the ‘Tibetan Plateau’ sensu lato defined by some previous studies, but is more specific.

More discussion and reference about names please refer to the paper. The figures (Figs. 3, 4, S1) mentioned above were attached in the end of this document.

Data processing

We provide three data formats. Conversion of shapefile data to kmz format was done in ArcGIS Pro. We used the Layer to KML tool in Conversion Toolbox to convert the shapefile to kmz format. Conversion of shapefile data to geojson format was done in R. We read the data using the shapefile function of the raster package, and wrote it as a geojson file using the geojson_write function in the geojsonio package.

Version

Version 2022.1.

Acknowledgements

This study was supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDB31010000), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41971071), the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, CAS (ZDBS-LY-7001). We are grateful to our coauthors insightful discussion and comments. We also want to thank professors Jed Kaplan, Yin An, Dai Erfu, Zhang Guoqing, Peter Cawood, Tobias Bolch and Marc Foggin for suggestions and providing GIS files.

Citation

Liu, J., Milne, R. I., Zhu, G. F., Spicer, R. A., Wambulwa, M. C., Wu, Z. Y., Li, D. Z. (2022). Name and scale matters: Clarifying the geography of Tibetan Plateau and adjacent mountain regions. Global and Planetary Change, In revision

Jie Liu & Guangfu Zhu. (2022). Geographical and geological GIS boundaries of the Tibetan Plateau and adjacent mountain regions (Version 2022.1). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6432940

Contacts

Dr. Jie LIU: E-mail: liujie@mail.kib.ac.cn;

Mr. Guangfu ZHU: zhuguangfu@mail.kib.ac.cn

Institution: Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences

Address: 132# Lanhei Road, Heilongtan, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China

Copyright

This dataset is available under the Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0).

This scanned historical map from the University of Idaho Experimental Forest archives shows the principal cover types on Moscow Mountain and vicinity. The printed paper map is dated April 23, 1934.This map was scanned on a Contex HD 5450 wide format scanner at 300 dpi with 24-bit color. The original file was scanned on April 7, 2023 and created as an uncompressed TIF file. Subsequently, a 300 dpi JPEG file was created from the archival TIF file using Adobe Photoshop 2023. The JPG file was rotated, de-skewed, and cropped to make the documents as usable as possible.The JPG file was georeferenced using georeferencing tools in ArcGIS Pro 3.0.1 in June, 2023. Twenty-two (22) control points were placed to align the image to the NAD 1983 UTM Zone 11N coordinate system. The public land survey system was used as the target layer. A first order polynomial transformation (affine) was selected to transform the image without deforming it and the georeferencing information was saved with the image. Total RMS error was less than 100.

This scanned historical map from the University of Idaho Experimental Forest archives shows watersheds on Moscow Mountain and vicinity. The printed paper map is dated April 23, 1934.This map was scanned on a Contex HD 5450 wide format scanner at 300 dpi with 24-bit color. The original file was scanned on April 7, 2023 and created as an uncompressed TIF file. Subsequently, a 300 dpi JPEG file was created from the archival TIF file using Adobe Photoshop 2023. The JPG file was rotated, de-skewed, and cropped to make the documents as usable as possible.The JPG file was georeferenced using georeferencing tools in ArcGIS Pro 3.0.1 in June, 2023. Twenty-two (22) control points were placed to align the image to the NAD 1983 UTM Zone 11N coordinate system. The public land survey system was used as the target layer. A first order polynomial transformation (affine) was selected to transform the image without deforming it and the georeferencing information was saved with the image. Total RMS error was less than 100.

The tithe map of the the Hendrebiffa township, in the parish of Mold, Flintshire was created in 1837. This is a 2nd class tithe map, meaning that it was created from an amalgam of older sources such as estate maps. The map was georeferenced as part of the AHRC's Deep Mapping Estate Archives project in August 2022 using ESRI ArcPro 2.9.1 utilising multi-point georeferencing (around 250-600) control points as well as the spline transformation. The map as been imported into ArcGIS online as a portable network graphics (PNG) file and is available for public use under the Non-Commercial Open Government Licence.

The tithe map of Arddynwent township in the historic parish of Mold, Flintshire was created in 1837. This is a 2nd class tithe map, meaning that it was created from an amalgam of older sources such as estate maps. The map was georeferenced as part of the AHRC's Deep Mapping Estate Archives project in August 2022 using ESRI ArcPro 2.9.1 utilising multi-point georeferencing (around 250-600) control points as well as the spline transformation. The map as been imported into ArcGIS online as a portable network graphics (PNG) file and is available for public use under the Non-Commercial Open Government Licence.

This map shows the extent of the 'Swymmer' estate within the extent of Mold Mountain, Flintshire. The map was surveyed in 1739. The map was georeferenced as part of the AHRC's Deep Mapping Estate Archives project in August 2022 using ESRI ArcPro 2.9.1 utilising multi-point georeferencing (around 250-600) control points as well as the spline transformation. The map as been imported into ArcGIS online as a portable network graphics (PNG) file and is available for public use under the Non-Commercial Open Government Licence.

The tithe map of township of Creigiog Is Glan in the historic parish of Llanarmon-yn-Iâl, Denbighshire was created in 1847. This is a 2nd class tithe map, meaning that it was created from an amalgam of older sources such as estate maps. The map was georeferenced as part of the AHRC's Deep Mapping Estate Archives project in August 2022 using ESRI ArcPro 2.9.1 utilising multi-point georeferencing (around 250-600) control points as well as the spline transformation. The map as been imported into ArcGIS online as a portable network graphics (PNG) file and is available for public use under the Non-Commercial Open Government Licence.

The tithe map of the township of Cyfnant in the historic parish of Llanarmon-yn-Iâl, Denbighshire was created in 1844. This is a 2nd class tithe map, meaning that it was created from an amalgam of older sources such as estate maps. The map was georeferenced as part of the AHRC's Deep Mapping Estate Archives project in August 2022 using ESRI ArcPro 2.9.1 utilising multi-point georeferencing (around 250-600) control points as well as the spline transformation. The map as been imported into ArcGIS online as a portable network graphics (PNG) file and is available for public use under the Non-Commercial Open Government Licence.

Historical imagery was obtained from University of Florida’s historical Imagery site, “Aerial Photography :Florida”located through searches within the link, http://ufdc.ufl.edu/aerials.Images were downloaded and saved as targets locally and georeferenced by GIS team members. The georeferencing was completed in either ArcGIS 10.3.1 or within ArcPro. The following were held as the standard for the georeferencing process, but there is no gauruntee these were upheld. The minimum number of control points was 10 points. The RMS value was kept at or below half the cell size of the image being georeferenced. The maximum individual residual was at or under twice the RMS. Again, these were the standards, but the accuracy is not gaurunteed. To QC for human error, once all counties for the given decade were georeferenced a comparison task was completed. This QC emphazied that this data is only a visual aid in that distances can be off 50 meters or more in some areas. These are mostly areas where there were limited reference features to georectify the original images. The smallest distance found was under 10 meters. To attain more information on this QC please contact FDEP WRM GIS.As stated in the use limitation, but emphasized here, information contained herein is provided for informational purposes only. The State of Florida, Department of Environmental Protection provides geographic information systems (GIS) data and metadata with no claim as to the completeness, usefulness, or accuracy of its content, positional or otherwise. The State and its officials and employees make no warranty, express or implied, and assume no legal liability or responsibility for the ability of users to fulfill their intended purposes in accessing or using GIS data or metadata or for omissions in content regarding such data. The data could include technical inaccuracies and typographical errors. The data is presented "as is," without warranty of any kind, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, or non-infringement. Your use of the information provided is at your own risk. In providing this data or access to it, the State assumes no obligation to assist the user in the use of such data or in the development, use, or maintenance of any applications applied to or associated with the data or metadata.The decades for each are given below:Manatee -1940, Sarasota-1948, Lee-1944, Broward-1947, Indian River-1943, Brevard-1943, St.Lucie-1944, Duval-1943, Nassau-1943, St.Johns-1943, Volusia-1943, Flagler-1943, Esacmbia-1941, Santa Rosa-1946, Okaloosa-1941, Walton-1941, Martin-1940

This map shows the extent of the 'Pen-y-fron' estate in the historic township of Gwernaffield in the parish of Mold, Flintshire. The map was surveyed in 1858. The map was georeferenced as part of the AHRC's Deep Mapping Estate Archives project in May 2022 using ESRI ArcPro 2.9.1 utilising multi-point georeferencing (around 250-600) control points as well as the spline transformation. The map as been imported into ArcGIS online as a portable network graphics (PNG) file and is available for public use under the Non-Commercial Open Government Licence.

This map shows the extent of the Cae Mawr estate in the historic township of Treuddyn. The surveyor of the map is currently not known and the map is thought to have been surveyed around 1825. The map was georeferenced as part of the AHRC's Deep Mapping Estate Archives project in February 2022 using ESRI ArcPro 2.9.1 utilising multi-point georeferencing (around 250-600) control points as well as the spline transformation. The map as been imported into ArcGIS online as a portable network graphics (PNG) file and is available for public use under the Non-Commercial Open Government Licence.

This map is a mosaic image comprising of over 50 individual 1st Edition Ordnance Survey 25" to the Mile (1:2500) County Series sheets. These map cover the extent of the AHRC Deep Mapping Estate Archives project boundary straddling the counties of both Flintshire and Denbighshire. These maps were surveyed between 1869-1874. Each map sheet was georeferenced as part of the AHRC's Deep Mapping Estate Archives project in January 2022 using ESRI ArcPro 2.9.1 utilising multi-point georeferencing (around 250-600) control points as well as the spline transformation. Each map has then been mosaiced together into a single images and has been imported into ArcGIS online as a Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) file and is available for public use under the Non-Commercial Open Government Licence.

The tithe map of Mold township, in the parish of Mold, Flintshire was created in 1837. This is a 2nd class tithe map, meaning that it was created from an amalgam of older sources such as estate maps. The map was georeferenced as part of the AHRC's Deep Mapping Estate Archives project in August 2022 using ESRI ArcPro 2.9.1 utilising multi-point georeferencing (around 250-600) control points as well as the spline transformation. The map as been imported into ArcGIS online as a portable network graphics (PNG) file and is available for public use under the Non-Commercial Open Government Licence.

The tithe map of the township of Bodidris, in the parish of Llanarmon-yn-Iâl, which at this time was in the county of Flintshire was created in 1842. This is a 2nd class tithe map, meaning that it was created from an amalgam of older sources such as estate maps. The map was georeferenced as part of the AHRC's Deep Mapping Estate Archives project in February 2022 using ESRI ArcPro 2.9.1 utilising multi-point georeferencing (around 250-600) control points as well as the spline transformation. The map as been imported into ArcGIS online as a portable network graphics (PNG) file and is available for public use under the Non-Commercial Open Government Licence.

The tithe map of townships of Broncoed and Bryncanillt in the historic parish of Mold, Flintshire was created in 1837. This is a 2nd class tithe map, meaning that it was created from an amalgam of older sources such as estate maps. The map was georeferenced as part of the AHRC's Deep Mapping Estate Archives project in August 2022 using ESRI ArcPro 2.9.1 utilising multi-point georeferencing (around 250-600) control points as well as the spline transformation. The map as been imported into ArcGIS online as a portable network graphics (PNG) file and is available for public use under the Non-Commercial Open Government Licence.

This scanned historical map from the University of Idaho Experimental Forest archives shows general purpose roads, present forest roads and truck trails, and proposed forest roads and truck trails on Moscow Mountain and vicinity. The printed paper map is dated April 23, 1934.This map was scanned on a Contex HD 5450 wide format scanner at 300 dpi with 24-bit color. The original file was scanned on April 7, 2023 and created as an uncompressed TIF file. Subsequently, a 300 dpi JPEG file was created from the archival TIF file using Adobe Photoshop 2023. The JPG file was rotated, de-skewed, and cropped to make the documents as usable as possible.The JPG file was georeferenced using georeferencing tools in ArcGIS Pro 3.0.1 in June, 2023. Twenty-two (22) control points were placed to align the image to the NAD 1983 UTM Zone 11N coordinate system. The public land survey system was used as the target layer. A first order polynomial transformation (affine) was selected to transform the image without deforming it and the georeferencing information was saved with the image. Total RMS error was less than 100.

This scanned historical map from the University of Idaho Experimental Forest archives shows school district boundaries, schoolhouses, occupied houses, and vacant house on Moscow Mountain and vicinity. The printed paper map is dated April 23, 1934.This map was scanned on a Contex HD 5450 wide format scanner at 300 dpi with 24-bit color. The original file was scanned on April 7, 2023 and created as an uncompressed TIF file. Subsequently, a 300 dpi JPEG file was created from the archival TIF file using Adobe Photoshop 2023. The JPG file was rotated, de-skewed, and cropped to make the documents as usable as possible.The JPG file was georeferenced using georeferencing tools in ArcGIS Pro 3.0.1 in June, 2023. Twenty-two (22) control points were placed to align the image to the NAD 1983 UTM Zone 11N coordinate system. The public land survey system was used as the target layer. A first order polynomial transformation (affine) was selected to transform the image without deforming it and the georeferencing information was saved with the image. Total RMS error was less than 100.