According to recent projections, the impact of reciprocal tariffs worldwide will lead to a short-term acceleration of prices by 0.71 percent. The U.S. is expected to experience the highest price index increase, estimated at 7.26 percent.

This data package includes the underlying data files to replicate the data, tables, and charts presented in Why Trump’s tariff proposals would harm working Americans, PIIE Policy Brief 24-1.

If you use the data, please cite as: Clausing, Kimberly, and Mary E. Lovely. 2024. Why Trump’s tariff proposals would harm working Americans. PIIE Policy Brief 24-1. Washington, DC: Peterson Institute for International Economics.

How Tariffs Are Impacting the Economy

The imposition of tariffs has significantly affected the global economy by driving up costs, creating supply chain disruptions, and reducing consumer purchasing power. In the U.S., tariffs on imported goods have increased the price of raw materials, components, and finished products, forcing businesses to adjust their pricing strategies.

Many industries, including manufacturing and technology, have experienced delays due to tariff-induced supply chain disruptions. Companies reliant on international suppliers have been particularly impacted, as tariff costs have added to production expenses. In response, businesses have explored alternatives like reshoring or diversifying suppliers to mitigate risks.

These tariff-related challenges have created inflationary pressure, resulting in higher operational costs across sectors. The tariff climate has forced businesses to reconsider their growth strategies and adapt to higher input costs, slower global trade, and a more uncertain economic environment. Despite some of these negative impacts, the push for more localized supply chains may eventually lead to long-term stability and operational resilience.

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How Tariffs Are Impacting the Economy

The imposition of tariffs has led to a surge in consumer prices, particularly in sectors reliant on imported goods. Apparel prices, for instance, have increased by 64% in the short term. This inflationary pressure has eroded household purchasing power, with average losses estimated at $3,800 per household.

Additionally, the U.S. economy is projected to experience a persistent 0.6% reduction in GDP annually, amounting to a $170 billion loss. The Federal Reserve faces challenges in balancing inflation control with economic growth, as the tariffs contribute to increased inflation expectations.

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Gold prices fell by 3.58% on Monday due to global tariff concerns, yet remain up 16.77% since January amid economic uncertainty.

Egg prices are anticipated to decline as wholesale costs drop, providing relief to grocery shoppers. However, potential tariff impacts could influence future pricing trends.

The study of Jürgen Nautz deals with selected aspects of tariff autonomy and wage development during the years of inflation in the Weimar Republic. First the development of wages will be presented in the context of cost of living. To investigate the question of tariff autonomy in the inflation period it is of special interest to analyze the usage of arbitration instruments by unions, management and the state. Another central subject of this study is the fundamental position concerning the question of the design of important relations. Two themes are in the focus of interest; the ideas of the further refinement of the collective bargaining principle and the arbitration of labor disputes.Especially concerning tariff autonomy legal positions were developed during the inflation years which had an important impact on the discussion about tariff autonomy during the entire period the Weimar Republic. Data tables in HISTAT:A.1 Development of cost of living: Index of the statistical office of the German Empire (1920-1923)A.2 Index of average real weekly wages per collective agreement Index (1913-1923)A.3 Real weekly and real hourly wages of unskilled and skilled workers (1919-1923)A.4 Strikes and lockouts (1918-1924) A.5 Number of collective agreements (1918-1929)

How Tariffs are Impacting the Economy

Tariffs raise the cost of imported goods, putting pressure on companies relying on global supply chains for raw materials and finished products. As a result, businesses may face higher production costs, which could be passed on to consumers in the form of higher prices. This inflationary effect reduces consumer purchasing power, potentially lowering demand for non-essential products and services.

Moreover, tariffs create uncertainty in the market, which can deter investment, particularly in industries that rely heavily on international trade. For manufacturers, tariffs disrupt the flow of materials, causing delays in production schedules and increasing lead times.

In certain sectors, businesses may seek to localize production or adjust their sourcing strategies, but such shifts often require significant time and capital investments. Additionally, retaliatory tariffs from trading partners can escalate the economic impact, leading to a cycle of rising costs and trade tensions.

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How Tariffs Are Impacting the Economy

The imposition of tariffs has substantially impacted global economies, with rising costs and inflation taking center stage. In the United States, the implementation of new tariffs on imported goods has caused a significant surge in consumer prices, particularly in sectors like electronics, apparel, and automotive. U.S. GDP is projected to experience a loss of approximately 1.1%, which translates to a $170 billion reduction in economic output.

Moreover, the tariffs have eroded consumer purchasing power, with households expected to lose about $3,800 annually. These measures have forced businesses to reevaluate their supply chains and cost structures, further influencing the global trade environment. As inflation rises, central banks, including the U.S. Federal Reserve, face growing pressure to manage the economic fallout, balancing inflation control with economic growth.

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How Tariffs Are Impacting the Economy

The imposition of tariffs has significantly affected the global economy, leading to higher operational costs and disrupted trade flows. In the U.S., the introduction of tariffs on imported goods has led to higher prices for products ranging from electronics to agricultural goods. The inflationary effect has resulted in reduced household purchasing power, with the average U.S. household projected to lose around $3,800 annually.

Furthermore, the economy has been projected to experience a reduction of 1.1% in GDP by 2025, equating to a $170 billion loss in output. These tariffs also create supply chain challenges, as businesses are forced to rethink sourcing strategies and face increased transportation and raw material costs. While the tariffs aim to protect domestic industries, they can also lead to retaliatory measures from trade partners, which exacerbates global economic instability and uncertainty.

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Building materials made of steel, copper and other metals had some of the highest price growth rates in the U.S. in early 2025 in comparison to the previous year. The growth rate of the cost of several construction materials was slightly lower than in late 2024. It is important to note, though, that the figures provided are Producer Price Indices, which cover production within the United States, but do not include imports or tariffs. This might matter for lumber, as Canada's wood production is normally large enough that the U.S. can import it from its neighboring country. Construction material prices in the United Kingdom Similarly to these trends in the U.S., at that time the price growth rate of construction materials in the UK were generally lower 2024 than in 2023. Nevertheless, the cost of some construction materials in the UK still rose that year, with several of those items reaching price growth rates of over **** percent. Considering that those materials make up a very big share of the costs incurred for a construction project, those developments may also have affected the average construction output price in the UK. Construction material shortages during the COVID-19 pandemic During the first years of the COVID-19 pandemic, there often were supply problems and material shortages, which created instability in the construction market. According to a survey among construction contractors, the construction materials most affected by shortages in the U.S. during most of 2021 were steel and lumber. This was also a problem on the other side of the Atlantic: The share of building construction companies experiencing shortages in Germany soared between March and June 2021, staying at high levels for over a year. Meanwhile, the shortage of material or equipment was one of the main factors limiting the building activity in France in June 2022.

Discover how new 25% tariffs on auto parts are poised to affect the automotive industry, increasing costs for automakers and consumers.

How Tariffs are Impacting the Economy

Tariffs directly increase the cost of imported goods, impacting both production costs and consumer prices. In industries that rely heavily on global supply chains, such as semiconductors, businesses face higher costs for raw materials, components, and finished goods. These increased costs can lead to higher prices for consumers, reducing disposable income and overall demand.

Additionally, tariffs create uncertainty in international trade, which can delay investments and disrupt the smooth flow of materials. Companies may attempt to shift their supply chains or manufacturing bases to lower-tariff regions, but such adjustments often require time and substantial capital. For the MEMS High

Density Probe Cards market, tariffs on semiconductor components, and manufacturing equipment can increase production costs and affect pricing strategies. Moreover, retaliatory tariffs between countries can escalate trade tensions, further complicating global market dynamics and potentially leading to inflationary pressures across sectors.

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How Tariffs Are Impacting the Economy

Tariffs have had a substantial impact on the global economy, driving up costs for businesses and consumers. In the U.S., tariffs on imports have resulted in higher prices for raw materials, components, and finished products, leading to inflationary pressures across industries.

Companies that rely on international supply chains, such as manufacturing and technology, have experienced increased production costs, which have been passed on to consumers in the form of higher prices. This has reduced consumer purchasing power, making it more difficult for businesses to attract customers in price-sensitive sectors. Tariffs have also disrupted global supply chains, causing delays and inefficiencies, especially in industries that require timely product delivery, such as retail and technology.

In the crowdfunding market, these disruptions have affected the capital raising process for startups, particularly in sectors like food & beverage, where product development and distribution are often dependent on international suppliers. As a result, businesses are reconsidering their global operations and seeking alternative supply chains to minimize tariff-related risks.

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U.S. stock futures dip as investors focus on inflation data and tariff updates. S&P 500, Nasdaq, and Dow Jones futures decline slightly. Bitcoin rises, gold falls, and oil sees an uptick amid market complexities.

The sporting goods manufacturing industry has benefitted from rising health consciousness over the past decade, which spurred an uptick in sports participation, driving demand. However, inflationary pressures plagued the industry in the aftermath of the COVID-19 outbreak, resulting in people cutting discretionary spending. Revenue is expected to grow at a compound annual rate of 2.6% over the five years through 2025 to €10.8 billion, including an estimated jump of 1.8% in 2025. Profit is also expected to edge upwards to 12.2% in 2025 as higher interest rates cool inflation and ease input cost pressures. Following the COVID-19 outbreak, pent-up demand and supply chain disruptions incited inflationary pressures, ratcheting up living costs. This resulted in many people’s real household disposable income’s plummeting, forcing them to cut discretionary spending on goods like sporting equipment. Despite central banks across Europe raising interest rates to curb rising prices, inflation persisted in the two years through 2023, hurting demand. However, rising sport participation and health consciousness have supported revenue in recent years, driven by effective government initiatives. This includes the Erasmus+ Sport programme, which supports grassroots sports projects across Europe. According to a 2022 survey from the European Commission, Finland tops the list of countries most likely to exercise at least once a week, at 71% of respondents. Import competition has impacted the industry with consumers opting for cheaper alternatives from low-cost production countries amid the cost-of-living crisis. This forced manufacturers to focus their efforts on premium, performance-focused gear, maintaining revenue growth. Revenue is forecast to swell at a compound annual rate of 5.8% over the five years through 2030 to €14.3 billion. Sporting goods manufacturing will welcome declining costs as inflationary pressures subside in the short term. However, uncertainty surrounding Trump’s tariffs policies will hamper GDP growth due to businesses delaying investment projects which would have potentially aided demand for sports goods manufacturers. This will force manufacturers to diversify into faster-growing or tariff-free markets like Asia. Sport participation will continue to rise, supported by robust funding towards promoting exercise as governments seek to slow down rising obesity across Europe. Yet, countries like France facing budget pressures have slashed funding aimed at promoting sports, hindering demand for sports goods manufacturers.

This data package includes the underlying data to replicate the charts and calculations presented in The International Economic Implications of a Second Trump Presidency, PIIE Working Paper 24-20.

If you use the data, please cite as:

McKibbin, Warwick, Megan Hogan, and Marcus Noland. 2024. The International Economic Implications of a Second Trump Presidency. PIIE Working Paper 24-20. Washington: Peterson Institute for International Economics.

How Tariffs are Impacting the Economy

Tariffs impose additional costs on imported goods, which directly affect production costs and consumer prices. For industries dependent on international supply chains, these rising costs can lead to higher prices for end consumers.

As tariffs increase, businesses may face a reduction in profit margins, forcing them to either absorb the costs or pass them on to consumers. Additionally, tariffs can result in supply chain shifts as companies seek out alternative suppliers or move production to countries with lower tariffs.

The impact extends beyond the immediate sectors affected, influencing overall economic growth by slowing down trade flows, leading to inflation, and potentially reducing consumer purchasing power. Retaliatory tariffs from other countries may also exacerbate these effects, creating a cycle of escalating trade tensions and uncertainty in the global market.

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Der Beitrag von Jürgen Nautz widment sich ausgewählten Aspekten zum Problembereich der Tarifautonomie und der Lohnentwicklung in der Zeit der Inflationsjahre während der Weimarer Republik. Als erstes wird die Entwicklung der Löhne auf dem Hintergrund der Lebenshaltungskosten dargestellt. Für die Frage nach dem Zustand der Tarifautonomie in der Inflationsphase ist die Handhabung des Schlichtungsinstrumentariums durch die Tarifparteien und den Staat von besonderem Interesse. Ein zentraler Gegenstand dieses Beitrages ist auch die Darstellung der grundsätzlichen Positionen in der Frage der Gestaltung der industriellen Beziehungen. Dabei stehen zwei Topoi im Mittelpunkt des Interesses: die Vorstellungen von der weiteren Ausgestaltung des Tarifvertragsprinzips und der Schlichtung von Arbeitsstreitigkeiten. Gerade in der Frage der Tarifautonomie sind in den Inflationsjahren Rechtspositionen entwickelt worden, die prägend waren für die Diskussion der Tarifautonomie während der gesamten Phase der Weimarer Republik.

Datentabellen in HISTAT: A.1 Entwicklung der Lebenshaltungskosten: Index des Statistischen Reichsamts (1920-1923) A.2 Index der durchschnittlichen Realwochenlöhne je Tarifvertrag (1913-1923) A.3 Realwochen- und Realstundenlohnsätze ungelernter und gelernter Arbeiter (1919-1923) A.4 Streiks und Aussperrungen (1918-1924) A.5 Zahl der Tarifverträge (1918-1929)

The sporting goods manufacturing industry has benefitted from rising health consciousness over the past decade, which spurred an uptick in sports participation, driving demand. However, inflationary pressures plagued the industry in the aftermath of the COVID-19 outbreak, resulting in people cutting discretionary spending. Revenue is expected to grow at a compound annual rate of 2.6% over the five years through 2025 to €10.8 billion, including an estimated jump of 1.8% in 2025. Profit is also expected to edge upwards to 12.2% in 2025 as higher interest rates cool inflation and ease input cost pressures. Following the COVID-19 outbreak, pent-up demand and supply chain disruptions incited inflationary pressures, ratcheting up living costs. This resulted in many people’s real household disposable income’s plummeting, forcing them to cut discretionary spending on goods like sporting equipment. Despite central banks across Europe raising interest rates to curb rising prices, inflation persisted in the two years through 2023, hurting demand. However, rising sport participation and health consciousness have supported revenue in recent years, driven by effective government initiatives. This includes the Erasmus+ Sport programme, which supports grassroots sports projects across Europe. According to a 2022 survey from the European Commission, Finland tops the list of countries most likely to exercise at least once a week, at 71% of respondents. Import competition has impacted the industry with consumers opting for cheaper alternatives from low-cost production countries amid the cost-of-living crisis. This forced manufacturers to focus their efforts on premium, performance-focused gear, maintaining revenue growth. Revenue is forecast to swell at a compound annual rate of 5.8% over the five years through 2030 to €14.3 billion. Sporting goods manufacturing will welcome declining costs as inflationary pressures subside in the short term. However, uncertainty surrounding Trump’s tariffs policies will hamper GDP growth due to businesses delaying investment projects which would have potentially aided demand for sports goods manufacturers. This will force manufacturers to diversify into faster-growing or tariff-free markets like Asia. Sport participation will continue to rise, supported by robust funding towards promoting exercise as governments seek to slow down rising obesity across Europe. Yet, countries like France facing budget pressures have slashed funding aimed at promoting sports, hindering demand for sports goods manufacturers.