Islam is the major religion in many African countries, especially in the north of the continent. In Comoros, Libya, Western Sahara, at least 99 percent of the population was Muslim as of 202. These were the highest percentages on the continent. However, also in many other African nations, the majority of the population was Muslim. In Egypt, for instance, Islam was the religion of 79 percent of the people. Islam and other religions in Africa Africa accounts for an important share of the world’s Muslim population. As of 2019, 16 percent of the Muslims worldwide lived in Sub-Saharan Africa, while 20 percent of them lived in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Together with Christianity, Islam is the most common religious affiliation in Africa, followed by several traditional African religions. Although to a smaller extent, numerous other religions are practiced on the continent: these include Judaism, the Baha’i Faith, Hinduism, and Buddhism. Number of Muslims worldwide Islam is one of the most widespread religions in the world. There are approximately 1.9 billion Muslims globally, with the largest Muslim communities living in the Asia-Pacific region. Specifically, Indonesia hosts the highest number of Muslims worldwide, amounting to over 200 million, followed by India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. Islam is also present in Europe and America. The largest Islamic communities in Europe are in France (5.72 million), Germany (4.95 million), and the United Kingdom (4.13 million). In the United States, there is an estimated number of around 3.45 million Muslims.

Christianity is the major religion in numerous African countries. As of 2024, around 96 percent of the population of Zambia was Christian, representing the highest percentage on the continent. Seychelles and Rwanda followed with roughly 95 percent and 94 percent of the population being Christian, respectively. While these countries present the highest percentages, Christianity was also prevalent in many other African nations. For instance, in South Africa, Christianity was the religion of nearly 85 percent of the people, while the share corresponded to 71 percent in Ghana. Religious variations across Africa Christianity and Islam are the most practiced religions in Africa. Christian adherents are prevalent below the Sahara, while North Africa is predominantly Muslim. In 2020, Christians accounted for around 60 percent of the Sub-Saharan African population, followed by Muslims with a share of roughly 30 percent. In absolute terms, there were approximately 650 million Christians in the region, a number forecast to increase to over one billion by 2050. In contrast, Islam is most prevalent in North Africa, being the religion of over 90 percent of the population in Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, and Libya. Christianity in the world As opposed to other religions, Christianity is widely spread across continents worldwide. In fact, Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, and Europe each account for around 25 percent of the global Christian population. By comparison, Asia-Pacific and North America make up 13 percent and 12 percent of Christians worldwide, respectively. In several regions, Christians also suffer persecution on religious grounds. Somalia and Libya presented the most critical situation in Africa in 2021, reporting the strongest suppression of Christians worldwide just after North Korea and Afghanistan.

In 2024, Nigeria had the largest Muslim population in Africa, with around 105 million people who belonged to an Islamic denomination. Egypt and Algeria followed with 90.4 million and 39.4 million Muslims, respectively. Muslims have a significant presence in Africa, with an estimated 50 percent of the continent's population identifying as Muslim. The spread of Islam in Africa began in the 7th century with the arrival of Arab traders, and it continued through Islamic scholars and missionaries.

Christianity is the main religion in Sub-Saharan Africa. As of 2020, over *** million people in the region were Christian. Muslims followed, amounting to around *** million. Moreover, folk religions counted over ** million adherents, while the unaffiliated were approximately ** million.

Islam and Christianity form the two dominant religions in Nigeria. The basis of traditional religions was systematically exterminated in the religio-cultural life of the Nigerian people after their contact with colonialism. Approximately 90 percent of the Nigerian people have since preferred to be identified with either Islam or Christianity.Nigeria’s contact with Islam predated that of Christianity and European colonialism; its spread was facilitated into Sub-Saharan Africa through trade and commerce. The northern part of Nigeria is symbolic to the history of Islam, as it penetrated the area through the Kanem-Borno Empire in the 11th century before spreading to the other predominately Hausa states. Islam was then introduced into the traditional societies of the Yoruba-speaking people of south-west Nigeria through their established commercial relationship with people of the North, particularly the Nupe and Fulani.Christianity reached Nigeria in the 15th century with the visitation of the Roman and Catholic missionaries to the coastal areas of the Niger-Delta region, although there were few recorded converts and churches built during this period. Christianity soon recorded a boost in the southern region given its opposition to the slave trade and its promotion of Western education. In contrast to the smooth process Christian evangelization underwent in the South, its process in the North was difficult because Islam had already become well-established.Given the philosophy of Islam as a complete way of life for a Muslim, Islam has always been closely attached to politics in Nigeria. The emergence of particular Islamic groups was significantly influenced by international events, particularly the 1979 Iranian revolution and the corresponding disenchantment from the West. These developments shaped Nigerian national politics of the period as Muslims radically redefined their political interests in line with religion and began to clamor for the incorporation of the Sharia legal system into the country’s judicial system. Nigeria then tried to harness opportunities accruable from other Muslim countries by becoming a registered member with the Organization of Islamic Conference (OIC) in 1985. This inflamed Christians and nurtured the fear of domination by their Muslim counterparts and the possibility of a gradual extinction of their religio-political strength in the national political structure. The distinct religious separation has also instigated violence in present-day Nigeria, including the Sharia riot in Kaduna in 2000, ongoing ethno-religious violence in Jos since 2001, and the 2011 post-election violence that erupted in some northern states. Nigerians’ continued loyalty to religion compared to that of the country continues to sustain major political debate, conflict, and violent outbreaks between populations of the two faiths.

ISO3 - International Organization for Standardization 3-digit country code

AREA_AFF - Geographic area affected by disease

DT_START - Date health event started

DT_END - Date health event ended

TYPE - Type of disease group

DISEASE - Name of disease

NUM_DTH - Number of people reported dead from disease

NUM_AFF - Number of people affected from disease

SOURCE_DT - Source creation date

SOURCE - Primary source

Collection

This HGIS was created using information collected from several websites. EM-DAT, the World Health Organization, and news reports provided information about the outbreaks.

The data included herein have not been derived from a registered survey and should be considered approximate unless otherwise defined. While rigorous steps have been taken to ensure the quality of each dataset, DigitalGlobe Analytics is not responsible for the accuracy and completeness of data compiled from outside sources.

Sources (HGIS)

Egunganga, Vincent, Ami Sadiq, and Hir Joseph. All AfricaHIR JOSEPH, "Nigeria: Lassa Fever Returns Vicio." Last modified March 09, 2013. Accessed April 16, 2013. http://allafrica.com/.

EM DAT, "Country Database; Nigeria." Last modified March 2013. Accessed April 16, 2013. http://www.emdat.be/.

World Health Organization, "Global Health Observatory; Nigeria." Last modified 2012. Accessed April 16, 2013. http://www.who.int/en/.

Sources (Metadata)

Encyclopedia of the Nations, "Nigeria Country Specific Information." Last modified 2013. Accessed March 28, 2013. http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com.

Kates, Jennifer, and Alyssa Wilson Leggoe. The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, "HIV/AIDS; The HIV/AIDS Epidemic in Nigeria." Last modified October 2005. Accessed April 16, 2013. http://www.kff.org/.

United States Embassy in Nigeria, "Nigeria Malaria Fact Sheet." Last modified December 2011. Accessed April 16, 2013. http://nigeria.usembassy.gov.

World Health Organization, "Global Task Force on Cholera Control." Last modified January 18, 2012. Accessed April 16, 2013. http://www.who.int/.

World Health Organization, "Meningococcal disease: situation in the African Meningitis Belt." Last modified 2012. Accessed March 14, 2013. http://www.who.int/csr/don/2012_05_24/en/index.html.

In 2024, Ethiopia had the largest Christian population in Africa, with around 77.5 million people who identified as Christian. The second highest Christian population was in Nigeria, with 74.4 million people. Christianity has a significant presence in Africa, with its history on the continent dating back to the fourth century in Ethiopia. Furthermore, Christianity has spread throughout Africa with different denominations and traditions, taking root in various regions. Some of the largest Christian denominations in Africa include the Roman Catholic Church, the Anglican Church, and the Pentecostal and Charismatic movements.

Side A: History of The Jaxanka People

When the Arabs left from Arabia, they headed to Africa through Babel Mandabi.

Islam came through Sudan to Bahrulahon Asobia Habsa country and then to Misira (Egypt) and in 642 after the death of Christ.

Islam started spreading from there to Nobatou a town located by sea where Ham, son of Noah, had his twins. They were black in complexion and that was embarrassing to him and he absconded to another land.

When the children grew older they went to search for their father and they arrived in Noba at a time when Islam got there, and that was at 652 after the death of Christ. War broke out between Noba and the Roman Catholics in 1323 at Baja.

The Arabs went to Sudan through Misira and then to Darfur. Islam spread in Darfur and to Chad and then to the West African coast and to other parts of Africa. Islam spread in these regions during 668 after the death of Christ.

The first Jihad leaders were Uthba Bin Nafiyou, Asan Bin Noman and Tarik Bin Jab.

Arabs became rivals and some left and headed to Africa. Jihad broke out in the Sahara region at Jenne and Asab as well.

Islam got to Gana to the Yorubas, Hausas and Fulani. The Hausas spread Islam in Sierra Leone and the Mandinkas spread Islam in Gana, Guinea up to the coast where the two Islamic parties met.

Gambia emanated from the Gana empire. The king then was Basarang Colley who was around Mali. Mali and Songhai were together.The first king in Mali was Sunjata Keita in 1545, he was the most popular king in Mali. He conquered Jenne and the Mossi ruler.

Mansa Musa the king of Kankan died on his way from performing pilgrimage in Mecca. Sulayman took over the throne in 1500 and 1570 at Kawong.

When Askia Muhamed was the king, he opened many Islamic learning centers in 1600. He ruled for some time. Later the king of Morocco took over the land and that was Gao, Jenne and Sudan.

Mamadi Coulibally was the ruler of Sikasso, Jenne and Timbuktu in 1650. Alhagi Umaru from Sundan fought Mamadi Coulibally and killed him. He left Madina to Segou and conquered Segou and then settled his son Amadou at Hamdallaye and continued to Banjagara. After 60 years at Banjagara, Amadou Segou left to Hausa land.

When the Europeans came to the region, they invited all the rulers and warned them to seize the war between them. Amadou and the Europeans fought for 18 years. They met at Bisandugu and he fought with Colonel Arsenal at Kankan. One of Amadou’s sons supported the Europeans and fought the ruler of Sikasso who was referred to as, very cruel.

Before the arrival of the Europeans, there were Muslims and non-Muslims in the region. The most popular kingdom was Ndungu Sine. The ruler Mansa Bari Camara was in Kataba, a small town East of Kuntaur. There was a ruler called Wally at Niani who settled a village called Walliya.

People came from the East to the West Africa. They first settled at Kupantum Mandinka Kunda were Wally Camara was the ruler. Members of the Camara clan wer known to be the first settlers of Niani. Other people settled at Kissang, Jambur and Jumbiya and the capital was Ndungu Sine.

The first Jaxanka that settled in the region came from Masina and were known to be knowledgeable and Islamic scholars. When they left Masina, they first settled in Bambuku Jarka in Tukulor land. Some of them left to Fouta and some went to Bundu. After a while some left Bundu because of the war and headed to the Gambia.This was during Jihad war of Sheik Muhamed Lamin Drammeh.

Sheik Muhamed Lamin Drammeh, a Soninke, who hailed from Gunjur was fighting a holy war against the Non-Muslims. He was attacked by the Europeans and fled to Bundu. While he was there the Europeans attacked him again and he left but he was blocked by Bundu Seykunda and he fought with them and both sides suffered.

Muhamed Janteh was a great Islamic scholar at Seykunda who left to Niani Sukuta and wanted to cross to the other side of the river but could not and he turned to Niani Kayai.

The people of Niani attacked and killed him. They took his head to the Europeans and they buried his body at Yonna. Now his grave cannot be traced.

The Jaxanka clans that first came to the Gambia were great Islamic scholars like, Kabaa, Jakite, Gasama and Jaabi. The most popular among the Gassama clan was Sambu who settled at Wulli Sutukoba. He had a big family and among his family was Yusufa his last son whom he loved a lot. When he grew up, he went to study with Alhagi Salim Suware. When Yusufa came to visit his family he returned with his father and some of the family members went to settle in Fata Tenda. Others left to settle in Foni and they became the Kujaabi last names. Sambu continued with Yusufa to his teacher Alhagi Salim Suware, on their way Yusufa threw his father’s idol in the river. Sambu later converted to Islam and married Salim Suware’s daughter. They got children and they were called Foday Yonankoolu. The children of Yusupha were called Yamayankoolu.

History of Niani

The ruler of Niani Kataba used to get the best share of all what the people got. After a long time in that state of oppression on the people of Niani the Muslims made plans to find a solution to their condition. The first European who came there was Mungo Park, who was killed and buried at Karantaba Tenda in Sandu.

The Camara clan rule became so terrible for the Muslims and there was a marabout called Hafoday Jawla at Kupantum. Hafoday went to the East to seek blessings and found and old man who prayed for him so as to keep him from spilling the blood of Muslims. Hafoday later went to settle at Kunting and became the village chief.

When the Non-Muslims suffered so much in the hands the Niani ruler who was at Lamin Koto, they went to Fouta Jallon to look for spiritual support. The found a marabout there who prayed for them and God accepted his prayers.

After that, the people of Kunting went for fishing and they caught a big fish. One of the ruler’s men wanted to take the big fish for the ruler but Hafoday refused to give it out. Kolli, the ruler’s man, went to the Mansa Wally Camara and told him about it and he was angered by that.

Hafoday knew well that there would be war between him and the ruler, so he mobilized the men of Kunting and the attacked the ruler on that night. They silently crept in and knocked at his door and he opened and they grabbed and killed him.

When they killed him they left to Kunting. On their way through Kujaw they met Foday Alhagi Kanyi, Karang Kajali’s uncle, and they told him that they killed the Mansa Wally Camara and he asked them to go for his head. They went back and cut off his head and took it along.

References to entities made in the recording

Culture: Jaxanka, Mandinka, Soninke, Ajamaataw

Language: Translated from Arabic to Mandinka

Persons: Ham, Uthba Bin Nafiyou, Asan Bin Noman, Tarik Bin Jab, Andrusi, Basarang Colley, Sunjata Keita, Mossi ruler, Mansa Musa, Mamadi Coulibaly, Alhagi Umaru, Colonel Arsenal, Amadou, Mansa Bari Camara, Sheik Muhamed Lamin Drammeh, Muhamed Janteh, Kaba Jaiteh, Sambu, Yusufa, Alhagi Salim Suwareh

Relationships:

Mamadi Coulibaly was the king of Sikasso

Amadou was the son of Alhagi Umaru

Basarang Colley was the ruler of Ghana Empire

Mansa was the king at Kankan and was succeeded by Sulayman

Andrusi was an Arab king at Marakisa

Places: Babel Mandiba, Bahrulahon Asobia Habsa, Sudan, Darfur, Egypt, Tunisia, Noba, Baja, Chad, Gambia, Ghana, Sierra Leone, Guinea, Nigeria, Mali, Masina, Gao, Timbuktu, Sikasso,Segou, Mandina, Hamdallaye, Banjagara, Bisadugu, Marakisa, Ndungu Sine, Kataba, Kuntaur, Niani, Walliya, Kupantum Mandika Kunda, Kissang, Jambur, Jumbiya, Bundu Jarka, Fouta, Bundu, Bundu Jannah, Bakkel. Bundu Seykunda, Niani Sukuta, Niani Kayai, Yonna, Wulli Sutukoba, Fata Tenda and Foni

Movements:

Sambu and his son Yusufa left Sutukoba a went to live with Alhagi Salim Suware

Some of Sambu’s family members went to settled at Fara Tenda and others went to Foni

Actions:

Alhagi Umaru killed Mamadi Coulibaly the ruler at Sikasso

Mansa Musa died on his way back from pilgrimage at Mecca

Sambu converted to Islam while living with Alhagi Salim Suware

Time references: None

Side B: History of Sandu

After Mansa Wally was killed, the men from Kunting called for a war against the non-Muslims to vacate the land. They called the rulers Mansa Wally and Kolli and informed them that their next target was Mansa Bari Camara at Kataba. Hafoday mentioned that fighting him would not be prolonged, and Karang Kajali advised them to wait.

He went on in the hills to pray for days, and God accepted his prayers. He warned Hafoday and his men to that they should wait forty-three days before attempting to fight Mansa Bari Camara. Hafoday ignored his advice and went on to fight him, but he was defeated and killed.

When the forty-three days ended, Karang Kajali attacked Ndungu Sine captured Mansa Bari Camara, and killed him. They traveled to Kujaw, and raised the Islamic flag in Niani.

When Karang Kajali killed Mansa Bari Camara, there was a disagreement over whom taxes should be paid to after Karang Kajali killed Mansa Bari Camara. Then the people of Niani began to pay their taxes to Karang Kajali, who shared the tax between his uncle Foday lilay Kanyi and the people of Kunting.

Following the death of Mansa Bari, the spread of Islam became

As of 2010, Christianity was the religion with the most followers worldwide, followed by Islam (Muslims) and Hinduism. In the forty years between 2010 and 2050, it is projected that the landscape of world religions will undergo some noticeable changes, with the number of Muslims almost catching up to Christians. The changes in population sizes of each religious group is largely dependent on demographic development, for example, the rise in the world's Christian population will largely be driven by population growth in Sub-Saharan Africa, while Muslim populations will rise across various regions of Africa and South Asia. As India's population is set to grow while China's goes into decline, this will be reflected in the fact that Hindus will outnumber the unaffiliated by 2050. In fact, India may be home to both the largest Hindu and Muslim populations in the world by the middle of this century.

Nigeria has hundreds of ethnic groups that are usually divided and defined primarily by language. The country hosts more ethnic groups than any other African nation, ranking among the most ethnically-complex states in the world. Most of these ethnic groups are small and localized, with only a few playing a central role in Nigerian society. The major people groups of Nigeria are: Hausa, Fulani, Yoruba, and Igbo (Ibo).The advent of colonial rule in Nigeria brought the various ethnic groups increasingly into contact with one another. This integrative process was facilitated by the construction of connective infrastructure. This increasing development set in motion a process that led to greater contact and competition among the various ethnic groups for dominance and economic advantage. The Nigerian government has worked out tentative power-sharing arrangements to help ensure that its many ethnic groups have some say in society. However, cities remain largely segregated along ethno-religious lines and confrontation between ethnic groups is common. Often, ethnic clashes in one part of the country can set off a chain of reprisal riots and attacks in other parts of the country.Most major ethnic groups have seen the formation of ethnic-exclusive militias to protect alleged group interests and perpetrate violence against other ethnic groups. These vigilante groups continue to act with impunity for lack of stringent law enforcement in much of the state. These continued attacks and tensions among ethnic groups threaten to destabilize an already unsteady country.Hausa - Northern Nigeria is dominated by this ethnic group and is often considered unified with the Fulani through intermarriage of acculturation, generating the Hausa-Fulani as a single ethnic entity. The Hausa were predominately traders throughout the Sahara and Sahel regions but have become more concentrated in rural areas as farmers and herders. They are predominately Muslim with some of the smaller sub-groups such as the Maguzawa practicing indigenous faiths. Their religion is a key component to ethnic identity and continues to shape their role in modern Nigerian society and politics. The Hausa and Fulani were instrumental in establishing and maintaining Sharia in 11 of the country’s northern states.Fulani –The Fulani are an ethnic group of Muslims located in northern Nigeria that have often assimilated into the Hausa culture. At one point nomadic herders, they arrived in the Hausa states sometime in the early 13th century. Many have intermarried with the Hausa and have mostly adopted those customs and language, although some Fulani choose to stay "pure" by retaining a nomadic lifestyle, their own language, and cultural autonomy. The Fulani are most distinctively known for a dispute that developed between them and the local King of Gobir, which developed into a jihad ending with a Fulani conquest of the Hausa states in the early 1800s.Yoruba – The Yoruba are Christian/Muslims living in southwestern Nigeria united by their common belief that Ife is their place of origin and the Oni of Ife is their spiritual leader. Their mythology holds that "Oduduwa" created the earth and that royal houses of the Yoruba kingdoms can trace their ancestry back to "Oduduwa.” Yoruba society is organized into kingdoms, the greatest of which was called Oyo. The Oyo Empire collapsed in 1830, when Afonja, broke away from the rest of the Yoruba culture and lost his empire to the Fulani. This event occurred in close temporal proximity to the Fulani Jihad, but was not associated with it. As Islam and Christianity spread to Yorubaland over the past few centuries, the group embraced both faiths alongside its many traditional and animist beliefs. This blend and acceptance of religion survives in modern society and has mitigated some religious conflict in places where Yoruba form the majority.Igbo (Ibo) – The Igbo are the main ethnic group living in southeastern Nigeria. They have represented some of the staunchest opponents to the establishment of Sharia in the North where some minority Igbo populations exist. As opposed to Hausa-Fulani and Yoruba cultures, the Igbo were traditionally decentralized and non-hierarchical, making them more receptive to European conversion efforts.Under British colonial rule, many Igbo served in government and military roles and were later key players in the 1960 Nigerian independence movement. In January 1966, Igbo leader General Ironsi established a military coup in Nigeria to try and unify a fragmented, newly-independent Nigeria. The northern section of the country believed there was an Igbo conspiracy with the establishment of the new government. In July 1966, a counter-attack was staged by northern military officers in response to the constitution of another new government. Chaos ensued and about 50,000 Igbo were killed in northern Nigeria. To put an end to chaos and upheaval, groups in eastern Nigeria declared themselves as an independent sovereign state known as “Biafra" on 30 May 1967. The Igbo secessionist movement in Biafra led to a 30-month war (Biafran War) with the Nigerian government, in which hundreds of thousands of Igbo starved to death. After the war, Igbo were reintegrated into Nigerian society, but in a more marginalized role. Despite lingering ethnic tension, they now play an important part in southeastern Nigeria's oil trade.

ISO3 - International Organization for Standardization 3-digit country code

PEOPLEGP_1 - People group level one

PEOPLEGP_2 - People group level two

PEOPLEGP_3 - People group level three

ALT_NAME - Alternate names or spellings for people groups

SOURCE_DT - Primary source creation date

SOURCE - Primary source

Collection

This shapefile created by using Anthromapper consists of ethnic layers that have been primarily based on the 1959 Murdock map of Africa with an addition of the Anaang people group based on a general location provided by Ethnologue. Geographical terrain features, combined with a watershed model, were also used to predict the likely extent of ethnic and linguistic influence. The HGIS data and metadata were supplemented with anthropological information from peer-reviewed journals and published books. The interpretation of ethnic names often produces multiple spellings of the same people groups; therefore similarly spelled or phonetic titles may be referencing the same group.

The data included herein have not been derived from a registered survey and should be considered approximate unless otherwise defined. While rigorous steps have been taken to ensure the quality of each dataset, DigitalGlobe Analytics is not responsible for the accuracy and completeness of data compiled from outside sources.

Sources (HGIS)

Anthromapper. DigitalGlobe Analytics, March 2013.

Murdock, George Peter. Tribal Map of Africa from Africa: Its Peoples and Their Culture History. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., January 1959.

Interactive Murdock Map available at - http://worldmap.harvard.edu/africamap.

Ethnologue, “Anaang.” Last modified April 2013. Accessed April 2013. http://www.ethnologue.com

People Groups, “Nigeria.” Last modified April 2013. Accessed April 2013. http://peoplegroups.org.

Joshua Project, “Nigeria”. Last modified March 2013. Accessed April 2013. http://www.joshuaproject.net.

Sources (Metadata)

Walker, Andrew. United States Institute of Peace, "What is Boko Haram?." Last modified 2012. Accessed April 9, 2013. http://www.usip.org.

Buhayar, Noah. PBS, "Oil and Politics in Nigeria." Last modified 2007. Accessed April 8, 2013. www.pbs.org.

Bascom, William. Urbanization Among the Yoruba. Culture and Societies of Africa. Edited by Simon and Phoebe Ottenberg. New York: Random House, 1960.

Greenberg, Joseph H. Some Aspects of Negro-Mohammedan Culture Contact Among the Hausa. Culture and Societies of Africa. Edited by Simon and Phoebe Ottenberg. New York: Random House, 1960.

Levinson, David. Ethnic Groups Worldwide: A Ready Reference Handbook. Santa Barbara: Greenwood, 1998.

Ehwarieme, William. "Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea: The Displacement of Ethnicity by Corruption in Nigeria's Electoral Politics." Journal of Third World Studies. 26. no. 2 (2011): 181-206.

Paden, John. Religion and Political Culture in Kano. University of California Press: Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1973.

Suberu, Rotimi. Federalism and Ethnic Conflict in Nigeria. Washington D.C.: United States Institute of Peace, 2001.

Joshua Project, “Nigeria”. Last modified April 2013. Accessed April 2013. http://www.joshuaproject.net.