Abstract

ADI: An index of socioeconomic status for communities. Dataset ingested directly from BigQuery.

Documentation

The Area Deprivation Index (ADI) can show where areas of deprivation and affluence exist within a community. The ADI is calculated with 17 indicators from the American Community Survey (ACS) having been well-studied in the peer-reviewed literature since 2003, and used for 20 years by the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA). High levels of deprivation have been linked to health outcomes such as 30-day hospital readmission rates, cardiovascular disease deaths, cervical cancer incidence, cancer deaths, and all-cause mortality. The 17 indicators from the ADI encompass income, education, employment, and housing conditions at the Census Block Group level.

The ADI is available on BigQuery for release years 2018-2020 and is reported as a percentile that is 0-100% with 50% indicating a "middle of the nation" percentile. Data is provided at the county, ZIP, and Census Block Group levels. Neighborhood and racial disparities occur when some neighborhoods have high ADI scores and others have low scores. A low ADI score indicates affluence or prosperity. A high ADI score is indicative of high levels of deprivation. Raw ADI scores and additional statistics and dataviz can be seen in this ADI story with a BroadStreet free account.

Dataset source: https://help.broadstreet.io/article/adi/

The table adi_by_zipcode is part of the dataset Area Deprivation Index (ADI), available at https://columbia.redivis.com/datasets/axrk-7jx8wdwc2. It contains 98967 rows across 5 variables.

All records used to generate this analysis are shown without identifying information. (XLSX)

The National Material and Social Deprivation Indices (MSDI) for all Canadian Census enumeration areas (now called dissemination areas) were downloaded July 21, 2017 by CANUE staff from the INSPQ website. The indices were provided in Excel spreadsheets named TableEquivalenceCompleteCanada1991.xlxs; TableEquivalenceCompleteCanada1996.xlxs; TableEquivalenceCompleteCanada2001.xlxs; TableEquivalenceCompleteCanada2006.xlxs; andTableEquivalenceCompleteCanada2011.xlxs. Data for 2016 were provided directly to CANUE by INSPQ.ArcGIS was used by CANUE staff to associate the single link DMTI Spatial postal codes to the Statistics Canada enumeration/dissemination area boundary file, and then spatially join the MSDI data to DMTI single link postal codes using enumeration or dissemination area as a unique identifier. There may be many postal codes within a single enumeration or dissemination area - these will have the same index values. CANUE staff translated the variable names from French to English and added a distance attribute (maximum distance from postal code centroid to boundary of census area).

This method provides statistics on relative deprivation in England, Wales, and Scotland, including:

• The Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) – a measure of overall deprivation
• Domain-specific indices (e.g., income, employment, education, health etc.) that differ by country
• Area rankings and deciles for simplified analysis

Area Types

The indices assess deprivation at a small-area level:

• England & Wales: Lower-layer Super Output Areas (LSOAs)
• Scotland: Data Zones

Ranking & Deciles

Each area is ranked from most to least deprived:

• England: 1 (most deprived) to 32,844 (least deprived)
• Wales: 1 (most deprived) to 1,909 (least deprived)
• Scotland: 1 (most deprived) to 6,976 (least deprived)

The ranks are available in the imdRank field, with domain-specific ranks in fields such as incomeRank, employmentRank, crimeRank, etc.

To simplify, areas are also categorized into deciles (1 = most deprived, 10 = least deprived), available in fields like imdDecile, incomeDecile, employmentDecile, etc.

Mapping & Consumer Platform Adjustments

We use deciles to color-code our deprivation map. However, on our consumer platform, we reversed the ratings scale to match user expectations where higher ratings are associated with higher deprivation.

For example, postcode W6 0LJ (imdDecile 2, a highly deprived area) is displayed as “_Index of Multiple Deprivation - 9/10 or high_” on the consumer platform.

Data Availability

• England & Wales: 2019
• Scotland: 2020

The Daily and Annual PM2.5, O3, and NO2 Concentrations at ZIP Codes for the Contiguous U.S., 2000-2016, v1.0 data set contains daily and annual concentration predictions for Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5), Ozone (O3), and Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) pollutants at ZIP Code-level for the years 2000 to 2016. Ensemble predictions of three machine-learning models were implemented (Random Forest, Gradient Boosting, and Neural Network) to estimate the daily PM2.5, O3, and NO2 at the centroids of 1km x 1km grid cells across the contiguous U.S. for 2000 to 2016. The predictors included air monitoring data, satellite aerosol optical depth, meteorological conditions, chemical transport model simulations, and land-use variables. The ensemble models demonstrated excellent predictive performance with 10-fold cross-validated R-squared values of 0.86 for PM2.5, 0.86 for O3, and 0.79 for NO2. These high-resolution, well-validated predictions allow for estimates of ZIP Code-level pollution concentrations with a high degree of accuracy. For general ZIP Codes with polygon representations, pollution levels were estimated by averaging the predictions of grid cells whose centroids lie inside the polygon of that ZIP Code; for other ZIP Codes such as Post Offices or large volume single customers, they were treated as a single point and predicted their pollution levels by assigning the predictions using the nearest grid cell. The polygon shapes and points with latitudes and longitudes for ZIP Codes were obtained from Esri and the U.S. ZIP Code Database and were updated annually. The data include about 31,000 general ZIP Codes with polygon representations, and about 10,000 ZIP Codes as single points. The aggregated ZIP Code-level, daily predictions are applicable in research such as environmental epidemiology, environmental justice, health equity, and political science, by linking with ZIP Code-level demographic and medical data sets, including national inpatient care records, medical claims data, census data, U.S. Census Bureau American CommUnity Survey (ACS), and Area Deprivation Index (ADI). The data are particularly useful for studies on rural populations who are under-represented due to the lack of air monitoring sites in rural areas. Compared with the 1km grid data, the ZIP Code-level predictions are much smaller in size and are manageable in personal computing environments. This greatly improves the inclusion of scientists in different fields by lowering the key barrier to participation in air pollution research. The Units are ug/m^3 for PM2.5 and ppb for O3 and NO2.

Demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of patients in the health system compared to pancreatic cancer patients.

Regression Coefficients for Social Determinants of Community-Level Pancreatic Cancer Care Utilization.

Multivariable Regression Coefficients for Social Determinants Impacting Utilization on population level.

Regression Coefficients for Social Determinants of Hospital-Level Pancreatic Cancer Care Utilization.

Please note that Deprivation Ranks are released at Lower Super Output Area/Data Zone level and are not for each individual postcode.

The first resource below provides a list of all 2011 census frozen postcodes across the UK as well as the:

• Postcode's location in the UK (British National Grid, Irish Grid, Latitude-Longitude)
• Total persons recorded in that postcode
• Female or male breakdown of the postcode
• Number of occupied households in that postcode
• The Lower Super Output Area or Data Zone in which the postcode resides
• The Output Area or Small Area in which the postcode resides
• The Output Area's Classification:
  • OAC Supergroup (codes and names)
  • OAC Group (codes and names)
  • OAC Subgroups (codes and names)
• The Deprivation Ranks of the LSOA/DZ:
  • 2014 Welsh Index of Multiple Deprivation (WIMD) Rank for 2011 LSOAs
  • 2015 English Index of Multiple Deprivation (EIMD) Score, Rank and Decile for 2011 LSOAs
  • 2016 Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation (SIMD) Rank for 2011 Data Zones
  • 2017 Northern Irish Multiple Deprivation Measures (NIMDM) Rank for SOAs
  • Townsend Deprivation Index score and quintile of LSOAs and Data Zones
  • Townsend Deprivation Index score and quintile of Output Areas and Small Areas

Suppressed postcodes in Northern Ireland

For confidentiality reasons, counts were suppressed for postcodes that had less than 10 usual residents and had only 1, 2 or 3 households in them.

The Registrar General took steps to ensure that the confidentiality of respondents was fully protected. Accordingly, all published results from the 2011 Census (including those relating to Postcodes) were subject to statistical processes to ensure that individuals could not be identified. For these postcodes, averages were taken at Postcode District level and released in a separate table, which can be found below.

Missing postcodes

These postcodes are based upon the sets of enumeration postcodes provided by the three UK census agencies. Enumeration postcodes are a subset of the complete set of live postcodes at the time of the 2011 Census. These are aggregated to create census output areas, which are themselves aggregated to create most other census geographies.

Only postcodes with at least one resident person are included. Many postcodes, such as those assigned to businesses, don't have any resident populations and so won't appear in the table.

Postcodes are quite volatile; new postcodes are created and old ones are terminated regularly. Existing/live postcodes can also change through the addition or removal of delivery points. The ONSPD records all live and terminated postcodes. Each postcode has a date of introduction and, if relevant, a date of termination. Things are complicated further because postcodes can be re-used, so a postcode can be terminated and then reappear with a new date of introduction, replacing/removing the record for the previous instance of the postcode. Postcodes that weren't current at the time of the census also won't appear in the table.

DemoEnPoC2016.csv/DemoEnPoC2006.csv:

This is a table including environmental and demographic (Census variables) data at postal code level for Metro Vancouver in the year 2006 and 2016. The environmental data (SO2 metrics, PM2.5 metrics, Calculated ozone metrics, NO2 data, NDVI metrics, and Canadian Active Living Environments Index (Can-ALE) indexed to DMTI Spatial Inc. postal codes) were extracted from CANUE (Canadian Urban Environmental Health Research Consortium). The demographic data is extracted from Canadian Census analyzer (https://datacentre.chass.utoronto.ca/), the deprivation index is downloaded from from the Institut national de santé publique du Québec (INSPQ).

DGRwithLable:

This is the Dissemination Geographies Relationship File for the 2021 census year (Statistics Canada, 2021) with the lable of urban or rural, indicating which dissemination area (DA) is identified as urban and included in this study. The urban area is named as population certer.

Aggregation and SS Determination:

This script contains code for:

• Aggregating postal code level data to the Dissemination Area (DA) level.
• Eliminating rural DAs.
• Converting environmental data into ordinal categories using quartile and even break methods.
• Identifying sweet and sour spots for each DA based on these methods.

SSEJ Analysis:

This script includes code for:

• Creating violin and box plots to illustrate descriptive statistics of demographic groups across different environmental categories (sweet, sour, risky, and medium).
• Performing linear regression analyses between environmental categories and demographic variables.

SS Heatmap:

This script comprises code for:

• Summarizing the results of the linear regression analyses.
• Assessing changes in inequities among demographic groups between 2006 and 2016.
• Visualizing regression coefficients through heatmaps.

ObjectivesHurricane-related flooding has long-term socioeconomic effects on impacted areas; however, little is known about the long-term health effects on vulnerable, older residents who remain in impacted neighborhoods. We examined mortality rates among older adults who continued living in ZIP Code Tabulation Areas (ZCTAs) impacted by flooding from Hurricane Sandy for up to 5 years after landfall.MethodsWe conducted a propensity-score matched, ZCTA-level ecological analysis post-Hurricane Sandy across the tri-state area (New York City [NYC], New York state excluding NYC [NY], New Jersey [NJ], and Connecticut [CT]). Using multivariable models, we compared all-cause mortality rates between matched flooded versus non-flooded ZCTAs for up to 5 years after Hurricane Sandy’s landfall, among Medicare fee-for-service (FFS) beneficiaries aged 65 years and older who remained in the same ZCTA from 2013 to 2017. Adjusted mortality rate ratios (aMRR) were estimated for each region, controlling for ZCTA-level demographic and socioeconomic factors informed by the socioecological model of disaster recovery.ResultsBefore matching, compared to non-flooded ZCTAs, flooded ZCTAs had a higher average Area Deprivation Index (ADI) national rank (20.8 vs. 14.8) and a lower average median household income ($71,587 vs. $89,213). In the matched, adjusted analysis, the Medicare FFS beneficiaries who resided and remained in flood-impacted ZCTAs had a 9% higher risk of all-cause mortality up to 5 years after the event compared to the beneficiaries in ZCTAs not impacted by flooding (aMRROVERALL 1.09, 95% CI = 1.06–1.12). Adjusted mortality risk varied across geographic regions. In NYC, ZCTAs impacted by flooding had a significant 8% higher risk of long-term mortality up to 5 years after the event (aMRRNYC 1.08, 95% CI = 1.02–1.15). CT also showed a significant 19% higher risk of long-term mortality up to 5 years (aMRRCT 1.19, 95% CI = 1.09–1.31). However, the results for NJ and NY were not significant (aMRRNJ: 1.01, 95% CI = 0.97–1.06; aMRRNY: 0.96, 95% CI = 0.86–1.07).ConclusionZCTAs impacted by hurricane-related flooding had higher rates of all-cause mortality up to 5 years after the event, but the magnitude of this effect varied by region. These findings highlight the lingering destructive impact of hurricane-related flooding on older adults and underscore the need for long-term, region-specific disaster planning.

This file contains the National Statistics Postcode Lookup (NSPL) for the United Kingdom as at February 2024 in Comma Separated Variable (CSV) and ASCII text (TXT) formats. To download the zip file click the Download button. The NSPL relates both current and terminated postcodes to a range of current statutory geographies via ‘best-fit’ allocation from the 2021 Census Output Areas (national parks and Workplace Zones are exempt from ‘best-fit’ and use ‘exact-fit’ allocations) for England, Wales and Northern Ireland. Scotland has the 2011 Census Output Areas

It supports the production of area-based statistics from postcoded data. The NSPL is produced by ONS Geography, who provide geographic support to the Office for National Statistics (ONS) and geographic services used by other organisations. The NSPL is issued quarterly. (File size - 176 MB).Updated 26/02/2024 to remove the BUASD11 field included in error.

This is the ONS Postcode Directory (ONSPD) for the United Kingdom as at February 2024 in Comma Separated Variable (CSV) and ASCII text (TXT) formats. This file contains the multi CSVs so that postcode areas can be opened in MS Excel. To download the zip file click the Download button. The ONSPD relates both current and terminated postcodes in the United Kingdom to a range of current statutory administrative, electoral, health and other area geographies. It also links postcodes to pre-2002 health areas, 1991 Census enumeration districts for England and Wales, 2001 Census Output Areas (OA) and Super Output Areas (SOA) for England and Wales, 2001 Census OAs and SOAs for Northern Ireland and 2001 Census OAs and Data Zones (DZ) for Scotland. It now contains 2021 Census OAs and SOAs for England, Wales and Northern Ireland. It helps support the production of area-based statistics from postcoded data. The ONSPD is produced by ONS Geography, who provide geographic support to the Office for National Statistics (ONS) and geographic services used by other organisations. The ONSPD is issued quarterly. (File size - 231 MB) Please note that this product contains Royal Mail, Gridlink, LPS (Northern Ireland), Ordnance Survey and ONS Intellectual Property Rights.