This is a set of 500000 geodesics for the WGS84 ellipsoid; this is an ellipsoid of revolution with equatorial radius a = 6378137 m and flattening f = 1/298.257223563.

Each line of the test set gives 10 space delimited numbers

latitude at point 1, φ1 (degrees, exact)

longitude at point 1, λ1 (degrees, always 0)

azimuth at point 1, α1 (clockwise from north in degrees, exact)

latitude at point 2, φ2 (degrees, accurate to 10−18 deg)

longitude at point 2, λ2 (degrees, accurate to 10−18 deg)

azimuth at point 2, α2 (degrees, accurate to 10−18 deg)

geodesic distance from point 1 to point 2, s12 (meters, exact)

arc distance on the auxiliary sphere, σ12 (degrees, accurate to 10−18 deg)

reduced length of the geodesic, m12 (meters, accurate to 0.1 pm)

the area between the geodesic and the equator, S12 (m2, accurate to 1 mm2)

These are computed using high-precision direct geodesic calculations with the given φ1, λ1, α1, and s12. The distance s12 always corresponds to an arc length σ12 ≤ 180°, so the given geodesics give the shortest paths from point 1 to point 2. For simplicity and without loss of generality, φ1 is chosen in [0°, 90°], λ1 is taken to be zero, α1 is chosen in [0°, 180°]. Furthermore, φ1 and α1 are taken to be multiples of 10−12 deg and s12 is a multiple of 0.1 μm in [0 m, 20003931.4586254 m]. This results in λ2 in [0°, 180°] and α2 in [0°, 180°].

The contents of the file are as follows:

100000 entries randomly distributed

50000 entries which are nearly antipodal

50000 entries with short distances

50000 entries with one end near a pole

50000 entries with both ends near opposite poles

50000 entries which are nearly meridional

50000 entries which are nearly equatorial

50000 entries running between vertices (α1 = α2 = 90°)

50000 entries ending close to vertices

The values for s12 for the geodesics running between vertices are truncated to a multiple of 0.1 pm and this is used to determine point 2.

This map shows the location of geodetic points in Quebec. It is available in the form of an interactive map and downloadable vector files. The location of the points is based on the approximate coordinates (± two meters). The geodetic network consists of approximately 112,000 landmarks grouped under six themes: * Permanent GNSS stations; * The 3D precision network; * The planimetric network; * The altimetric network; * The altimetric network; * The points presumed destroyed or damaged; * The points presumed destroyed or damaged; * The destroyed points. The vector product contains the following information: * The original number; * The serial number; * The status of the geodesic point; * The theme to which it belongs. The ** interactive map ** offers more information and provides access to the associated data sheet. # #Bases calibration for electronic rangefinders To allow rapid and effective control of distance measuring instruments (electronic rangefinder), a network of permanent calibration bases has been established in the main regions of Quebec. Information relating to each of the bases, including inter-pillar distances, can be obtained by clicking below on the name of the municipality where the base is located: * Chambly * Mont-Joli * () * Neuville * Neuville * Port-Cartier * Saguenay * Terrebonne * Terrebonne: the calibration base no longer exists * Trois-Rivières * Val-d'OrThis third party metadata element was translated using an automated translation tool (Amazon Translate).

The dataset is available to download in Geotiff format at a resolution of 3 arc (approximately 100m at the equator). The projection is Geographic Coordinate System, WGS84. The values of the raster are the distances (in kilometres) from the cell centres to the nearest featureFilenames: arm_esaccilc_dst011_100m_2004 Distance to ESA-CCI-LC cultivated area edges 2004 arm_esaccilc_dst040_100m_2004 Distance to ESA-CCI-LC woody-tree area edges 2004 arm_esaccilc_dst130_100m_2004 Distance to ESA-CCI-LC shrub area edges 2004 arm_esaccilc_dst140_100m_2004 Distance to ESA-CCI-LC herbaceous area edges 2004 arm_esaccilc_dst150_100m_2004 Distance to ESA-CCI-LC sparse vegetation area edges 2004 arm_esaccilc_dst160_100m_2004 Distance to ESA-CCI-LC aquatic vegetation area edges 2004 arm_esaccilc_dst190_100m_2004 Distance to ESA-CCI-LC artificial surface edges 2004 arm_esaccilc_dst200_100m_2004 Distance to ESA-CCI-LC bare area edges 2004 Methodology: The geodesic distances have been calculated using the haversine formula and global input datasets to avoid edge effects at the country boundaries.Data Source: ESA (European Space Agency) CCI (Climate Change Initiative) Land Cover project 2017. "Land Cover CCI Product - Annual LC maps from 2000 to 2015 (v2.0.7)." http://maps.elie.ucl.ac.be/CCI/viewer/

The land division system used for describing the extent of oil and gas interests located in the Northwest Territories, Nunavut or in Canada's offshore area is defined in the Canada Oil and Gas Land Regulations. This land division system consists of a grid system divided into Grid Areas, Sections, and Units – all referenced to the North American Datum of 1927 (NAD27). This data provides the geo-spatial representation of the NAD27 Oil and Gas Grid Areas referenced to NAD83 Datum. The creation of the Oil and Gas Grid Areas geo-spatial file covers areas that are situated in the Northwest Territories, Nunavut or Sable Island as well as submarine areas, not within a province, in the internal waters of Canada, the territorial sea of Canada or the continental shelf of Canada beyond 200 nm zone. The NAD83 grid area boundaries are defined by geodesics joining the four grid area corners. For sections and units, the eastern and western grid area geodesic boundaries are partitioned into 40 equal segments. The northern and southern grid area geodesic boundaries are partitioned into 40, 32 or 24 equal segments, depending on latitude. All internal corners at the section and unit level are defined by the intersections of north-south and east-west geodesics joining corresponding partition points along the northern and southern, and eastern and western, grid area geodesic boundaries.

Geodetic Control Points. The dataset contains polygons representing planimetric geodetic control points, created as part of the DC Geographic Information System (DC GIS) for the D.C. Office of the Chief Technology Officer (OCTO). These features were originally captured in 1999 and updated in 2005, 2008, and 2010. The following planimetric layers were updated: - Building Polygons (BldgPly) - Bridge and Tunnel Polygons (BrgTunPly) - Horizontal and Vertical Control Points (GeoControlPt) - Obscured Area Polygons (ObsAreaPly) - Railroad Lines (RailRdLn) - Road, Parking, and Driveway Polygons (RoadPly) - Sidewalk Polygons (SidewalkPly) - Wooded Areas (WoodPly) Two new layers were added: - Basketball and Other Recreation Courts (RecCourtPly) - Wheelchair Ramps (TransMiscPt).

The land division system used for describing the extent of oil and gas interests located in the Northwest Territories, Nunavut or in Canada's offshore area is defined in the Canada Oil and Gas Land Regulations. This land division system consists of a grid system divided into Grid Areas, Sections, and Units – all referenced to the North American Datum of 1927 (NAD27). This data provides the geo-spatial representation of the NAD27 Oil and Gas Grid Areas referenced to NAD83 Datum. The creation of the Oil and Gas Grid Areas geo-spatial file covers areas that are situated in the Northwest Territories, Nunavut or Sable Island as well as submarine areas, not within a province, in the internal waters of Canada, the territorial sea of Canada or the continental shelf of Canada beyond 200 nm zone. The NAD83 grid area boundaries are defined by geodesics joining the four grid area corners. For sections and units, the eastern and western grid area geodesic boundaries are partitioned into 40 equal segments. The northern and southern grid area geodesic boundaries are partitioned into 40, 32 or 24 equal segments, depending on latitude. All internal corners at the section and unit level are defined by the intersections of north-south and east-west geodesics joining corresponding partition points along the northern and southern, and eastern and western, grid area geodesic boundaries.

Geodetic Control. The dataset contains points representing planimetric geodetic control, created as part of the DC Geographic Information System (DC GIS) for the D.C. Office of the Chief Technology Officer (OCTO). These features were originally captured in 2015 and updated in 2017 and 2019. The following planimetric layers were updated: - Airport Runway and Taxiway- Barrier Lines- Building Polygons- Bridge and Tunnel Polygons- Curb Lines- Grate Points- Horizontal and Vertical Control Points- Hydrography Lines- Obscured Area Polygons- Railroad Lines- Recreational Areas- Road, Parking, and Driveway Polygons- Sidewalk and Stair Polygons- Swimming Pools- Water Polygons

Modeling a response over a nonconvex design region is a common problem in diverse areas such as engineering and geophysics. The tools available to model and design for such responses are limited and have received little attention. We propose a new method for selecting design points over nonconvex regions that is based on the application of multidimensional scaling to the geodesic distance. Optimal designs for prediction are described, with special emphasis on Gaussian process models, followed by a simulation study and an application in glaciology. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.

Description sheets of geodetic reference points of the Geodesic Network of Polynesia-Française (RGPF) by archipelago indicating the determination of geodetic reference coordinates in the RGPF coordinate system maintained by the topography unit of the Land Affairs Directorate (historically attached to the Planning Department). The description sheet shall include the following: — geographical coordinates RGPF — planar coordinates of UTM spindle in RGPF — order of densification within the RGPF — topographical situational map, accompanied by a photo of the place — description of the topographical situation — itinerary and access constraint — access time and means of locomotion — location owner and contact — connecting methodology — durability of the benchmark —previous determination

Two implementations (in Java and PlpgSQL for PostGIS) to obtain the intersection of two geodesic lines and the minimun distance from a point to a geodesic line with a high accuracy (better than 100nm), supporting long distances (greater than 180 degrees).SRC Folder: Java and PlpgSQL implementationsTEST Folder: Oracle, Google Earth, ArcGIS, PostGIS tests.README.pdf: Brief introducction.

This is a set of 500000 shortest geodesics on a triaxial ellipsoid. The ellipsoid is defined by

$$\frac{x^2}{a^2} + \frac{y^2}{b^2} + \frac{z^2}{c^2} - 1 = 0,$$

with \(a = \sqrt2\), \(b = 1\), \(c = 1/\sqrt2\) (measured in arbitrary units). (This ellipsoid was studied by A. Cayley, On the geodesic lines on an ellipsoid, Mem. Roy. Astron. Soc. 39, 31-53, 1872.) Each line of the test set consists of 10 space-delimited numbers

• the latitude at point 1, \(\beta_1\) (\(^\circ\), exact)
• the longitude at point 1, \(\omega_1\) (\(^\circ\), exact)
• the azimuth at point 1, \(\alpha_1\) (\(^\circ\), accurate to \(10^{-18}{}^\circ\))
• the latitude at point 2, \(\beta_2\) (\(^\circ\), exact)
• the longitude at point 2, \(\omega_2\) (\(^\circ\), exact)
• the azimuth at point 2, \(\alpha_2\) (\(^\circ\), accurate to \(10^{-18}{}^\circ\))
• the geodesic distance from 1 to 2, \(s_{12}\) (units, accurate to \(10^{-20}\))
• the reduced length of the geodesic, \(m_{12}\) (units, accurate to \(10^{-20}\))
• the geodesic scale, \(M_{12}\) (accurate to \(10^{-20}\))
• the geodesic scale, \(M_{21}\) (accurate to \(10^{-20}\))

Here \(\beta\), \(\omega\), and \(\alpha\), are the ellipsoidal latitude, longitude, and azimuth. For a given \((\beta, \omega)\), the Cartesian coordinates of a point are

$$\begin{align}
x &= a \cos\omega
\frac{\sqrt{a^2 - b^2\sin^2\beta - c^2\cos^2\beta}}
{\sqrt{a^2 - c^2}}, \\
y &= b \cos\beta \sin\omega, \\
z &= c \sin\beta
\frac{\sqrt{a^2\sin^2\omega + b^2\cos^2\omega - c^2}}
{\sqrt{a^2 - c^2}}.
\end{align}$$

Lines of constant \(\beta\) and \(\omega\) are orthogonal. The azimuth \(\alpha\) of a geodesic is the direction measured clockwise from North (defined as \(\beta\) increasing at constant \(\omega\)). The coordinates are singular at the four umbilical points \(\cos\beta = \sin\omega = 0\). The azimuth of a geodesic jumps by \(\pm\frac12\pi\) on passage through such points and the value for such points is the azimuth on leaving the umbilical point.

The geodesics are computed using high-precision inverse calculations with the exact integer values for \((\beta_1, \omega_1)\) and \((\beta_2, \omega_1)\). Any of the other entries reported as an integer is also exact.

For most pairs of points, there is a unique shortest geodesic. However

• for opposite umbilical points, \(\alpha_1\) and \(\alpha_2\) can take on arbitrary values provided that the ratio \(\tan\alpha_1/\tan\alpha_2\) is maintained;
• if \(\beta_1 + \beta_2 = 0\) and if \(\cos\alpha_1\) and \(\cos\alpha_2\) have opposite signs, then there is another shortest geodesic with azimuths \(\pi - \alpha_1\) and \(\pi - \alpha_2\).

For a particular \((\beta_1, \omega_1)\) and \((\beta_2, \omega_2)\), additional geodesics of the same length can be trivially generated by swapping the points or by reflecting them in any of the coordinate planes. A non-trivial symmetry is given by swapping just the longitude coordinates; this also results in a geodesic of the same length. The data set has had any such redundant geodesics removed.

The data set is sorted according to whether either point

• is an umbilical point
• lies on the middle principal ellipse, with \(\sin\omega = 0\)
• lies on the middle principal ellipse, with \(\cos\beta = 0\)
• lies on the major principal ellipse, \(z = 0\)
• lies on the minor principal ellipse, \(x = 0\)
• is near an umbilical point
• is general (all other points)

Approximately 85% of the entries are with two general points. If only a small set of random test cases is needed, select a random subset with, e.g.,

shuf Geod3Test.txt | head -1000 > Geod3Test-samp.txt

This map displays National Geodetic Survey (NGS) classifications of geodetic control stations for the Pennsylvania area with PennDOT county and municipal boundaries.NOAA Charting and Geodesy: https://www.noaa.gov/chartingNOAA Survey Map: https://noaa.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=190385f9aadb4cf1b0dd8759893032dbPennDOT GIS Hub: GIS Hub (arcgis.com)

Studying the association of the brain's structure and function with neurocognitive outcomes requires a comprehensive analysis that combines different sources of information from a number of brain-imaging modalities. Recently developed regularization methods provide a novel approach using information about brain structure to improve the estimation of coefficients in the linear regression models. Our proposed method, which is a special case of the Tikhonov regularization, incorporates structural connectivity derived with Diffusion Weighted Imaging and cortical distance information in the penalty term. Corresponding to previously developed methods that inform the estimation of the regression coefficients, we incorporate additional information via a Laplacian matrix based on the proximity measure on the cortical surface. Our contribution consists of constructing a principled formulation of the penalty term and testing the performance of the proposed approach via extensive simulation studies and a brain-imaging application. The penalty term is constructed as a weighted combination of structural connectivity and proximity between cortical areas. Simulation studies mimic the real brain-imaging settings. We apply our approach to the study of data collected in the Human Connectome Project, where the cortical properties of the left hemisphere are found to be associated with vocabulary comprehension.

Digital base containing the network of geodesic vertices that covers the Andalusian territory. The Spanish Geodesic Network was started in 1852 by the Commission of the Map of Spain, being constituted by three orders of triangles according to the dimension of their sides (networks of first, second and third order). Its construction and total observation took almost a century, and geodesic works could be considered completed in the 1930s of the present century. The purposes of establishing the network can be summarised as follows: Implementation throughout the Spanish territory of a 3-dimensional Geodesic Network of Zero Order, with a high precision similar to that achieved by the fiducial stations of ETRF-89, that is, in the centimetric order; determination of precise processing parameters between ETRF-89 and the European Datum 1950 (ED50); finally, make it easier for GPS users to merge their space observations with conventional ones and provide a dense network from which accurate real-time corrections (DGPS techniques) can be obtained useful for navigation. (José Antonio Canas. Magazine Sources Statistics. Statistics and Geography — Magazine No. 38 — October 1999)

This layer was created in ArcGIS pro using a point layer and the Geodesic Viewshed tool. To generate this map the Old Rag Peak point was placed on the peak indicated by the basemap and Esri provided elevation model. This point was then used to generate a viewshed using the Geodesic Viewshed too, with a 1.7m offset to account for the height of the average viewer and a presumed focal angle of 120 degrees. The yellow highlighted area is the visible surface from the peak of Old Rag. This viewshed was generated in June of 2024.

BDSOG - the database of detailed geodetic warps includes data and sets of observations and elaborations of the results of these observations, relating to detailed warps established in the area of the relevant district. Includes: the numbers of the detailed points of the geodetic warps; coordinates and altitudes in the national spatial reference system; Errors in mean coordinates and height after alignment; topographic descriptions; Observed and aligned values; Characteristics of Accurate Observations.

Classification results based on geodesic distance.

This dataset contains the results of our method Geodesic-BP, presented in https://arxiv.org/abs/2308.08410. The original rabbit torso model can be found in https://zenodo.org/record/6340066, on which we based the setup. The dataset consists of the final results, optimization results over the 400 iterations and a pseudo-bidomain simulation from the final result. All files are provided in variants of the VTK file format (https://vtk.org/) The setup/result files are organized as follows:

result_mesh_init_final.vtu - The biventricular mesh containing both initial and final solution φk result_x0_init.vtp - The initial conditions (xi , ti) used in the first optimization iteration result_x0_final.vtp - The initial conditions (xi, ti) computed using our optimization algorithm ecgs.npz - Numpy-readable (np.load) arrays of ECGs (ecg_init, ecg_final, ecg_target) ecgs.vtp - Target and optimized ECGs converted to a Paraview-readable format ecg_history.npz - Numpy-readable array of the ECGs over the iterations The animation files present allows you to preview the solution in each iteration

phi_history.xdmf - The solution φk in each iterations (surface only) x0_history.xdmf - The initial conditions in each iteration ecg_anim.xdmf - The computed ECGs in each iteration The files can be easily viewed in VTK-compatible viewers, such as Paraview (https://www.paraview.org/). We additionally provide a Paraview state file (preview.pvsm), which when opened in Paraview automatically creates several views that visualize the data in different views. Simply open Paraview, select File -> Load State, locate the preview.pvsm. In the next prompt (Load State Options) select "Search files under specified directory" and locate the folder with the files, then press OK.

According to the Brazilian law number 8,617 of 1993, the Exclusive Economic Zone is defined as a range of up to two hundred nautical miles along the territorial sea in which existing resources can be exploited, yielding royalties to states confronting with these areas. In some cases, to comply what is provided by the applicable law, the demarcation of territorial waters may be established through the intersection of two geodesic lines. The goal of this study proposes a solution to the intersection problem of geodesic lines in the spherical and ellipsoidal surfaces. At first, the calculations were based on spherical trigonometry, providing preliminary results which work as a first approximation. Next, a recursive computation method based on Vincenty's formulation is proposed, which are performed in azimuth discretization of small arc segments, serving as an approach to the intersection by the geometric local of the encounter between the last segments obtained.

Global Geodesic Dome Tent Market Report 2023 comes with the extensive industry analysis of development components, patterns, flows and sizes. The report also calculates present and past market values to forecast potential market management through the forecast period between 2023-2029. The report may be the best of what is a geographic area which expands the competitive landscape and industry perspective of the market.