Peru Population: Urban: Arequipa data was reported at 1,158,759.000 Person in 2015. This records an increase from the previous number of 1,141,274.000 Person for 2014. Peru Population: Urban: Arequipa data is updated yearly, averaging 1,029,501.500 Person from Jun 2000 (Median) to 2015, with 16 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1,158,759.000 Person in 2015 and a record low of 894,826.000 Person in 2000. Peru Population: Urban: Arequipa data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Institute of Statistics and Information Science. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Peru – Table PE.G003: Population: by Region.

Peru Population: Rural: Arequipa data was reported at 128,446.000 Person in 2015. This records a decrease from the previous number of 131,906.000 Person for 2014. Peru Population: Rural: Arequipa data is updated yearly, averaging 157,306.000 Person from Jun 2000 (Median) to 2015, with 16 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 189,899.000 Person in 2000 and a record low of 128,446.000 Person in 2015. Peru Population: Rural: Arequipa data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Institute of Statistics and Information Science. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Peru – Table PE.G003: Population: by Region.

Peru Census Population: Arequipa data was reported at 1,382,730.000 Person in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 1,152,303.000 Person for 2007. Peru Census Population: Arequipa data is updated yearly, averaging 706,580.000 Person from Jun 1940 (Median) to 2017, with 7 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1,382,730.000 Person in 2017 and a record low of 263,077.000 Person in 1940. Peru Census Population: Arequipa data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Institute of Statistics and Informatics. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Peru – Table PE.G003: Population: Census by Department.

Peru Census Population: Rural: Arequipa data was reported at 113,789.000 Person in 2017. This records a decrease from the previous number of 155,308.000 Person for 2007. Peru Census Population: Rural: Arequipa data is updated yearly, averaging 122,653.000 Person from Jun 1940 (Median) to 2017, with 7 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 155,308.000 Person in 2007 and a record low of 107,933.000 Person in 1940. Peru Census Population: Rural: Arequipa data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Institute of Statistics and Informatics. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Peru – Table PE.G003: Population: Census by Department.

17.097 (Number) in 2011.

Abstract

The Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática (INEI) in Peru carried out the Encuesta Dirigida a la Población Venezolana que Reside en el País (ENPOVE) survey between the months of November and December 2018 in order to gain a better understanding of the Venezuelan population residing in Peru.

The survey was carried out in the capital cities in the departments of Tumbes, La Libertad, Lima-Callao, Arequipa and Cusco, which together are home to 85% of the Venezuelan population in the country. The purpose of the survey was to provide reliable data on the living conditions of the Venezuelan population residing in Peru, including: demographic and social aspects, immigration status, discrimination, violence, health, employment, education, access to basic services, housing and home equipment.

The information can be used by international organizations, researchers, and public policy makers to formulate actions, policies, plans, programs, and projects to meet the most urgent needs of this group. The World Bank, UNHCR, IOM, UNFPA and UNICEF provided technical and financial support to the survey.

Geographic coverage

Urban area of capital cities of the regions of Tumbes, La Libertad, Arequipa, Cusco, Lima and Callao.

Analysis unit

Household and individual

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The sampling is probabilistic and stratified. The sampling consists of two stages, the primary sampling unit being the block, which is defined as the urban geographic area delimited by roads. The secondary sampling unit is the dwelling with at least one Venezuelan person that exists within a block. For the households that are finally selected, information is obtained from all the individuals.

The sampling frame for the blocks was constructed as follows: i) The addresses of 58,067 Venezuelan people registered in the 2017 Population and Housing Census were identified. ii) The addresses of 10,076 people were available registered in the registry of Venezuelans who applied for the Temporary Permit of Permanence from the National Superintendency of Migration of the Ministry of the Interior. iii) The blocks containing the addresses of the aforementioned information sources were identified using the Geographic Information System. A global framework of 19,074 blocks was built.

The concept of block used in the survey is a physical area delimited by streets, avenues, roads, canals, etc. easily identifiable and can contain one or more homes, parks, vacant lots, sports fields, etc.

The original design of the sample included the construction of three strata based on the number of dwellings with a Venezuelan population found in each block of the sampling frame: 1 to 5, 6 to 10, greater than 10. On the other hand, the population of the city of Lima was divided into 4 zones with the following districts:

North Lima: Los Olivos, San Martn De Porres, Comas, Carabayllo, Independencia, Puente Piedra East Lima: San Juan De Lurigancho, Ate, Santa Anita, El Agustino, San Luis, La Molina, Lurigancho Downtown Lima: La Victoria, Lima, Santiago De Surco, Surquillo, San Miguel, Brea, Barranco, Rmac, Lince Jesus Maria, Magdalena Del Mar, San Borja South Lima: Chorrillos, San Juan De Miraflores, Villa El Salvador, Villa Mara Del Triunfo, Lurn, Pachacamac

The housing framework was built by means of an exhaustive registry of buildings and dwellings in each of the selected blocks, identifying those places, be they dwellings or establishments, that had a population from Venezuela. The concept of housing for the purposes of the survey included private and collective dwellings (hotels, hostels, lodgings, churches and shelters), where the Venezuelan population is found. This concept is different from the one used in the regular INEI household surveys, which only considers private households with a maximum of 5 households. The concept of the household used was: People, whether or not they are related, who share the main meals and attend to their vital needs in common. This concept is different from that used in the INEI household surveys, where the budget is considered.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

5,50 (%) in 2007.

秘鲁 Population: Urban: Arequipa在2015达1,158,759.000 人口，相较于2014的1,141,274.000 人口有所增长。秘鲁 Population: Urban: Arequipa数据按每年更新，2000至2015期间平均值为1,029,501.500 人口，共16份观测结果。该数据的历史最高值出现于2015，达1,158,759.000 人口，而历史最低值则出现于2000，为894,826.000 人口。CEIC提供的秘鲁 Population: Urban: Arequipa数据处于定期更新的状态，数据来源于National Institute of Statistics and Information Science，数据归类于Global Database的秘鲁 – Table PE.G003: Population: by Region。

秘鲁 Population: Rural: Arequipa在2015达128,446.000 人口，相较于2014的131,906.000 人口有所下降。秘鲁 Population: Rural: Arequipa数据按每年更新，2000至2015期间平均值为157,306.000 人口，共16份观测结果。该数据的历史最高值出现于2000，达189,899.000 人口，而历史最低值则出现于2015，为128,446.000 人口。CEIC提供的秘鲁 Population: Rural: Arequipa数据处于定期更新的状态，数据来源于National Institute of Statistics and Information Science，数据归类于Global Database的秘鲁 – Table PE.G003: Population: by Region。

Chagas disease is a vector-borne disease endemic in Latin America. Triatoma infestans, a common vector of this disease, has recently expanded its range into rapidly developing cities of Latin America. We aim to identify the environmental features that affect the colonization and dispersal of T. infestans in an urban environment. We amplified 13 commonly used microsatellites from 180 T. infestans samples collected from a sampled transect in the city of Arequipa, Peru, in 2007 and 2011. We assessed the clustering of subpopulations and the effect of distance, sampling year, and city block location on genetic distance among pairs of insects. Despite evidence of genetic similarity, the majority of city blocks are characterized by one dominant insect genotype, suggesting the existence of barriers to dispersal. Our analyses show that streets represent an important barrier to the colonization and dispersion of T. infestans in Arequipa. The genetic data describe a T. infestans infestation history characterized by persistent local dispersal and occasional long-distance migration events that partially parallels the history of urban development.

New-generation sequencing technologies, among them SNP chips for massive genotyping, have proven to be useful for the effective management of genetic resources. Also, developing nucleus herds is an effective method for genetic improvement work. To date, molecular studies in Peruvian cattle are still in their infancy. To close this gap, we here employed two SNP panels (BovineHD and Bovine100K) to determine for the first time the Peruvian nucleus herd’s genetic diversity and population structure that belong to INIA. This nucleus comprises Brahman (N=16), Braunvieh (N=14), Gyr (N=11), and Fleckvieh (N=22) breeds. Additionally, samples from a locally adapted creole cattle, the Arequipa Fighting Bull (AFB, N=12), were incorporated into the study. The genetic diversity indices in all breeds showed a high proportion of polymorphic SNPs, varying from 69.37% in Gyr to 80.81% in Braunvieh. Also, Braunvieh possessed the highest observed heterozygosity (0.53±0.17), while Brahman possessed the lowest (0.44±0.10), indicating that the former is more diverse compared to the other cattle breed groups. According to the molecular variance analysis, 83.92% of the variance occurs within individuals, whereas 16.0% occurs between populations. The pairwise FST estimates between breeds showed values that ranged from 0.054 (Braunvieh vs AFB) to 0.266 (Brahman vs AFB). Pairwise Reynold’s distance showed a pattern similar to the one obtained with the FST statistics, with values ranging from 0.058 to 0.309. A dendrogram was constructed using the Neighbor-Joining clustering algorithm, and similar to the principal coordinate analysis, three groups were identified. Results showed a clear separation between Bos indicus (Brahman and Gyr) and B. taurus breeds (Braunvieh and Fleckvieh). For Fleckvieh and Braunvieh, there were two subgroups each one of them grouping with the AFB group. Similar results were obtained with ADMIXTURE analysis with K= 3 as the most optimal number for the inferred genetic structure of the populations. The results from the current study would contribute to the appropriate management avoiding loss of genetic variability in these breeds and to future improvements for this nucleus. Additional work is needed to speed up the breeding process in the Peruvian cattle system. Methods A total of 63 blood samples were collected from four commercial breeds of taurus and indicus cattle (Brahman, Braunvieh, Gyr, and Fleckvieh). According to their pedigree, up to grandfathers, genetic origins for Brahman and Gyr were predominantly from Brasil; for Braunvieh, Switzerland and Colombia; while for Fleckvieh was Germany (Supplementary material 1). Blood sampling was performed from a government herd (EEA Donoso) located in Huaral, Lima (128 masl; 11º31’18’’ S and 77º14’06’’ W). Precautions were taken to avoid sampling from related individuals. Blood samples were collected from the epidural vein using a vacutainer containing EDTA as an anticoagulant and were immediately transferred to the laboratory for DNA extraction. Additionally, hair samples were collected from the tail of Arequipa fighting bull (AFB) bovines from the Andagua district, Castilla province, in Arequipa (3574 masl; −15.499548◦, −72.359927◦). These individuals were selected as they possessed most of the morphological characteristics of a PCC. In addition, the owners indicated its parents were also creole. Genomic DNA was extracted from whole blood and hair samples using protocols elaborated in-house. The concentration and purity of isolated DNA were measured by the Nanodrop spectrophotometer (Model ND2000, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Wilmington, DE, USA) prior to genotyping. After, DNA samples were genotyped using Illumina Bovine HD Genotyping BeadChip and Illumina GGP Bovine 100K BeadChip with the help of the commercial genotyping service provider (Neogen, Geneseek, NL, USA). The Bovine HD and 100K chips possess 777,962 and 95,256 SNPs, respectively, uniformly spanning over the entire bovine genome. A total of 81,975 common markers between both SNP panels were used for the following analysis.

Census Population：阿雷基帕在06-01-2017达1,382,730.000人，相较于06-01-2007的1,152,303.000人有所增长。Census Population：阿雷基帕数据按年更新，06-01-1940至06-01-2017期间平均值为706,580.000人，共7份观测结果。该数据的历史最高值出现于06-01-2017，达1,382,730.000人，而历史最低值则出现于06-01-1940，为263,077.000人。CEIC提供的Census Population：阿雷基帕数据处于定期更新的状态，数据来源于Instituto Nacional de Estadistica e Informatica，数据归类于全球数据库的秘鲁 – Table PE.G003: Population: Census by Department。

BackgroundSexual reproduction provides an evolutionary advantageous mechanism that combines favorable mutations that have arisen in separate lineages into the same individual. This advantage is especially pronounced in microparasites as allelic reassortment among individuals caused by sexual reproduction promotes allelic diversity at immune evasion genes within individuals which is often essential to evade host immune systems. Despite these advantages, many eukaryotic microparasites exhibit highly-clonal population structures suggesting that genetic exchange through sexual reproduction is rare. Evidence supporting clonality is particularly convincing in the causative agent of Chagas disease, Trypanosoma cruzi, despite equally convincing evidence of the capacity to engage in sexual reproduction.Methodology/ Principle FindingsIn the present study, we investigated two hypotheses that can reconcile the apparent contradiction between the observed clonal population structure and the capacity to engage in sexual reproduction by analyzing the genome sequences of 123 T. cruzi isolates from a natural population in Arequipa, Peru. The distribution of polymorphic markers within and among isolates provides clear evidence of the occurrence of sexual reproduction. Large genetic segments are rearranged among chromosomes due to crossing over during meiosis leading to a decay in the genetic linkage among polymorphic markers compared to the expectations from a purely asexually-reproducing population. Nevertheless, the population structure appears clonal due to a high level of inbreeding during sexual reproduction which increases homozygosity, and thus reduces diversity, within each inbreeding lineage.Conclusions/ SignificanceThese results effectively reconcile the apparent contradiction by demonstrating that the clonal population structure is derived not from infrequent sex in natural populations but from high levels of inbreeding. We discuss epidemiological consequences of this reproductive strategy on genome evolution, population structure, and phenotypic diversity of this medically important parasite.

Characteristics of the dog owner population in the study area by participation in the MDVC, Arequipa City, Peru, 2016.