Background and aimPatients with interstitial lung diseases, including asbestosis, showed high susceptibility to the SARS-CoV-2 virus and a high risk of severe COVID-19 symptoms. Italy, highly impacted by asbestos-related diseases, in 2020 was among the European countries with the highest number of COVID-19 cases. The mortality related to malignant mesotheliomas and asbestosis in 2020 and its relationship with COVID-19 in Italy are investigated.MethodsAll death certificates involving malignant mesotheliomas or asbestosis in 2010–2020 and those involving COVID-19 in 2020 were retrieved from the National Registry of Causes of Death. Annual mortality rates and rate ratios (RRs) of 2020 and 2010–2014 compared to 2015–2019 were calculated. The association between malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) and asbestosis with COVID-19 in deceased adults ≥80 years old was evaluated through a logistic regression analysis (odds ratios: ORs), using MPM and asbestosis deaths COVID-19-free as the reference group. The hospitalization for asbestosis in 2010–2020, based on National Hospital Discharge Database, was analyzed.ResultsIn 2020, 746,343 people died; out of them, 1,348 involved MPM and 286 involved asbestosis. Compared to the period 2015–2019, the mortality involving the two diseases decreased in age groups below 80 years; meanwhile, an increasing trend was observed in subjects aged 80 years and older, with a relative mortality risks of 1.10 for MPM and 1.17 for asbestosis. In subjects aged ≥80 years, deaths with COVID-19 were less likely to have MPM in both genders (men: OR = 0.22; women: OR = 0.44), while no departure was observed for asbestosis. A decrease in hospitalization in 2020 with respect to those in 2010–2019 in all age groups, both considering asbestosis as the primary or secondary diagnosis, was observed.ConclusionsThe increasing mortality involving asbestosis and, even if of slight entity, MPM, observed in people aged over 80 years during the 1st year of the COVID-19 pandemic, aligned in part with the previous temporal trend, could be due to several factors. Although no positive association with COVID-19 mortality was observed, the decrease in hospitalizations for asbestosis among individuals aged over 80 years, coupled with the increase in deaths, highlights the importance of enhancing home-based assistance during the pandemic periods for vulnerable patients with asbestos-related conditions.

In 2020, there were around four deaths per one million population among female adults in the United States due to malignant mesothelioma. Mesothelioma is a cancer caused by exposure to asbestos. This statistic illustrates the death rate of malignant mesothelioma among female adults in the United States from 1999 to 2020.

Supplementary Material 2

IntroductionOvarian cancer is one of the most lethal gynecological cancers. Despite diagnosis and treatment advances, survival rates have not increased over the past 32 years. This study estimated and reported the global burden of ovarian cancer during the past 32 years to inform preventative and control strategies.MethodsWe examined ovarian cancer incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) using age-standardized rates from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2021. high body mass index and occupational asbestos exposure were linked with death and DALYs. Data are presented as averages with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs).ResultsIndonesia had 13 250 (8 574–21 565) ovarian cancer cases in 2021, with 5 296 (3 520–8958) deaths and 186 917 (121 866–309 820) DALYs. The burden increased by 233.53% for new cases, 221.95% for mortalities, and 206.65% for DALYs. The age-standardized rate also increased from 1990 to 2021. Ovarian cancer burden increased with age but declined in the 50+ year age group. According to the sociodemographic index, the gross domestic product per capita and number of obstetricians and oncologic gynecologists in provinces showed different trends.ConclusionsIndonesian ovarian cancer rates are rising despite gynecologic oncologists in 24 of 34 provinces. These findings will help policymakers and healthcare providers identify ovarian cancer prevention and control gaps.

This statistic displays the number of deaths that occurred annually with asbestosis as an underlying cause in the United Kingdom between 2000 and 2017. In 2017, there were 226 deaths in the United Kingdom that had asbestosis as an underlying cause, which is the highest number of deaths from asbestosis in the provided time interval.

From 1999 to 2020, around 11,447 white women in the United States died due to malignant mesothelioma, while around 550 deaths due to the disease were reported among Black U.S. women in the same period. Mesothelioma is a cancer caused by exposure to asbestos. This statistic illustrates the number of malignant mesothelioma deaths among female adults in the United States from 1999 to 2020, by race.

Ensuring social data's reliability is essential in accurately evaluating social and economic impacts across geographical locations, economic sectors and stakeholder categories. Yet, the MRIO model utilized in our research (EXIOBASE) was hindered by out-of-date or significantly proxy fatality statistics, causing potential inaccuracies in our findings. We have comprehensively revised EXIOBASE fatality data to address this shortcoming, incorporating detailed, nation-specific, and up-to-date data. The update includes work-related fatal occupational injuries as well as fatalities associated with occupational exposure to a variety of 17 hazardous substances and conditions such as asbestos, arsenic, benzene, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, diesel engine exhaust, formaldehyde, nickel, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, silica, sulfuric acid, trichloroethylene, asthmagens, particulate matter, gases and fumes, noise and ergonomic factors. Our methodological process is built on three pillars: data acquisition, raw data processing, and computation of fatal injuries by country, gender, year, and EXIOBASE economic sector.

Data were sourced from the World Health Organization (WHO) (Pega et al., 2021) and Eurostat databases (Publications Office of the European Union, 2013). The WHO data was carefully screened based on specific criteria such as age above 15 years, gender, and fatal injuries only. Eurostat data provided granular information on work-related fatalities, classified by economic activities in the European Community (or NACE Rev.2 (Eurostat, 2008)). The WHO provided aggregate fatality data for 2010 and 2016. The strategy for allocating these deaths across Eurostat categories depended on the countries' geographical location, with different methods applied to European and non-European nations.

For European nations, fluctuations in fatality numbers within a NACE Rev.2 sector mirrored the changes registered by Eurostat. For non-European countries, fatality figures were proportionally allocated across economic sectors split according to the NACE Rev.2 classification, reflecting the workforce size associated with each economic sector. Due to the scarcity of data for nations within Asia, America, or Africa, we adopted a regional approach, computing fatality ratios over each NACE Rev.2 category for each region by integrating data for available countries over a reference year. For 2010 and 2016, the aggregate fatality figures for nations within these three zones were established. Due to the temporal proximity of both reference years, we postulated a linear trend in the fatality count between these two years. The number of fatalities for a specific country, year, and per NACE Rev.2 activity was then calculated by applying the previously mentioned fatality ratio to the total number of deaths for that nation. Last, we applied the European annual ratios to their total mortality figures for the few countries that could not be classified as European or belonging to one of the aforementioned zones.

The result is a comprehensive database that includes the number of fatalities (expressed in the number of deaths for work-related fatal occupational injuries and in Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), for fatalities associated with occupational exposure to a specific risk factor), detailed at the country, gender, and NACE Rev.2 sector levels from 2008 to 2019, providing insights into work-related fatal injuries across different health effects and geographical regions.

Nomenclature

Archives:

• Concordance_ISIC_Exiobase.xlsx : Concordance between the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC) and the exiobase sectors
• Concordance_ISO3_EXIO3.xlsx - Concordance between the ISO3 code and the Exiobase regions
• Workforce_by_ISO3.csv - Number of active persons per Country (ISO3 code), per Statistical Classification of Economic Activities in the European Community (NACE), Sex, Year (from 1991 to 2021)
• Workforce_by_EXIO3.csv - Number of active persons per Exiobase region (EXIO3 code), per Statistical Classification of Economic Activities in the European Community (NACE), Sex, Year (from 1991 to 2021)
• Death_ISO3.csv - Number of death per Country (ISO3 code), per Statistical Classification of Economic Activities in the European Community (NACE), Sex, Estimate (point, lower, upper), Year (from 2009 to 2019)
• Death_EXIO3.csv - Number of death per Exiobase Region (EXIO3 code), per Statistical Classification of Economic Activities in the European Community (NACE), Sex, Estimate (point, lower, upper), Year (from 2009 to 2019)
• Death_EXIO3_region_exiobase_sector.csv - Number of death per Exiobase Region (EXIO3 code), exiobase sector, Sex, Estimate (point, lower, upper), Year (from 2009 to 2019)
• Injuries_ISO3.zip - Archive of DALY per Country (ISO3 code), Exiobase Sector, Sex, Estimate (point, lower, upper), Type of Exposure, Year (from 2009 to 2019)
• Injuries_EXIO3.zip - Archive of DALY per Exiobase Region (EXIO3 code), Exiobase Sector, Sex, Estimate (point, lower, upper), Type of Exposure, Year (from 2009 to 2019)
• Workforce_EXIO3_sector_exiobase.xlsx - Number of active persons per Exiobase region (EXIO3 code), per exiobase sector, Sex, Year (from 1991 to 2021).
  This file is available here : Berthet, Etienne and Lavalley, Julien and Anquetil-Deck, Candy and Ballesteros, Fernanda and Stadler, Konstantin and Soytas, Ugur and Hauschild, Michael and Laurent, Alexis, Assessing the Social and Environmental Impacts of Critical Mineral Supply Chains for the Energy Transition in Europe. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4610350 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4610350

Content of Injuries_*.zip:

• arsenic_*.csv
• asbestos_*.csv
• asthmagens_*.csv
• benzene_*.csv
• beryllium_*.csv
• cadmium_*.csv
• chromium_*.csv
• diesel_*.csv
• ergonomic_*.csv
• formaldehyde_*.csv
• gases_*.csv
• nickel_*.csv
• noise_*.csv
• polycyclic_*.csv
• silica_*.csv
• sulfuric_*.csv
• trichloro_*.csv

ObjectivesOccupational exposure to carcinogens is associated with trachea, bronchus, and lung (TBL) cancer. The objective of this study was to provide global and regional estimates of the burden of TBL cancer associated with occupational carcinogens (OCs) between 1990 and 2019.MethodsAge-standardized mortality rates (ASMR) and age-standardized disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) rates (ASDR) of TBL cancer related to exposure to OCs at the global and regional levels were extracted for 1990–2019 from the Global Burden of Disease 2019. Joinpoint regression was used to analyze trends in the ASMR and ASDR of TBL cancer burden related to OCs, and the annual percent change and the average annual percent change (AAPC) were recorded.ResultsThe mortality from TBL cancer related to exposure to OCs increased globally. The ASMR and ASDR decreased in both sexes and in men between 1990 and 2019. The AAPC of ASMR and ASDR decreased in men between 1990 and 2019, but increased in women. Asbestos accounted for the highest death number and beryllium accounted for the lowest; diesel engine exhaust caused the largest percentage change in death number (145.3%), in ASDR (14.9%), and in all ages DALY rates (57.6%). Asbestos accounted for the largest death number in high social development index (SDI) countries, whereas low-middle SDI countries had the largest percent change (321.4%). Asbestos was associated with decreased ASDR in high SDI countries and increased ASDR in low-middle SDI countries, and similar changes were observed for other OCs.ConclusionsThe overall mortality and DALYs of TBL cancer burden related to OCs showed a decreasing trend between 1990 and 2019, whereas death number increased. Asbestos accounted for the highest death number. TBL cancer burden related to OCs decreased to different degrees in high, low, low-middle, and middle SDI countries, which showed variable levels of TBL cancer burden related to exposure to OCs (except asbestos).

From 1999 to 2020, there were around 64 deaths among U.S. female adults working in education services due to malignant mesothelioma. Mesothelioma is a cancer caused by exposure to asbestos. This statistic illustrates the number of malignant mesothelioma deaths among female adults in the United States from 1999 to 2020, by industry.

Ovarian cancer incidence, mortality, and DALYs by provincial level in Indonesia, 1990–2021.

ObjectivesThe study aimed to determine whether the National Cancer Institute's (NCI) recent suggestion of associations between acrylonitrile (AN) exposure and mortality in lung and bladder cancer and pneumonitis is robust to alternative methods of data analysis.Materials and methodsWe used the Richardson method to indirectly adjust risk ratios (RRs) in relation to AN exposure for potential confounding by smoking and asbestos. We repeated key analyses omitting workers from Plant 4 to account for possible local, historical shipyard-related asbestos exposures.ResultsThe adjustment of lung cancer RRs for confounding by both smoking and asbestos and omitting Plant 4 workers yielded mostly decreased RRs and much less evidence of a positive association with cumulative AN exposure.ConclusionOverall, our reanalysis provided little evidence to support NCI's suggestion of associations between AN exposure and mortality in lung and bladder cancer and pneumonitis.

In 2022, the mortality rate of lung cancer was the highest among those aged above 75 years of age in the European Union at 364.6 per 100,000 men and 129.7 per 100,000 women. The risk of developing lung cancer can increase by smoking, inhaling second hand smoke and exposure to asbestos.

Cancer in Africa is a growing concern. The number of new cases reported on the continent amounted to over 1.18 million in 2022. Breast cancer had the highest number of new cases, with 198,553 reported incidences of cancer. This demonstrated an increase of 6.4 percent compared to 2020. Cervical cancer and prostate cancer followed, with around 126,000 and over 103,000 cases, respectively. Cervical cancer’s ranking in Africa is significantly higher than the new cases of cancer reported worldwide, and this is likely due to its prevalence in women living with HIV. Women who have contracted HIV are also more prone to having a human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, which is generally linked with cervical cancer. Deaths related to cancer Of almost 1.2 million cancer-related diagnoses in Africa in 2022, 763,843 deaths were registered. Breast cancer was the highest contributor to the number of deaths, with 91,252 cases. On a global scale, African women contributed around 30 percent to the global number of deaths related to breast cancer among females. However, deaths related to colon cancer, including both genders, have more than doubled since 2020.  This is likely due to late diagnosis, as symptoms are often presented at an advanced stage of the disease. Poor access to prevention screenings and treatment options, and a lack of awareness, particularly in rural areas, have contributed significantly to the overall survival rate.

Risk factors Various risk factors are associated with cancer. It can be caused by internal factors such as genetic mutations as well as external factors such as lifestyle choices and environmental factors. Cancer arises when a single cell mutates and abnormal cell growth develops, which eventually spreads into other tissues and organs. Exposure to chemicals or minerals (such as asbestos) may trigger a cell to behave abnormally. Additionally, a lack of physical activity, a diet high in processed food, obesity, alcohol abuse, and smoking are some lifestyle factors that may contribute to or increase the risk of cancer.

Ovarian cancer is one of the most lethal gynecological cancers. Despite diagnosis and treatment advances, survival rates have not increased over the past 30 years. This study estimated and reported the global burden of ovarian cancer during the past 30 years to inform preventative and control strategies. We examined ovarian cancer incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) using age-standardized rates from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2019. Elevated fasting plasma glucose, occupational asbestos exposure, and high body mass index were associated with death. Data are presented as averages with 95 % uncertainty intervals (UIs).Indonesia had 2961 (2077–5708) ovarian cancer cases in 2019, with 1841 (1371–3407) deaths and 65 692 (47 198–124 857) DALYs. The burden increased by 256.1 % (215.1–245.7 %) for new cases, 232.1 % (182.3 to 241.9 %) for fatalities, and 208.8 % (169.1 to 205.3 %) for DALYs. The age-standardized rate also increased from 1990 to 2019. Ovarian cancer burden increased with age but dropped in the 65+ year age group. According to the sociodemographic index, the gross domestic product per capita and the number of obstetricians and oncologic gynecologists in provinces showed different trends. Indonesian ovarian cancer rates are rising despite gynecologic oncologists in 25 of 34 provinces. These findings will help policymakers and healthcare providers identify ovarian cancer prevention and control gaps.