This web map is provides the data and maps used in the story map Population density and diversity in New Zealand, created by Stats NZ. It uses Statistical Area 1 (SA1) data collected and published as part of the 2018 Census. The web map uses a mapping technique called multi-variate dot density mapping. The data used in the map can be found at this web service - 2018 Census Individual part 1 data by SA1.For questions or comments on the data or maps, please contact info@stats.govt.nz Census Data Quality Notes:We combined data from the census forms with administrative data to create the 2018 Census dataset, which meets Stats NZ’s quality criteria for population structure information.We added real data about real people to the dataset where we were confident the people should be counted but hadn’t completed a census form. We also used data from the 2013 Census and administrative sources and statistical imputation methods to fill in some missing characteristics of people and dwellings.Data quality for 2018 Census provides more information on the quality of the 2018 Census data.An independent panel of experts has assessed the quality of the 2018 Census dataset. The panel has endorsed Stats NZ’s overall methods and concluded that the use of government administrative records has improved the coverage of key variables such as age, sex, ethnicity, and place. The panel’s Initial Report of the 2018 Census External Data Quality Panel (September 2019), assessed the methodologies used by Stats NZ to produce the final dataset, as well as the quality of some of the key variables. Its second report 2018 Census External Data Quality Panel: Assessment of variables (December 2019) assessed an additional 31 variables. In its third report, Final report of the 2018 Census External Data Quality Panel (February 2020), the panel made 24 recommendations, several relating to preparations for the 2023 Census. Along with this report, the panel, supported by Stats NZ, produced a series of graphs summarising the sources of data for key 2018 Census individual variables, 2018 Census External Data Quality Panel: Data sources for key 2018 Census individual variables.The Quick guide to the 2018 Census outlines the key changes we introduced as we prepared for the 2018 Census, and the changes we made once collection was complete.The geographic boundaries are as at 1 January 2018. See Statistical standard for geographic areas 2018.2018 Census – DataInfo+ provides information about methods, and related metadata.Data quality ratings for 2018 Census variables provides information on data quality ratings.

The expansion of human settlements over the past few centuries is responsible for an unprecedented number of invasive species introductions globally. An important component of biological invasion management is understanding how introduction history and post-introduction processes have jointly shaped present-day distributions and patterns of population structure, diversity, and adaptation. One example of a successful invader is the European starling (Sturnus vulgaris), which was intentionally introduced to numerous countries in the 19th century, including Aotearoa New Zealand, where it has become firmly established. We used reduced-representation sequencing to characterise the genetic population structure of the European starling in New Zealand, and compared the population structure to that present in sampling locations in the native range and invasive Australian range. We found that population structure and genetic diversity patterns suggested restricted gene flow from the majority of New Zealand to the northmost sampling location (Auckland). We also profiled genetic bottlenecks and shared outlier genomic regions, which supported historical accounts of translocations between both Australian subpopulations and New Zealand, and provided evidence of which documented translocation events were more likely to have been successful. Using these results as well as historic demographic patterns, we demonstrate how genomic analysis complements even well-documented invasion histories to better understand invasion processes, with direct implication for understanding contemporary gene flow and informing invasion management. Methods Sample Collection A total of 106 starling specimen samples were obtained from various contributors within New Zealand from five geographically distinct locations between May 2022 and October 2023. Sampling covered three locations in the North Island, specifically in the Auckland region (AUK: n=18), the Manawatū-Whanganui region (WHA: n=12), the Wellington region (WEL: n=40) and two in the South Island in the Marlborough region (MRL: n=15) and Canterbury region (CAN: n=21). In addition to the newly obtained samples, we also incorporated sequence data from the native European range (Antwerp, Belgium; ANT: n=15, Newcastle, United Kingdom; NWC: n=15, Monks Wood, United Kingdom; MKW: n=15), as well as two locations from within the invasive Australian range (Orange; ORG: n=15, McLaren Vale; MLV: n=15) from a previously published Diversity Arrays Technology Pty Ltd sequencing (DArT-seq) dataset. DNA Extraction and Sequencing Extracted DNA from the newly collected New Zealand samples was sent to Diversity Arrays for sequencing. Sequencing was performed on an Illumina Hiseq2500/Novaseq6000. Raw Sequence Processing The previously published raw DArT-seq data, along with the MRL samples (January 2023 sequencing batch) were demultiplexed using stacks v2.2 process_radtags, while also discarding low quality reads (-q), reads with uncalled bases (-c), and rescuing barcodes and RAD-Tag cut sites (-r). It was not necessary to perform this step on the remainder of the new raw sequence data because DArT performed in-house demultiplexing using a proprietary bioinformatic pipeline. For all the data, we used fastp v0.23.2 to remove adapter sequences and in the same step filtered reads for a minimum Phred quality score of 22 (-q 22) and a minimum length of 40 (-l 40). Both batches of sequence data produced as part of this study were additionally length trimmed to reduce the read length of the newer sequence data to match the base length of the older sequence data (-b 69). Mapping, Variant Calling, and Filtering We used the program bwa v0.7.17 to index the reference genome S. vulgaris vAU1.0 and align the trimmed DArT reads using the bwa aln function (-B 5 to trim the first 5 base pairs of each read), which is optimised for single-end short reads. This was then followed by the bwa samse function for producing the SAM formatted output files containing the alignments and their respective base qualities. Alignments were then sorted and indexed using samtools v1.16.1, and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were subsequently called and annotated using bcftools v1.16 with the mpileup (-a "DP,AD,SP", --ignore-RG) and call (-mv, -f GQ) functions. We removed known technical replicates and identified relatives from the data. vcftools v0.1.15 was used to remove indels (--remove-indels), and quality filter for a minimum site quality score of 30 (--minQ30), minimum genotype quality score of 20 (--minGQ 20), and minimum and maximum depth of coverage of 5 (--minDP 5) and 100 (--maxDP 100). Then, to account for batch effects that may impact the sequenced loci, we kept only SNPs present in at least 50% of the individuals in each sampling location. We ran one final filtering step to ensure appropriate levels of missingness and rare alleles using the following parameters: maximum missingness per site of 30% (--max-missing 0.7), minor allele count of 5 (--mac 5), and a minimum and maximum allele per locus of 2 (--min-alleles 2 --max-alleles 2), resulting in a dataset containing 19,174 SNPs and 141 individuals.

Cyanoramphus parakeets are a key biogeographic element of the Pacific. Many of these parakeets are, however, endangered, with ongoing conservation management hampered by the unresolved taxonomic status of some populations. We used modern and ancient DNA (mitochondrial DNA control region) to assess the taxonomy of the Auckland Islands populations of red-crowned (Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae novaezelandiae) and yellow-crowned (Cyanoramphus auriceps) parakeets. Our analyses show that both red-crowned and yellow-crowned parakeets on the Auckland Islands are nested within the mainland New Zealand diversity of the two species. However, we also found an orange-fronted parakeet (Cyanoramphus malherbi) mitochondrial DNA lineage within the genome of both of these species in the Auckland Islands population. Further sampling of historic orange-fronted parakeet museum skins showed that the orange-fronted morphotype is paraphyletic with respect to mitochondrial haplotype, which is probably caused by hybridisation or incomplete lineage sorting. In light of this, we review and critically assess the taxonomic history of the orange-fronted parakeet, and address whether the species was historically present on the Auckland Islands.

Summary documents outlining the background and process for developing a prototype biodiversity assessment tool for NZ farms, as well as an invitation to participate.

Indigenous Biological Diversity Area (IBDA) - A from the Regional Coastal Environment Plan (RCEP)

Indigenous Biological Diversity Area A (IBDA A) – areas that meet the criteria contained in Policy 11(a) of the NZCPS, which directs the avoidance of adverse effects on certain biological diversity (biodiversity) values. These sites are identified on the Regional Coastal Environment Plan maps and summary information on why each area is identified is included in Schedule 2, Table 1.

Operative December 2019.

Two surveys were conducted in 2017 to collect data on NZ priorities for use in development of a prototype biodiversity assessment tool. The online prioritisation exercise was targeted for stakeholder-advisors who would participate in a follow-up workshop to finalise the prioritised lists of biodiversity groups and management actions for the prototype tool. The cross-checking survey was targeted for farmers, growers and other interested parties to provide input that would inform these finalised lists.

This resource includes source code and needed data for the analysis for this study

The data set also includes 18O and 2H values of rainfall and piezometer samples. This data set contains the soil and xylem water 18O and 2H values underlying the article "Tree water uptake in a tropical plantation varying in tree diversity: interspecific differences, seasonal shifts and complementarity" which was published in Ecohydrology in 2015 (DOI: 10.1002/eco.1479).Schwendenmann, L., E. Pendall, R. Sanchez-Bragado, N. Kunert & D. Hölscher, 2015. Soil water uptake in a tropical tree plantation varying in diversity: interspecific differences, seasonal shifts and complementarity. Ecohydrology 8, 1-12.The water uptake depth of five tree species was investigated across seasons and diversity levels using the naturalabundance of water isotopes. The study was conducted in an experimental tree plantation located close to the village of Sardinilla, Central Panama (9°19′30″N, 79°38′00″W; 70ma.s.l.). Samples were collected between March 2007 and July 2008.

Environmental DNA, or eDNA, refers to the DNA that is shed or excreted from biological organisms, for example as skin, hair, faeces or urine. This powerful new technology is transforming how biological diversity is measured.

A BioHeritage research team led out of the University of Auckland have developed Aotearoas first national biodiversity database - or virtual hub - where researchers will be able to share and integrate eDNA data.

Summarised data from two consecutive forest inventories of permanent sample plots located throughout New Zealand. These data are part of the Global Forest Biodiversity dataset used in the Liang et al. Positive Biodiversity--Productivity Relationship in Global Forests.

David Hall & Sam Lindsay (2021) Scaling Climate Finance : Biodiversity Instruments. Concept Paper. Auckland : Mohio Research.

A Concept Paper which identifies unrealised opportunities for increasing investment into projects and activities that preserve, support and expand Aotearoa New Zealand's unique biological heritage. Redirecting finance and funding through climate finance instruments - such as those described in the pages that follow - can accelerate the shift toward a more resilient, low-emissions future.

The objectives of the Concept Paper are two-fold: (1) to galvanise the local conversation about the opportunities for innovative financial instruments to deliver biodiversity outcomes; and (2) to use these proposals as catalysts to create 'coalitions of the willing' who can bring these instruments to market.

[Bioheritage SO7]

This report provides a review of the current state of knowledge of cetacean diversity, habitat and threats in the Pacific Islands Region. The boundaries of the Pacific Islands Region, as defined by the Convention of Migratory Species (CMS) Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) for the Conservation of Cetaceans and their Habitats in the Pacific Islands Region (CMS 2006), are the marine areas under the jurisdiction of each Country or Territory of the Pacific Islands Region, and extend to the area defined by the Noumea Convention, i.e., between the Tropic of Cancer and 60° South latitude, and between 130° East longitude and 120° West longitude. The region stretches over some 10,000 kilometres from east to west and 5,000 kilometres from north to south, with a combined economic exclusion zone (EEZ) of approximately 30 million km².Available onlineCall Number: [EL]Physical Description: 78 p.

Occurrene records in this dataset were compiled from the Ocean Biodiversity Information System (OBIS) and the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) and underwent thourough cleaning steps. This dataset has a global coverage and includes occurrences of marine, freshwater and terrestrial isopods. It was used in the analysis of the latitudinal diversity gradient of isopods and to examine bioregionalisation within the order.

These data were derived as part of a case-study, which aimed to give a broad range of stakeholders involved in managing New Zealands agricultural landscape a voice in setting farmland biodiversity priorities that reflect the biodiversity outcomes that matter most to them and the management practices they consider most relevant to achieving those outcomes. This priority-setting process represented the first step in the development of an evidence-based tool for biodiversity assessments on New Zealand farms. For more information see: MacLeod, CJ, Brandt, A.J., Collins, K. & Dicks, LV (in press) Giving stakeholders a voice in governance: biodiversity priorities for New Zealands agriculture. People and Nature

Software engineering (SE) represents a dynamic interplay between technical systems and human elements. While the field has traditionally centred on functional and technical requirements, growing attention has been directed towards the profound impact of human aspects—such as geographical, socioeconomic, cultural and demographic diversity—on SE practices. This work presents a series of interconnected investigations that explore these dimensions through both quantitative and qualitative lenses. The research begins with a tertiary study that maps the current landscape of human aspects in SE literature, identifying underexplored diversity domains. It then progresses into a global correlational analysis using Stack Overflow as a representative proxy for the broader SE community, examining how regional and socioeconomic factors influence user participation and contribution patterns. Subsequent chapters focus specifically on the United States, operationalising diversity indicators to examine more nuanced socio-technical dynamics, including user behaviour, community values, and variations in code quality across urban and rural contexts. The final stage of the work employs a qualitative study to validate the quantitative findings by engaging directly with Stack Overflow users, offering insight into their lived experiences and perceptions. Together, these studies reveal that diversity meaningfully shapes collective intelligence, knowledge-sharing practices, and technical outputs in online developer communities. The findings offer theoretical contributions to SE as a sociotechnical discipline, as well as practical recommendations for fostering more inclusive, equitable, and resilient software ecosystems. This replication package accompanies the work to support transparency, reproducibility and further scholarly inquiry into the methodologies employed.

This dataset contains the digitized treatments in Plazi based on the original journal article Miura, Tomoyuki (2017): Classification and Morphological Variations of the Japanese Species of Lumbrinerides (Annelida: Lumbrineridae). Species Diversity (Auckland, N. Z.) 22 (1): 7-27, DOI: 10.12782/sd.22_7, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.12782/sd.22_7

The New Zealand Sustainability Dashboard project aims to deliver a proof-of-concept for an online biodiversity assessment tool for New Zealand (NZ) farms by July 2018. We engaged a panel of specialists to assess the farm management actions prioritised by stakeholders for inclusion in the prototype tool for their expected effectiveness in enhancing overall biodiversity and the stakeholder-prioritised ecological biodiversity groups. Here we provide access to the results of our specialist judgement and evidence evaluation assessments. For more information see the following publications: MacLeod CJ, Brandt AJ, Dicks LV (in press) Facilitating the wise use of experts and evidence to inform local environmental decisions. People and Nature Brandt AJ, MacLeod CJ, Dicks LV, Shackelford G. (2018). Effectiveness of farm management actions for enhancing NZ biodiversity: Evidence evaluation assessment. NZ Sustainability Dashboard Research Report 18/07. Published by ARGOS. https://doi.org/10.7931/trhp-vn50 Brandt AJ, MacLeod CJ, Dicks LV, Shackelford G. (2018). Effectiveness of farm management actions for enhancing NZ biodiversity: Specialist judgement assessment. NZ Sustainability Dashboard Research Report 18/06. Published by ARGOS. https://doi.org/10.7931/trhp-vn50

The world is filled with nature watchers, from trampers to hunters, birders to beach-combers, and pros to school kids. Many of us keep notes of what we find. What if all those observations could be shared online? You might learn about the butterflies that live in your neighbourhood, or discover someone who knows all about the plants in your favourite reserve. For a long time, everyone's notes have been scattered in notebooks, private spreadsheets and dusty library shelves. As a society, we have seen a lot but collectively we remain blind to most changes in our biodiversity. If enough people record their observations on NatureWatch NZ, we can change all this. We can build a living record of life in New Zealand that scientists and environmental managers can use to monitor changes in biodiversity, and that anyone can use to learn more about New Zealand's amazing natural history. Only "research-quality" observations are used in this data set - that is observations that have their species identification peer-reviewed by at least one independent source. All biodiversity observations are available at http://naturewatch.org.nz/. NatureWatch NZ is run by the New Zealand Bio-Recording Network Trust, a charitable trust dedicated to bio-recording. Our lofty aims are: (1) To increase knowledge, understanding, and appreciation of New Zealand's natural history.(2) To engage and assist New Zealanders in observing and recording biological information.(3)To develop and support online tools to assist individuals and groups to record, view, share and use biological information. (4) To collaborate with people and groups interested in bio-recording. (5) To promote and provide secure, open, and ethical sources of biological information for the public.

Data for analyses performed in the Urbanization increases diversity in a nectar microbial metacommunity.

fungal_OTU_df.csv - OTU table fungal_sample_metadata.csv - sample metadata fungal_tax_table.csv - taxonomic table fungal_samples_site_n.csv - number of fungal samples per site

The Stormwater Management Area-flow overlay aims to protect Auckland's aquatic biodiversity. Auckland has numerous small and narrow streams. Despite their small size, these streams are home to much of our aquatic biodiversity. This biodiversity is threatened by the effects of ongoing urban development. The creation of impervious surfaces in a catchment undergoing development increases the rate and volume of stormwater runoff. This change in hydrology, unless managed, can have a significant adverse effect on streams within the catchment. Increased flows and stormwater volumes can accelerate stream erosion, particularly in steeper upper catchment areas, and can create hydrological conditions that do not support healthy aquatic ecosystems. In developed urban catchments with large areas of impervious surface, increased runoff is one of the primary causes of degraded stream health. However, in areas yet to be developed, or with existing development at low levels, development can be enabled while also protecting and enhancing in-stream biodiversity and other stream values, reducing and managing stormwater runoff, and other measures such as enhancing riparian margins. High-value, and potential value, streams at risk or particularly susceptible to the effects from development have been identified and their contributing catchment areas mapped (stormwater management area: flow (SMAF)). Future development and redevelopment in these catchments will be subject to controls to manage stormwater runoff to enable development, while at the same time protecting Auckland’s aquatic biodiversity from further decline.