The AUD/USD exchange rate rose to 0.6470 on August 1, 2025, up 0.65% from the previous session. Over the past month, the Australian Dollar has weakened 1.71%, and is down by 0.61% over the last 12 months. Australian Dollar - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on August of 2025.

The exchange rate from Australian dollar to U.S. dollar fluctuated recently, but reached its highest level observed since January 2018 in early 2021. By July 29, 2025, the exchange rate was valued at roughly 0.65 U.S. dollars. The average (standardized) measure is based on the calculation of many observations throughout the period in question. It is therefore different from an annual measure at a point in time, which reflects concrete values as of the end of the year.

The benchmark interest rate in Australia was last recorded at 3.85 percent. This dataset provides - Australia Interest Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

There is growing interest in the use of critical slowing down and critical fluctuations as early warning signals for critical transitions in different complex systems. However, while some studies found them effective, others found the opposite. In this paper, we investigated why this might be so, by testing three commonly used indicators: lag-1 autocorrelation, variance, and low-frequency power spectrum at anticipating critical transitions in the very-high-frequency time series data of the Australian Dollar-Japanese Yen and Swiss Franc-Japanese Yen exchange rates. Besides testing rising trends in these indicators at a strict level of confidence using the Kendall-tau test, we also required statistically significant early warning signals to be concurrent in the three indicators, which must rise to appreciable values. We then found for our data set the optimum parameters for discovering critical transitions, and showed that the set of critical transitions found is generally insensitive to variations in the parameters. Suspecting that negative results in the literature are the results of low data frequencies, we created time series with time intervals over three orders of magnitude from the raw data, and tested them for early warning signals. Early warning signals can be reliably found only if the time interval of the data is shorter than the time scale of critical transitions in our complex system of interest. Finally, we compared the set of time windows with statistically significant early warning signals with the set of time windows followed by large movements, to conclude that the early warning signals indeed provide reliable information on impending critical transitions. This reliability becomes more compelling statistically the more events we test.

A graphic that displays the dollar performance against other currencies reveals that economic developments had mixed results on currency exchanges. The third quarter of 2023 marked a period of disinflation in the euro area, while China's projected growth was projected to go up. The United States economy was said to have a relatively strong performance in Q3 2023, although growing capital market interest rate and the resumption of student loan repayments might dampen this growth at the end of 2023. A relatively weak Japanese yen Q3 2023 saw pressure from investors towards Japanese authorities on how they would respond to the situation surrounding the Japanese yen. The USD/JPY rate was close to ***, whereas analysts suspected it should be around ** given the country's purchase power parity. The main reason for this disparity is said to be the differences in central bank interest rates between the United States, the euro area, and Japan. Any future aggressive changes from, especially the U.S. Fed might lower those differences. Financial markets responded somewhat disappoint when Japan did not announce major plans to tackle the situation. Potential rent decreases in 2024 Central bank rates peak in 2023, although it is expected that some of these will decline in early 2024. That said, analysts expect overall policies will remain restrictive. For example, the Bank of England's interest rate remained unchanged at **** percent in Q3 2023. It is believed the United Kingdom's central bank will ease its interest rate in 2024 but less than either the U.S. Fed or the European Central Bank. This should be a positive development for the pound compared to either the euro or the dollar.

Key information about Australia Long Term Interest Rate

• Australia Government Bond Yield: Australian Government: 10 Years was reported at 4.42 % pa in Feb 2025, compared with 4.48 % pa in the previous month.
• Australia Long Term Interest Rate data is updated monthly, available from Jul 1969 to Feb 2025.
• The data reached an all-time high of 16.50 % pa in Aug 1982 and a record low of 0.80 % pa in Oct 2020.
• Long Term Interest Rate is reported by reported by Reserve Bank of Australia.

• In the latest reports, Australia Short Term Interest Rate: Month End: Bank Acceptance Bills Rates: 90 days was reported at 4.12 % pa in Feb 2025.
• The cash rate (Policy Rate: Month End: Cash Target Rate) was set at 4.10 % pa in Feb 2025.
• Australia Exchange Rate against USD averaged 1.49 (USD/AUD) in Jun 2023.

The gross domestic product (GDP) per capita in Australia was estimated at 66,250 U.S. dollars in 2024. From 1980 to 2024, the GDP per capita rose by 55,240 U.S. dollars, though the increase followed an uneven trajectory rather than a consistent upward trend. Between 2024 and 2030, the GDP per capita will rise by 8,640 U.S. dollars, showing an overall upward trend with periodic ups and downs.This indicator describes the gross domestic product per capita at current prices. Thereby, the gross domestic product was first converted from national currency to U.S. dollars at current exchange rates and then divided by the total population. The gross domestic product is a measure of a country's productivity. It refers to the total value of goods and service produced during a given time period (here a year).

Audio visual electronic equipment manufacturers have faced challenging trading conditions . A high level of globalisation has characterised the Audio Visual Electronic Equipment Manufacturing industry in recent years, as imports account for a considerable portion of domestic demand. Foreign manufacturers have placed significant competitive pressure on manufacturers, with low-cost overseas manufacturers that can leverage economies of scale dominating the domestic market. This trend has forced domestic manufacturers to focus on higher quality, specialised items to gain a competitive advantage on quality rather than a price basis.The Audio Visual Electronic Equipment Manufacturing industry is highly fragmented, with a low level of market concentration and multiple diverse product segments. Largely driven by the COVID-19 pandemic which has substantially reduced demand from key markets like the defence segment, revenue is expected to plunge at an annualised 6.3% over the five years through 2023-24, to $2.7 billion. This includes an estimated dip of 0.2% in the current year, due to the rise in the value of the Australian dollar, which makes foreign products more price-competitive and domestically manufactured equipment pricier.The performance of audio visual electronic equipment manufacturers is set to recover over the next few years, with revenue to grow at an annual average rate of 3.4%, through the end of 2028-29, to an estimated $3.1 billion. Import penetration is poised to remain high, as the Australian dollar is set to rise, causing domestic manufacturers to face greater competition from cheaper foreign products. However, commercial and industrial construction activities are set to rise, driving up demand for audio visual electronic equipment. Rising capital expenditure on defence and private capital expenditure on machinery and equipment is also set to boost industry revenue. The export market is poised to grow, as global demand recovers from the effects of COVID-19, and the demand for high-quality products strengthens. Improving downstream demand and export growth are to encourage an increasing number of manufacturers to enter the market, with enterprise and establishment numbers set to rise in the next few years. However, imports are anticipated to remain high, especially low-cost electronic components and parts, continuing to be a key source of competition for industry operators.

The average price of Australian residential property has risen over the past ten years, and in December 2024, it reached 976,800 Australian dollars. Nonetheless, property experts in Australia have indicated that the country has been in a property bubble over the past decade, with some believing the market will collapse sometime in the near future. Property prices started declining in 2022; however, a gradual upward trend was witnessed throughout 2023, with minor fluctuations in 2024. Australian capital city price differences While the national average residential property price has exhibited growth, individual capital cities display diverse trends, highlighting the complexity of Australia’s property market. Sydney maintains its position as the most expensive residential property market across Australia's capital cities, with a median property value of approximately 1.19 million Australian dollars as of April 2025. Brisbane has emerged as an increasingly pricey capital city for residential property, surpassing both Canberra and Melbourne in median housing values. Notably, Perth experienced the most significant annual increase in its average residential property value, with a 10 percent increase from April 2024, despite being a comparably more affordable market. Hobart and Darwin remain the most affordable capital cities for residential properties in the country. Is the homeownership dream out of reach? The rise in property values coincides with the expansion of Australia's housing stock. In the December quarter of 2024, the number of residential dwellings reached around 11.29 million, representing an increase of about 53,200 dwellings from the previous quarter. However, this growth in housing supply does not necessarily translate to increased affordability or accessibility for many Australians. The country’s house prices remain largely disproportional to income, leaving the majority of low- and middle-income earners priced out of the market. Alongside this, elevated mortgage interest rates in recent years have made taking out a loan increasingly unappealing for many potential property owners, and the share of mortgage holders at risk of mortgage repayment stress has continued to climb.

The statistic shows the inflation rate in Australia from 1987 to 2023, with projections up until 2030. The inflation rate is calculated using the price increase of a defined product basket. This product basket contains products and services, on which the average consumer spends money throughout the year. They include expenses for groceries, clothes, rent, power, telecommunications, recreational activities and raw materials (e.g. gas, oil), as well as federal fees and taxes. In 2023, the average inflation rate in Australia was at about 5.62 percent compared to the previous year. Australia's economy Australia has one of the world’s largest economies and is a significant global importer and exporter. It is also labeled as one of the G20 countries, also known as the Group of Twenty, which consists of 20 major economies around the globe. The Australian economy is highly dependent on its mining sector as well as its agricultural sector in order to grow, and it exports the majority of these goods to eastern Asian countries, most prominently China. Large quantities of exports have helped Australia maintain a stable economy and furthered economic expansion, despite being affected by several economic obstacles. Australia’s GDP has seen a significant increase over the past decade, more than doubling its value, and experienced a rather quick recovery from the 2008 financial crisis, which indicates that the country experienced economic growth as well as higher productivity. One of the primary reasons is the further development of the nation’s mining industry coupled with the expansion and success of many Australian mining companies.

Australia's annual clothing retail industry revenue amounted to over 24.4 billion Australian dollars in 2024, marking a slight rise from the previous year. In 2020, the industry’s revenue dropped by over one billion Australian dollars after increasing steadily between 2015 and 2019. Australia’s clothing retail industry In the 2024 financial year, New South Wales and Victoria were Australia’s leading states in terms of the number of operating clothing retail businesses and also in clothing industry retail revenue. In 2025, trends showed that Australian consumers were increasingly purchasing clothing online, with fashion retail accounting for just over ten percent of online spending in Australia. Australian shopping trends In recent years, Australian shoppers have become increasingly sustainability conscious, as people across the globe strive to reduce their clothing waste and turn away from fast fashion. More Australian consumers are acknowledging the benefits of trading clothing items in the secondhand circular economy, as well as purchasing clothing created from sustainable and ethically sourced materials, even if it means paying more. Nevertheless, the quality, appearance, and style of apparel remain important factors in Australian consumers’ clothing choices.

Toy and sporting goods manufacturers have endured a rollercoaster ride. Import competition, driven by low-cost manufacturers from China, has remained strong across the industry, placing significant pressure on Australian manufacturers. Driven by a growing focus on health and increased sport participation, the industry has seen its fortunes buoyed, particularly in the sporting goods segment. However, cost-of-living pressures and the dominance of imported goods have posed ongoing challenges. While domestic demand for sporting equipment has remained robust, traditional toy manufacturers have grappled with children’s shifting interests from physical toys to digital entertainment and screen-based activities. Toy and sporting goods manufacturing revenue has been growing at an annualised 5.9% over the five years through 2024-25 and is expected to reach $1.1 billion in 2024-25, when revenue will climb by 1.7%. Thanks to government initiatives and a national shift towards healthier, more active lifestyles, sports participation rates have trended upwards, which, in turn, spurred stronger demand for sporting goods. Meanwhile, the toy segment has witnessed age compression, as children move more quickly through play stages, driven by increased access to digital devices and alternative forms of entertainment. STEM toys have served as a partial counterbalance, prolonging children’s engagement with physical toys. Despite these innovations, imports have claimed an overwhelming share of the domestic market, as local manufacturers struggle to compete on price and scale. This emphasis on cost containment has seen many domestic companies offshore production, although rising costs and logistical issues in key manufacturing hubs like China have somewhat tempered this trend. Export performance has weakened, hampered by a stronger Australian dollar and stiff competition from overseas manufacturers. Going forwards, sport participation rates will climb, driving demand for sporting goods. Easing inflation and lower interest rates will translate into greater discretionary spending. Technological innovation will be key in the toy market, as companies integrate digital interfaces, augmented reality and smart features to keep pace with children’s evolving preferences. Nonetheless, export expectations remain muted, with a rising Australian dollar and intense global competition restricting revenue growth. The continued dominance of imports will pressure domestic producers to automate, consolidate and innovate, likely leading to fewer but more technologically advanced businesses, but hampering profitability. Overall, industry revenue is set to rise at an annualised 2.4% over the five years through 2029-30 to reach $1.2 billion.

Overview
The September edition of Agricultural commodities contains ABARES latest outlook for Australia's key agricultural commodities in 2018-19, which updates the outlook released in June 2018.

Key Issues • In 2018-19 the value of farm production is forecast to be relatively unchanged at $60 billion. • Dry conditions are affecting agricultural production in eastern Australia, but strong forecast production in Western Australia, rising grain prices, high livestock prices and a lower Australian dollar are providing support to farm incomes. • Export prices are forecast to increase by around 3% in 2018-19, driven by a decline in the global supply of grains and strong demand for meat products. • Downside risks to Australian agriculture include uncertainty around the duration of the drought in impacted areas, the timing and amount of rain in other regions, and possible disruption to world agricultural markets stemming from protectionist trade measures. Commodity production forecasts
• The value of crop production is forecast to decrease by 3 per cent to $30 billion in 2018-19. ◦ The decline is expected to be driven by a forecast decline in area planted in the eastern states. Drought conditions across eastern Australia restricted planting opportunities for crops, such as barley, canola and wheat. ◦ Higher forecast prices for canola, coarse grains, cotton and wheat are expected to mitigate the impact of lower crop volumes on the value of production. ◦ Wine grape and sugar production are forecast to rise as producing areas have been less affected by drought. The value of sugar production is nevertheless forecast to decline due to weak international prices. ◦ Horticultural production has increased following a warm winter, boosting production of a range of fruits and vegetables

• The value of livestock production is forecast to increase by 2 per cent to $30 billion in 2018-19. ◦ Drought in the eastern states has increased cattle and sheep turn-off, lifting meat production and leading to a forecast reduction in herd size. ◦ Dairy production is forecast to increase, as processors continue to offer relatively high milk prices. However, the production response is likely to be dampened by increasing feed and fodder costs. ◦ Wool production is forecast to be lower, constrained by lower flock numbers and poor grazing conditions.

Commodity export forecasts
• Export earnings for farm commodities are forecast to be $47 billion in 2018-19, down 5 per cent from $49 billion in 2017-18 • The decline in export earnings is largely due to lower exportable supplies of canola, coarse grains, pulses and wheat and increased domestic demand for grain. Agricultural export prices, measured by the index of unit export returns, are forecast to increase by 3% in 2018-19. ◦ Export earnings are forecast to decline in 2018-19 for canola (down 39 per cent), coarse grains (24 per cent), wheat (10 per cent), sugar (9 per cent), wool (2 per cent) and wine (1 per cent). Export earnings for beef and veal and live feeder/slaughter cattle are unchanged.

• Export earnings are forecast to be supported by strong demand from Asia and advanced economies for Australian livestock and livestock products. Higher prices for wheat, coarse grains and cotton are also expected to support earnings. ◦ In 2018-19 export earnings are forecast to rise for lamb (up 17 per cent), rice (14 per cent), mutton (13 per cent), cotton (9 per cent), cheese (6 per cent) and rock lobster (3 per cent).

• Export earnings for fisheries products are forecast to increase by 2 per cent in 2018-19 to $1.6 billion, after increasing by an estimated 10 per cent in 2017-18.

Assumptions underlying this set of commodity forecasts

Forecasts of commodity production and exports are based on global and domestic demand and supply assumptions.

• On the demand side, stronger world economic growth will translate to higher per person incomes in most of Australia's export markets, supporting stronger demand. ◦ World economic growth is assumed to be 3.9 per cent in 2018 and 2019. ◦ Economic growth in Australia is assumed to be 3.0 per cent in 2018-19. ◦ The Australian dollar is assumed to average US74 cents in 2018-19, lower than the assumed average of US78 cents in 2017-18.

• On the supply side, Australian agricultural production prospects are assumed to be below average. ◦ Dry conditions are forecast to have significant implications for crop yields and livestock production cycles in the eastern states.

Uncertainties that could affect agricultural commodity production and export growth include supply shocks in Australia or international markets (such as natural disasters, drought and disease outbreaks) or unexpected economic events that affect trade and economic growth.

Boxes on agricultural issues

Evolving EU biodiesel policies

• Proposed changes to the EU renewable fuels policy could increase demand for Australia's canola exports in the short to medium term. • Since 2010-11 the European Union has been the largest export market for Australian canola. Most canola is imported to produce renewable transport fuel.

Operators in the Glass Wool, Stone and Non-Metallic Mineral Product Manufacturing industry have faced mixed trading conditions. The industry's products are mainly used in construction and manufacturing, exposing the industry to volatility in these downstream markets. Lockdowns, trading restrictions and logistical delays constrained demand from crucial downstream markets, disrupting activity in both residential and non-residential building construction. While stimulus packages like the HomeBuilder scheme provided some relief, strong inflation and rising interest rates post-pandemic have since weakened early gains. Overall, industry revenue is expected to have grown at an annualised 3.3% over the five years through 2024-25, to $3.3 billion. This includes an anticipated rise of 1.2% in 2024-25, largely due to recovering demand from downstream construction markets. Various factors have influenced the industry's performance. Demand from manufacturing and mining sectors, which accounts for about one-fifth of sales, have created pocket opportunities. The use of thermal insulation in various industrial applications has been crucial in offsetting some of the losses incurred from reduced demand in other sectors. Although an appreciating Australian dollar has made imports more affordable, Australia’s strong reputation for high-quality goods and a shift towards supporting local manufacturing have enabled local production to gain ground. The industry has weathered the threat of less expensive synthetics, like concrete in place of building stones, through stronger export activities and increased automation, which has reduced wage costs’ share of revenue. Going forwards, easing inflation and potential drops in interest rates are forecast to rejuvenate demand from the residential building market. The shift towards apartment and townhouse construction could further bolster this trend. Non-residential construction activity is also projected to ramp up over the five years through 2029-30, with government capital expenditure set to rise. Even though the Australian dollar is forecast to appreciate, making affordable imports more appealing, the global need for the industry’s products is likely to strengthen export activities, ensuring a competitive edge in international trade and helping improve profitability. Industry revenue is forecast to grow at an annualised 1.7% over the five years through 2029-30, to reach $3.6 billion.

In Australia, the average cost of fertilizer for sheep farms in financial year 2023 was ***** thousand Australian dollars. Rising fertilizer costs have become a major issue for farmers in Australia in recent years.

Inflation Rate in Australia decreased to 2.10 percent in the second quarter of 2025 from 2.40 percent in the first quarter of 2025. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - Australia Inflation Rate - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

In 2024, the annual revenue of the clothing, footwear, and personal accessory retail industry in Australia amounted to over 36 billion Australian dollars. This marked a rise from the previous year and a recovery in clothing retail revenue after a decline in 2020 during the pandemic.

The tree nut growing industry structurally benefits from counter-seasonal harvests, which bolster its export market appeal and influence overall industry performance. However, ramped-up production from other large nut-producing countries that has saturated the global market, (along with supply chain challenges) has subdued export revenue in the past few years. Revenue has fluctuated further as a result of weather events, yet rising health consciousness among consumers has maintained demand for tree nuts – especially almonds, which are the most popular industry product. Overall, industry revenue has risen at an annualised 0.3% in the past five years and is expected to total $1.5 billion in 2024-25, when revenue will jump by an estimated 11.4%. Industry profitability hinges on numerous factors, including input costs, global nut prices, international demand and the value of the Australian dollar. Intensifying price competition from high nut-producing nations and rising input costs stemming from the Russia-Ukraine war, keeping fertiliser at a sustained high price, have had the most impact on industry profitability over the past five years. This has resulted in squeezed profit margins and elevated purchase costs. The shift towards mechanisation has also contributed to the rise in purchase costs, as more growers have sought to automate farming processes. However, automation has lowered wage costs. A surge in performance is anticipated for Australia's tree nut industry, propelled by strong exports and increased global consumption. Rising health consciousness among consumers, bolstered by initiatives like the Nuts For Life program from the Australian Nut Industry Council, is expected to boost nut consumption. This trend is projected to amplify demand, combined with Australia's reputation for premium quality nuts and high demand from countries like China, which foresees a growing middle class. These factors are set to have a domino effect and lead to an influx of new market entrants, which will catalyse industry growth and drive employment and enterprise numbers upwards. This series of events is anticipated to culminate in annualised growth of 11.6% over the five years through 2029-30 to an expected $2.5 billion.

In 2024, Australia's apparel market revenue amounted to around **** billion Australian dollars, marking a rise from the previous year. By 2029, the country's apparel market revenue is expected to reach approximately **** billion Australian dollars. Within the market, the women's apparel segment accounts for the largest share of revenue.

The Carpentry and Joinery Timber Manufacturing industry’s performance has been heavily influenced by fluctuations in construction activity, particularly house construction, and shifts in the domestic price of timber over the past five years. From 2019-20 to 2021-22, low interest rates and government stimulus like the HomeBuilder scheme boosted housing construction and demand for timber products, elevating industry revenue. However, from 2021-22 onwards, rising interest rates and the end of stimulus programs led to decreased new dwelling commencements. This reduced demand and intensified price competition among manufacturers, tightening the industry’s profitability, although it has still expanded from 2019-20 levels. Despite falling demand, soaring timber prices as a result of global supply disruptions have allowed manufacturers to increase their selling prices, generating price-driven revenue growth. Industrywide revenue is expected to have climbed at an annualised 1.4% over the five years through 2024-25 to $4.6 billion, which includes an anticipated 1.4% slump in 2024-25. Competition from non-timber substitutes and increased imports from countries with lower labour costs have challenged domestic manufacturers. In response, companies have adopted automation and advanced technologies to improve efficiency, reduce labour costs and support profitability amid these market challenges. In the coming years, carpentry and joinery timber manufacturers are set to benefit from increased housing construction stimulated by government initiatives and population growth. Significant federal funding, including the Australian Government’s commitment to build 1.2 million new homes over the five years from 2024-25, will boost demand for timber products used in new housing projects, contributing to forecast revenue growth and widened industry profitability. Stabilising growth in timber prices and an appreciating Australian dollar will reduce purchase costs, supporting profitability. Rising import volumes, particularly from countries with lower production costs, will intensify competition, pressuring domestic manufacturers to enhance efficiency and differentiate their products. Evolving energy efficiency standards, like the requirement for new homes to achieve at least a seven-star rating under the Nationwide House Energy Rating Scheme (NatHERS), will drive innovation opportunities in high-value, energy-efficient timber products but may also pose challenges if manufacturers cannot meet these standards. Industrywide revenue is forecast to climb at an annualised 1.4% over the five years through 2029-30 to reach $4.9 billion.