In financial year 2023, it was estimated that 64.32 thousand more Chinese migrated to Australia than emigrated. This marked a significant increase in Chinese net migration compared to 14.72 thousand people in the previous financial year.

The Chinese community in Australia

Chinese migration to Australia dates back to the Australian gold rush of the 1850s and 60s, however, exclusionary migration policies up until the 1970’s restricted migration from China for some time. Since then, immigration from China has increased steadily and Chinese migrants now represent Australia’s third largest migrant group after the UK and India. The 2016 Australian census showed that Mandarin was the second most common language spoken at home in Australia, and Cantonese came in fourth. The Australian Chinese community also includes a significant proportion of the international students from China choosing to study in Australia.

Chinese investment in Australia

Although foreign investment in Australia still comes primarily from its traditional trade partners, the United States and the United Kingdom, Chinese investment has been increasing in recent years. The bulk of Chinese investment in Australia goes toward commercial real estate and agribusiness. In New South Wales alone, real estate investment from China totaled almost 1.25 billion Australian dollars, which accounted for around a half of all Chinese real estate investment in the country. By comparison, in 2019 the import value of Australian food products to China displayed yet another year on year increase, totaling more than two billion U.S. dollars.

Among countries with the highest number of overseas Chinese on each continent, the largest Chinese diaspora community is living in Indonesia, numbering more than ten million people. Most of these people are descendants from migrants born in China, who have moved to Indonesia a long time ago. On the contrary, a large part of overseas Chinese living in Canada and Australia have arrived in these countries only during the last two decades. China as an emigration country Many Chinese people have emigrated from their home country in search of better living conditions and educational chances. The increasing number of Chinese emigrants has benefited from loosened migration policies. On the one hand, the attitude of the Chinese government towards emigration has changed significantly. Overseas Chinese are considered to be strong supporters for the overall strength of Chinese culture and international influence. On the other hand, migration policies in the United States and Canada are changing with time, expanding migration opportunities for non-European immigrants. As a result, China has become one of the world’s largest emigration countries as well as the country with the highest outflows of high net worth individuals. However, the mass emigration is causing a severe loss of homegrown talents and assets. The problem of talent and wealth outflow has raised pressing questions to the Chinese government, and a solution to this issue is yet to be determined. Popular destinations among Chinese emigrants Over the last decades, English speaking developed countries have been popular destinations for Chinese emigrants. In 2022 alone, the number of people from China naturalized as U.S. citizens had amounted to over 27,000 people, while nearly 68,000 had obtained legal permanent resident status as “green card” recipients. Among other popular immigration destinations for Chinese riches are Canada, Australia, Europe, and Singapore.

According to a survey conducted in September and October 2021, around ** percent of Australian residents with a Chinese ancestry said Australia is more to blame for tensions in the Australia-China relationship. In contrast, only **** percent of representative respondents from the total Australian population thought Australia is more to blame for the tensions.

More than 1.2 million people of Chinese heritage live in Australia today. Their experiences are as diverse as their views; many were born in Australia, with lineages that span generations of Australian history. Others have migrated more recently from China, Hong Kong, Taiwan and Southeast Asia. Chinese-Australian communities have flourished and contributed to many aspects of Australian life. The Lowy Institute’s Multiculturalism, Identity and Influence Project conducted its first nationally representative poll of Chinese-Australians at the end of 2020. Respondents were asked about their perspectives on life in Australia, and views on a wide range of issues — from foreign influence and relationships with China, to systems of government and pride in Australian life and culture. There is both continuity and divergence when these sentiments are compared to the broader Australian population, and the views of those of other diaspora communities.

Resistance to trade and demands for protectionist policy can derive from social as well as economic factors. A sense of cultural threat surrounding immigrants, especially immigrants visibly from groups that are widely stigmatized among the local population, may potentially stimulate such recoiling from exposure to the world. Voting patterns in the 1889 election in New South Wales, Australia, confirm this hypothesis: in a contest between the Protectionist and Free Trade Parties amidst reaction against the Chinese-Australian population, larger shares of voters preferred the protectionist, trade-restricting side in areas with proportionately larger ethnically Chinese populations than in otherwise similar areas elsewhere.

ABS Census data extract - G09 COUNTRY OF BIRTH OF PERSON BY AGE providing a breakdown of population at Suburb level and by:age groupscountry of birth of person(a)Australia(b)China (excludes SARs and Taiwan)(c)Hong Kong (SAR of China)(c)Born elsewhere(d)This data is based on place of usual residence.(a) This list consists of the most common 50 Country of Birth responses reported in the 2016 Census and 2011 Census.(b) Includes 'Australia', 'Australia (includes External Territories), nfd', 'Norfolk Island' and 'Australian External Territories, nec'.(c) Special Administrative Regions (SARs) comprise 'Hong Kong (SAR of China)' and 'Macau (SAR of China)'. (d) Includes countries not identified individually, 'Inadequately described', and 'At sea'. Excludes not stated.Please note that there are small random adjustments made to all cell values to protect the confidentiality of data. These adjustments may cause the sum of rows or columns to differ by small amounts from table totals.

According to a survey conducted in September and October 2021, around ** percent of Australian residents with a Chinese ancestry said they trusted China at least somewhat to act responsibly in the world. In contrast, only ** percent of representative respondents from the total Australian population believed China would do so.

Since the late 20th century, China-born population has emerged as the third largest source of permanent immigrants to Australia. This study aims to explore the dynamics of heritage bilingualism of twenty-five 1.5-generation Chinese-Australian adolescents and young adults, a cohort that is often overlooked in migration studies. Through family questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, field observations, and linguistic samples, the study explores how the age at migration influences language attitudes, proficiency performance, cultural identity, and socialization patterns among three age-of-migration cohorts. While the study confirms a common trend of language erosion across all age cohorts, it distinctively delineates the varying degrees of language attrition specifically associated with the age at migration. Meanwhile, the research spotlights exceptional cases of maintained heritage language fluency, underscoring how family strategies, child agency, educational policies, and literary engagement are crucial in combating language erosion and fostering heritage language proficiency. The finding underscores the importance of understanding the unique linguistic journeys across age-of-migration groups to better support their language development and maintenance. It provides valuable insights for families, educators, and policymakers working to sustain minority languages within a dominant English-speaking environment.

Australia Imports: fob: Emerging and Developing Economies: Emerging and Developing Asia: China, People Republic: Macao data was reported at 2.256 USD mn in 2024. This records a decrease from the previous number of 2.959 USD mn for 2023. Australia Imports: fob: Emerging and Developing Economies: Emerging and Developing Asia: China, People Republic: Macao data is updated yearly, averaging 8.829 USD mn from Dec 1976 (Median) to 2024, with 49 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 53.170 USD mn in 2020 and a record low of 1.064 USD mn in 1979. Australia Imports: fob: Emerging and Developing Economies: Emerging and Developing Asia: China, People Republic: Macao data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by International Monetary Fund. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Australia – Table AU.IMF.DOT: Imports: fob: by Country: Annual.

Migrants from the United Kingdom have long been Australia’s primary immigrant group and in 2023 there were roughly 960 thousand English-born people living in Australia. India and China held second and third place respectively with regard to Australia’s foreign-born population. The relative dominance of Asian countries in the list of top ten foreign-born residents of Australia represents a significant shift in Australia’s immigration patterns over the past few decades. Where European-born migrants had previously overshadowed other migrant groups, Australian migration figures are now showing greater migration numbers from neighboring countries in Asia and the Pacific. A history of migration Australia is often referred to as an ‘immigrant nation’, alongside the United States, Canada, and New Zealand. Before the Second World War, migrants to Australia were almost exclusively from the UK, however after 1945, Australia’s immigration policy was broadened to attract economic migrants and temporary skilled migrants. These policy changes saw and increase in immigrants particularly from Greece and Italy. Today, Australia maintains its status as an ‘’Immigrant nation’’, with almost 30 percent of the population born overseas and around 50 percent of the population having both that were born overseas. Australian visas The Australian immigration program has two main categories of visa, permanent and temporary. The permanent visa category offers three primary pathways: skilled, family and humanitarian. The skilled visa category is by far the most common, with more than a million permanent migrants living in Australia on this visa category at the last Australian census in 2021. Of the temporary visa categories, the higher education visa is the most popular, exceeding 180 thousand arrivals in 2023.

Australia Imports: fob: Emerging and Developing Economies: Emerging and Developing Asia: China, People Republic: Mainland data was reported at 69.380 USD bn in 2023. This records a decrease from the previous number of 77.289 USD bn for 2022. Australia Imports: fob: Emerging and Developing Economies: Emerging and Developing Asia: China, People Republic: Mainland data is updated yearly, averaging 336.314 USD mn from Dec 1948 (Median) to 2023, with 76 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 77.289 USD bn in 2022 and a record low of 3.500 USD mn in 1952. Australia Imports: fob: Emerging and Developing Economies: Emerging and Developing Asia: China, People Republic: Mainland data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by International Monetary Fund. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Australia – Table AU.IMF.DOT: Imports: fob: by Country: Annual.

Context

The outbreak of COVID19 pushed Kaggle to launch several competitions to better understand how the new virus spreads.

The data provided by this competition is not only divided by nation (China, US, Canada...), but also sometimes by province/state/dependency/territory (California, Hubei, French Guiana, Saskatchewan...).

Although there are already several Kaggle datasets that provide population estimates by nation, I couldn't find any that provided a population estimate for each one of the constituent states ("provinces/states") included in the data for the 2nd week COVID19 Global Forecasting competition. So here they are, packaged in a super simple two-column CSV file.

Content

Each row in this dataset is a rough estimate of the population in each of the constituent states that appear in the COVID19 Global Forecasting competition. Each row is, of course, one of these inner states. By "constituent state" I mean one of: - the 54 United States of America - the 33 Chinese provinces - 10 Canadian provinces (plus a territory, Northwest Territories) - 11 French overseas territories - 10 British overseas territories - 6 Australian states (plus 2 internal territories) - 5 constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands - 2 autonomous Danish territories (Faroe Islands and Greenland)

In total, 134 states are listed.

Acknowledgements

The population estimates were collected from the following sources: - Australia: Wikipedia - Canada: worldpopulationreview.com - China: another Kaggle dataset - Denmark: worldpopulationreview.com - France: worldometers.info (retrieved 2020-04-02, 18:00 UTC) - Netherlands: worldometers.info (retrieved 2020-04-02, 18:00 UTC) - US: worldpopulationreview.com - Guam: worldpopulationreview.com - UK: worldometers.info (retrieved 2020-04-02, 18:00 UTC)

Australia Imports: cif: Advanced Economies: China, People Republic: Hong Kong data was reported at 689.029 USD mn in 2023. This records a decrease from the previous number of 961.907 USD mn for 2022. Australia Imports: cif: Advanced Economies: China, People Republic: Hong Kong data is updated yearly, averaging 578.279 USD mn from Dec 1950 (Median) to 2023, with 74 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1.311 USD bn in 2012 and a record low of 1.540 USD mn in 1952. Australia Imports: cif: Advanced Economies: China, People Republic: Hong Kong data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by International Monetary Fund. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Australia – Table AU.IMF.DOT: Imports: cif: by Country: Annual.

Australia Imports: cif: Emerging and Developing Economies: Emerging and Developing Asia: China, People Republic: Macao data was reported at 3.136 USD mn in 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 2.793 USD mn for 2022. Australia Imports: cif: Emerging and Developing Economies: Emerging and Developing Asia: China, People Republic: Macao data is updated yearly, averaging 9.629 USD mn from Dec 1976 (Median) to 2023, with 48 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 56.360 USD mn in 2020 and a record low of 1.170 USD mn in 1979. Australia Imports: cif: Emerging and Developing Economies: Emerging and Developing Asia: China, People Republic: Macao data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by International Monetary Fund. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Australia – Table AU.IMF.DOT: Imports: cif: by Country: Annual.

Australia Imports: cif: Emerging and Developing Economies: Emerging and Developing Asia: China, People Republic: Mainland data was reported at 73.543 USD bn in 2023. This records a decrease from the previous number of 81.926 USD bn for 2022. Australia Imports: cif: Emerging and Developing Economies: Emerging and Developing Asia: China, People Republic: Mainland data is updated yearly, averaging 369.945 USD mn from Dec 1948 (Median) to 2023, with 76 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 81.926 USD bn in 2022 and a record low of 3.850 USD mn in 1952. Australia Imports: cif: Emerging and Developing Economies: Emerging and Developing Asia: China, People Republic: Mainland data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by International Monetary Fund. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Australia – Table AU.IMF.DOT: Imports: cif: by Country: Annual.

BackgroundHigh-salt diets are linked to hypertension. Chinese people in Australia, are at increased risk of hypertension due to the combination of routine addition of high quantities of salt to food during cooking and high salt levels in processed western foods. There is a scarcity of salt-related behavioural studies on this population group. This study aimed to explore the habitual salt consumption of Chinese Australians and factors that influence their perceptions about sustaining salt-related behavioural changes for hypertension prevention.MethodA cross-sectional descriptive study using an adapted Determinants of Salt-Restriction Behaviour Questionnaire was conducted on 188 Chinese Australians. A non-probability sampling method was used to attract participants from different parts of Australia. Statistical analyses such as descriptive analysis, t-tests and Pearson correlation tests were performed in the study.ResultsOver 97% of participants did not measure the amount of salt added to their meals. Many participants reported that salt was added to their meals based on their experience (39.4%) and food taste (31.9%). Over 80% of participants did not know the recommended level of daily salt consumption. Although salt-related knowledge had no significant correlation with individuals’ salty food taste preferences, there were significant correlations with the perceptions of the severity of disease and health benefits of reducing salt consumption (p = .001 and < .001 respectively). People with stronger salty taste preferences perceived a higher level of health threat than people with lighter salty taste preferences (p = .003).ConclusionFindings from this study show that knowledge about salt-reduction alone had no significant effects on salt-related behaviours. Adequate culturally relevant practice-based education in salt-reduction strategies may facilitate salt-related behavioural changes in Chinese Australians. Overall, single young Chinese Australian men with stronger salty taste preferences is the group who needs salt reduction interventions the most.

According to a survey conducted in September and October 2021, around ** percent of Australian residents with a Chinese ancestry perceived China as more of an economic partner than a security threat. In contrast, ** percent of representative respondents from the total Australian population regarded China as more of a security threat.

Demographic characteristics of the student samples.

Along the East Asian-Australasian flyway (EAAF), waterbirds are threatened by a wide range of human activities. Studies have shown that wintering populations of many species have declined in Australia and Japan; however, long term data along China’s coast are limited. In this study, we analyzed data collected from monthly bird surveys to quantify population trends of wintering waterbirds from 1998 to 2017 in the Deep Bay area, South China. Of the 42 species studied, 12 declined, while nine increased significantly. Phylogenetic comparative analysis revealed that population trends were negatively correlated to reliance on the Yellow Sea and body size. Further, waterbird species breeding in Southern Siberia declined more than those breeding in East Asia. These findings, coupled with a relatively high number of increasing species, support the continual preservation of wetlands in the Deep Bay area. This study provides another case study showing that data collected from wintering sites provide insights on the threats along migratory pathway and inform conservation actions. As such, we encourage population surveys in the EAAF to continue, particularly along the coast of China.

Australia Exports: fob: Emerging and Developing Economies: Emerging and Developing Asia: China, People Republic: Macao data was reported at 67.556 USD mn in 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 46.998 USD mn for 2022. Australia Exports: fob: Emerging and Developing Economies: Emerging and Developing Asia: China, People Republic: Macao data is updated yearly, averaging 10.848 USD mn from Dec 1960 (Median) to 2023, with 50 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 68.307 USD mn in 2018 and a record low of 0.060 USD mn in 1979. Australia Exports: fob: Emerging and Developing Economies: Emerging and Developing Asia: China, People Republic: Macao data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by International Monetary Fund. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Australia – Table AU.IMF.DOT: Exports: fob: by Country: Annual.