This statistic shows the share of ethnic groups in Australia in the total population. 33 percent of the total population of Australia are english.

Australia’s population

Australia’s ethnic diversity can be attributed to their history and location. The country’s colonization from Europeans is a significant reason for the majority of its population being Caucasian. Additionally, being that Australia is one of the most developed countries closest to Eastern Asia; its Asian population comes as no surprise.

Australia is one of the world’s most developed countries, often earning recognition as one of the world’s economical leaders. With a more recent economic boom, Australia has become an attractive country for students and workers alike, who seek an opportunity to improve their lifestyle. Over the past decade, Australia’s population has slowly increased and is expected to continue to do so over the next several years. A beautiful landscape, many work opportunities and a high quality of life helped play a role in the country’s development. In 2011, Australia was considered to have one of the highest life expectancies in the world, with the average Australian living to approximately 82 years of age.

From an employment standpoint, Australia has maintained a rather low employment rate compared to many other developed countries. After experiencing a significant jump in unemployment in 2009, primarily due to the world economic crisis, Australia has been able to remain stable and slightly increase employment year-over-year.

In June 2022, it was estimated that around 7.3 percent of Australians were aged between 25 and 29, and the same applied to people aged between 30 and 34. All in all, about 55 percent of Australia’s population was aged 35 years or older as of June 2022. At the same time, the age distribution of the country also shows that the share of children under 14 years old was still higher than that of people over 65 years old. A breakdown of Australia’s population growth Australia is the sixth-largest country in the world, yet with a population of around 26 million inhabitants, it is only sparsely populated. Since the 1970s, the population growth of Australia has remained fairly constant. While there was a slight rise in the Australian death rate in 2022, the birth rate of the country decreased after a slight rise in the previous year. The fact that the birth rate is almost double the size of its death rate gives the country one of the highest natural population growth rates of any high-income country.
National distribution of the population Australia’s population is expected to surpass 28 million people by 2028. The majority of its inhabitants live in the major cities. The most populated states are New South Wales, Victoria, and Queensland. Together, they account for over 75 percent of the population in Australia.

The Carpentarian barrier across northeastern Australia is a major biogeographic barrier and a generator of biodiversity within the Australian Monsoonal Tropics. Here we present a continent-wide analysis of mitochondrial (control region) and autosomal (14 anonymous loci) sequence and indel variation and niche modeling of Brown and Black-tailed Treecreepers (Climacteris picumnus and C. melanurus), a clade with a classic distribution on either side of the Carpentarian barrier. mtDNA control region sequences exhibited reciprocal monophyly and strong differentiation (Fst = 0.91), and reveals a signature of a recent selective sweep in C. picumnus. No loci among 14 anonymous autosomal markers exhibited reciprocal monophyly between species, and a variety of tests support an isolation-with-migration model of divergence, albeit with low levels of gene flow across the Carpentarian barrier and a divergence time between species of ~1.7 – 2.8 MYA, depending on the model and assumptions about generation time. Paleo-ecological niche models show that both range size as measured by available habitat and estimated historical population sizes of both species declined in the last ~600 kyr and that the area of range overlap was never historically large, perhaps decreasing opportunities for extensive gene flow. The relatively long divergence time and low opportunity for gene flow may have facilitated speciation more so than in other co-distributed bird taxa across the Australian Monsoonal Tropics. Methods Avian tissue was collected in Australia under appropriate permits. Total genomic DNA was extracted from heart, liver or muscle tissue using phenol chloroform methods. To generate nuclear loci, we constructed a plasmid library from total genomic DNA from a single female C. picumnus, shearing, repairing and size-selecting the DNA into 2-3 kb fragments using methods. We used PCR to amplify a 363 base-pair segment of region 1 of the mitochondrial control region (CR1) and amplification conditions for each anonymous locus was optimized by thermal gradient PCR and annealing temperatures for PCR varied from 50 – 55ºC. Sequences were trimmed, aligned and edited, and putatively heterozygous sites identified, using Aliview. Unphased diploid DNA sequences for each locus were phased using Phase 2.0. Phased haplotypes were converted into Nexus and Phylip formats for subsequent analyses. Standard population genetic statistics, such as genetic diversity within and between populations and species , Tajima’s D and Fst among populations based on pairwise differences of haplotypes, were calculated using the R package PopGenome v. 2.7.5. Gene trees were constructed using the maximum likelihood algorithm in IQ-TREE v. 1.6.12, using best substitution models for each locus as estimated in ModelFinder. Net nucleotide diversity between populations and species was calculated using PopGenome . Indels were scored as biallelic or multiallelic and Fst for each indel was calculated using the hierarchical method implemented in hierFstat. We analyzed the data via principal components analysis (PCA) in smartpca v. 8000. We used STRUCTURE v. 2.3.2.1 to understand the basic population units within and between species. We used Phrapl to test hypotheses of major classes of phylogeographic models. We used bpp v. 4.3 to estimate the population phylogeny and divergence times. We used migrate-n (version 5.0, Beerli & Felsenstein, 1999; Beerli, 2006) to conduct additional phylogeographic model selection (divergence with gene flow) using the full data set as well as equilibrium models of gene flow within C. picumnus and C. melanurus separately. The between-species analyses using migrate-n utilized the full sequence data from C. picumnus and C. melanurus, treating each species as a panmictic population. For each species, we used ENMeval to test the best model parameters for species distribution models and downstream analysis with Maxent v. 3.4.1. We used Stairway plots to estimate variation in effective population size through time for C. picumnus and C. melanurus.

Genomic diversity is a fundamental component of Earth's total biodiversity and requires explicit consideration in efforts to conserve biodiversity. To conserve genomic diversity, it is necessary to measure its spatial distribution and quantify the contribution that any intraspecific evolutionary lineages make to overall genomic diversity. Here, we describe the range-wide population genomic structure of a threatened Australian rodent, the black-footed tree-rat (Mesembriomys gouldii), aiming to provide insight into the timing and extent of population declines across a large region with a dearth of long-term monitoring data. By estimating recent trajectories in effective population sizes at four localities, we confirm widespread population decline across the species' range, but find that the population in the peri-urban area of the Darwin region has been more stable. Based on current sampling, the Melville Island population made the greatest contribution to overall allelic richness of the species, and the prioritisation analysis suggested that conservation of the Darwin and Cobourg Peninsula populations would be the most cost-effective scenario to retain more than 90% of all alleles. Our results broadly confirm current sub-specific taxonomy and provide crucial data on the spatial distribution of genomic diversity to help prioritise limited conservation resources. Along with additional sampling and genomic analysis from the far eastern and western edges of the black-footed tree-rat distribution, we suggest a range of conservation and research priorities that could help improve black-footed tree-rat population trajectories at large and fine spatial scales, including the retention and expansion of structurally complex habitat patches.

Humans have been living on the continent of Australia (name derived from "Terra Australis"; Latin for "the southern land") for approximately 65,000 years, however population growth was relatively slow until the nineteenth century. Europeans had made some contact with Australia as early as 1606, however there was no significant attempt at settlement until the late eighteenth century. By 1800, the population of Australia was approximately 350,000 people, and the majority of these were Indigenous Australians. As colonization progressed the number of ethnic Europeans increased while the Australian Aboriginal population was decimated through conflict, smallpox and other diseases, with some communities being exterminated completely, such as Aboriginal Tasmanians. Mass migration from Britain and China After the loss of its American colonies in the 1780s, the British Empire looked to other parts of the globe to expand its sphere of influence. In Australia, the first colonies were established in Sydney, Tasmania and Western Australia. Many of these were penal colonies which became home to approximately 164,000 British and Irish convicts who were transported to Australia between 1788 and 1868. As the decades progressed, expansion into the interior intensified, and the entire country was claimed by Britain in 1826. Inland colonization led to further conflict between European settlers and indigenous Australians, which cost the lives of thousands of natives. Inward expansion also saw the discovery of many natural resources, and most notably led to the gold rushes of the 1850s, which attracted substantial numbers of Chinese migrants to Australia. This mass migration from non-European countries eventually led to some restrictive policies being introduced, culminating with the White Australia Policy of 1901, which cemented ethnic-European dominance in Australian politics and society. These policies were not retracted until the second half of the 1900s. Independent Australia Australia changed its status to a British dominion in 1901, and eventually became independent in 1931. Despite this, Australia has remained a part of the British Commonwealth, and Australian forces (ANZAC) fought with the British and their Allies in both World Wars, and were instrumental in campaigns such as Gallipoli in WWI, and the South West Pacific Theater in WWII. The aftermath of both wars had a significant impact on the Australian population, with approximately 90 thousand deaths in both world wars combined, as well as 15 thousand deaths as a result of the Spanish flu pandemic following WWI, although Australia experienced a significant baby boom following the Second World War. In the past fifty years, Australia has promoted immigration from all over the world, and now has one of the strongest economies and highest living standards in the world, with a population that has grown to over 25 million people in 2020.

Additional file 5. Genotypic data. Genotypes of 278 individuals of P. monodon at 10,535 neutral genome-wide SNPs are included in a standard STRUCTURE format.

Movement of species beyond their indigenous distribution can fundamentally alter the conservation status of the populations involved. If introductions are human-facilitated, introduced species could be considered pests. Characterizing the colonization history of introduced species can, therefore, be critical to formulating the objectives and nature of wildlife management strategies. The black swan (Cygnus atratus) is native to Australia but is considered a reintroduced species in New Zealand, where the endemic population was reported extinct during the 19th century. After the re-introduction of a small number of individuals from Australia, the New Zealand population expanded unexpectedly rapidly, which was attributed to simultaneous waves of migration from Australia. An alternative, but hitherto unformalized, hypothesis is that local extant populations remained and admixed with introduced individuals. To contribute to our understanding of the reintroduction history of the species, we investigated dispersal patterns and demographic histories of seven populations from Australia and New Zealand, using population genetic inferences from a microsatellite dataset. Our results on genetic structure, dispersal rates, and demographic histories provide mixed evidence on the origin of New Zealand black swans. The hypothesis that reintroduced individuals mixed with remaining local individuals and that the subsequent dramatic population expansion may have been due to genetic rescue of the inbred indigenous population cannot be discarded and needs further investigation.

This data collection contains all currently published nucleotide (DNA/RNA) and protein sequences from Australian Antennarius pictus, commonly known as Black Angler. Other information about this group:

The nucleotide (DNA/RNA) and protein sequences have been sourced through the European Nucleotide Archive (ENA) and Universal Protein Resource (UniProt), databases that contains comprehensive sets of nucleotide (DNA/RNA) and protein sequences from all organisms that have been published by the International Research Community.

The identification of species in Antennarius pictus as Australian dwelling organisms has been achieved by accessing the Australian Plant Census (APC) or Australian Faunal Directory (AFD) through the Atlas of Living Australia.

In 2022, the most common long-term health condition reported by Australians were mental and behavioral conditions, representing 26.1 percent of the population. By comparison, diabetes and heart diseases affected around five percent of the population each. Mental health in Australia Around 27.6 percent of the Australian population suffered from depression or symptoms of depression in 2020 amidst the COVID pandemic. Despite so many Australians being affected by mental illness, many do not initially seek help or know where to look to find help. For those that do seek help, not for profit organizations like Beyond Blue, the Black Dog Institute, and Sane are available for Australians to receive information and support. For young people, Headspace is a government funded national youth support service. However, in a 2022 survey on where young people go for help, around 80 percent of young people indicated that they feel most comfortable speaking with their friends about important issues such as mental health.  Chronic illness as an underlying cause of death Diabetes was a considerable underlying cause of death in the Australian population in 2020. The rate has not changed significantly over the past 20 years compared to other prevalent causes of death, like cancer. Arthritis, hypertension, and asthma are among the most common chronic illnesses in Australia, but these illnesses alone are not usually significant contributors to a cause of death.

Unemployment Rate in Australia remained unchanged at 4.10 percent in April. This dataset provides - Australia Unemployment Rate at 5.8% in December - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Colour polymorphisms have evolutionary significance for the generation and maintenance of species diversity. Demonstrating heritability of polymorphic traits can be challenging for wild populations of long-lived species because accurate information is required on trait expression and familial relationships. The Australian magpie Cracticus tibicen has a continent-wide distribution featuring several distinct plumage morphs, differing primarily in colour of back feathers. Black or white backed morphs occur in eastern Australia, with intermediate morphs common in a narrow hybrid zone where the two morphs meet. This study investigated heritability of back colour phenotypes in a hybrid zone population (Seymour, Victoria) based on long-term observational data and DNA samples collected over an 18 year period (1993 – 2010). High extra-pair paternity (~36% offspring), necessitated verification of parent-offspring relationships by parentage analysis. A total of 538 birds (221 parents and 317 offspring) from 36 territories were analysed. Back colour was a continuous trait scored on a five-morph scale in the field (0-4). High and consistent estimates of back colour heritability (h2) were obtained via weighted midparent regression (h2=0.94) and by animal models (h2=0.92, C.I. 0.80-0.99). Single-parent heritability estimates indicated neither maternal nor paternal non-genetic effects (e.g. parent body condition) played a large role in determining offspring back colour, and environmental effects of territory group and cohort contributed little to trait heritability. Distinctive back colouration of the Australian magpie behaves as a quantitative trait that is likely polygenic, although mechanisms responsible for maintaining these geographically structured morphs and the hybrid zone where they meet are unknown.

This data collection contains all currently published nucleotide (DNA/RNA) and protein sequences from Australian Sufflamen chrysopterum, commonly known as Black Trigger-fish. Other information about this group:

The nucleotide (DNA/RNA) and protein sequences have been sourced through the European Nucleotide Archive (ENA) and Universal Protein Resource (UniProt), databases that contains comprehensive sets of nucleotide (DNA/RNA) and protein sequences from all organisms that have been published by the International Research Community.

The identification of species in Sufflamen chrysopterum as Australian dwelling organisms has been achieved by accessing the Australian Plant Census (APC) or Australian Faunal Directory (AFD) through the Atlas of Living Australia.

Bubble tea has surged in popularity across Australia over recent years, primarily thanks to changing consumer tastes and multicultural influences. Strong migration from Asian regions has introduced many Australians to bubble tea, shifting it from a niche beverage into a mainstream option. Shops have spread rapidly in areas with substantial Asian communities and younger demographics, notably the CBDs of Melbourne and Sydney, reflecting greater consumer acceptance of bubble tea. Over the past few years, demand for premium bubble tea drinks has remained resilient despite economic headwinds. Even though periods of weaker consumer sentiment and rising living costs have weighed on discretionary spending, many consumers have continued to purchase high-quality bubble tea as an affordable luxury. Younger consumers, in particular, have viewed bubble tea as a healthier and more appealing alternative to traditional beverages like alcohol, cementing consistent demand among this valuable demographic. At the same time, rising health awareness has prompted bubble tea shops to invest in offering healthier versions containing lower sugar levels, dairy-free substitutes and health-driven ingredients, broadening their market appeal and pushing up industrywide profitability. Expanding interest in bubble tea is expected to have uplifted revenue at an annualised 0.5% over the five years through 2024-25 to $480.7 million. This includes an anticipated hike in revenue of 4.2% in 2024-25 as household discretionary incomes improve. The industry is on track to continue expanding over the coming years, driven by improvements in consumer sentiment and discretionary incomes. Strengthening economic conditions will encourage consumers to spend more on discretionary items like premium bubble tea. Nonetheless, intensifying competition and rising input costs could pose risks if bubble tea shops can't effectively price their products competitively relative to rivals and substitutes. Overall, industry revenue is forecast to climb at an annualised 1.9% over the five years through 2029-30 to total $528.3 million.

This data collection contains all currently published nucleotide (DNA/RNA) and protein sequences from Australian Rattus rattus, commonly known as Black Rat. Other information about this group:

The nucleotide (DNA/RNA) and protein sequences have been sourced through the European Nucleotide Archive (ENA) and Universal Protein Resource (UniProt), databases that contains comprehensive sets of nucleotide (DNA/RNA) and protein sequences from all organisms that have been published by the International Research Community.

The identification of species in Rattus rattus as Australian dwelling organisms has been achieved by accessing the Australian Plant Census (APC) or Australian Faunal Directory (AFD) through the Atlas of Living Australia.

This data collection contains all currently published nucleotide (DNA/RNA) and protein sequences from Australian Alnus glutinosa, commonly known as Black Alder. Other information about this group:

The nucleotide (DNA/RNA) and protein sequences have been sourced through the European Nucleotide Archive (ENA) and Universal Protein Resource (UniProt), databases that contains comprehensive sets of nucleotide (DNA/RNA) and protein sequences from all organisms that have been published by the International Research Community.

The identification of species in Alnus glutinosa as Australian dwelling organisms has been achieved by accessing the Australian Plant Census (APC) or Australian Faunal Directory (AFD) through the Atlas of Living Australia.

In the 2024 Black Friday and Cyber Monday sales period in Australia, around 75 percent of Generation Z indicated in a survey that they would be making purchases during the holiday sales period. Baby Boomers showed a much lower intention to participate, with just around 15 percent of the Baby Boomer respondents indicating they would participate in the sales.

This data collection contains all currently published nucleotide (DNA/RNA) and protein sequences from Australian Antennarius commerson, commonly known as Black Angler. Other information about this group:

The nucleotide (DNA/RNA) and protein sequences have been sourced through the European Nucleotide Archive (ENA) and Universal Protein Resource (UniProt), databases that contains comprehensive sets of nucleotide (DNA/RNA) and protein sequences from all organisms that have been published by the International Research Community.

The identification of species in Antennarius commerson as Australian dwelling organisms has been achieved by accessing the Australian Plant Census (APC) or Australian Faunal Directory (AFD) through the Atlas of Living Australia.

This data collection contains all currently published nucleotide (DNA/RNA) and protein sequences from Australian Melanotaenia nigrans, commonly known as Black Striped Rainbow Fish. Other information about this group:

The nucleotide (DNA/RNA) and protein sequences have been sourced through the European Nucleotide Archive (ENA) and Universal Protein Resource (UniProt), databases that contains comprehensive sets of nucleotide (DNA/RNA) and protein sequences from all organisms that have been published by the International Research Community.

The identification of species in Melanotaenia nigrans as Australian dwelling organisms has been achieved by accessing the Australian Plant Census (APC) or Australian Faunal Directory (AFD) through the Atlas of Living Australia.

This data collection contains all currently published nucleotide (DNA/RNA) and protein sequences from Australian Chaetodon ephippium, commonly known as Black-blotched Butterfly-fish. Other information about this group:

The nucleotide (DNA/RNA) and protein sequences have been sourced through the European Nucleotide Archive (ENA) and Universal Protein Resource (UniProt), databases that contains comprehensive sets of nucleotide (DNA/RNA) and protein sequences from all organisms that have been published by the International Research Community.

The identification of species in Chaetodon ephippium as Australian dwelling organisms has been achieved by accessing the Australian Plant Census (APC) or Australian Faunal Directory (AFD) through the Atlas of Living Australia.

This data collection contains all currently published nucleotide (DNA/RNA) and protein sequences from Australian Acacia falciformis, commonly known as Black Wattle. Other information about this group:

The nucleotide (DNA/RNA) and protein sequences have been sourced through the European Nucleotide Archive (ENA) and Universal Protein Resource (UniProt), databases that contains comprehensive sets of nucleotide (DNA/RNA) and protein sequences from all organisms that have been published by the International Research Community.

The identification of species in Acacia falciformis as Australian dwelling organisms has been achieved by accessing the Australian Plant Census (APC) or Australian Faunal Directory (AFD) through the Atlas of Living Australia.