The prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) among children in the United States has risen dramatically over the past two decades. In 2022, an estimated 32.2 out of every 1,000 8-year-old children were identified with ASD, marking a nearly fivefold increase from the rate of 6.7 per 1,000 children in 2000. This significant upward trend underscores the growing importance of understanding and addressing ASD in American society. Gender disparities in autism diagnosis The increase in ASD prevalence is not uniform across genders. From 2016 to 2019, male children were nearly four times more likely to be diagnosed with ASD than their female counterparts. Approximately 4.8 percent of boys aged 3 to 17 years had received an ASD diagnosis at some point in their lives, compared to only 1.3 percent of girls in the same age group. This substantial gender gap highlights the need for further research into potential biological and social factors influencing ASD diagnosis rates. Racial and ethnic variations in autism prevalence Autism prevalence also varies across racial and ethnic groups. Data from 2016 to 2019 show that non-Hispanic white children aged 3 to 17 years had an ASD prevalence of 2.9 percent, while around 3.5 percent of Hispanic children had ASD. While this statistic provides insight, it is essential to consider potential disparities in diagnosis and access to services among different racial and ethnic communities. Further research and targeted interventions may be necessary to ensure equitable identification and support for children with ASD across all populations.

The prevalence rate of autism spectrum disorder among children aged eight years in the state Georgia was estimated to be around **** per 1,000 children. Autism spectrum disorder is a developmental disability characterized by deficits in social communication and interaction as well as repetitive behavior, interest, or activity patterns. Autism spectrum disorder in childrenAmong 14 U.S. states with areas that were monitored for autism spectrum disorder in 2022, California had the highest prevalence rates of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) among children aged eight years. In 2022, California’s prevalence rate was estimated to be **** cases per 1,000 children, while the rate was about **** cases per 1,000 children in Indiana. ASD is more common among male than female children, with an estimated ** male cases per 1,000 children and ** female cases per 1,000 children in California in 2022. Limitations in a child with autism can vary between individuals and develop over time. In California, the median age of diagnosis among children with an ASD diagnosis with an IQ greater than 70 was ********* of age, in comparison to ********* for children with an ASD diagnosis and an IQ less than or equal to 70, indicating a co-occurring intellectual disability. The prevalence of ASD has increased significantly since the late 1960s by about ** to ** times. Many studies suggest that this is due to improved awareness and recognition, as well as diagnostic capabilities. Autism is likely caused by a combination of genetics and environmental factors, where people with ASD may have abnormal levels of brain serotonin, which could disrupt early brain development.

This data table provides a collection of information from peer-reviewed autism prevalence studies. Information reported from each study includes the autism prevalence estimate and additional study characteristics (e.g., case ascertainment and criteria). A PubMed search was conducted to identify studies published at any time through September 2020 using the search terms: autism (title/abstract) OR autistic (title/abstract) AND prevalence (title/abstract). Data were abstracted and included if the study fulfilled the following criteria: • The study was published in English; • The study produced at least one autism prevalence estimate; and • The study was population-based (any age range) within a defined geographic area.

These statistics present a group of measures on waiting times for autism spectrum disorder diagnostic pathways, based on the time between a referral for suspected autism and the first care contact associated with that referral. There are also multiple breakdowns based on the progression and outcomes of those referrals. Each of these measures contributes to an overall picture of waiting times for diagnostic pathways. The approach is outlined in the methodology section of this publication.

The prevalence rate of autism spectrum disorder among four-year-old children in Missouri was around 24.8 per 1,000 children in 2022. Autism spectrum disorder is a developmental disability characterized by deficits in social communication and interaction as well as repetitive behavior, interest, or activity patterns. This statistic displays the estimated prevalence of autism spectrum disorder among children aged four years in select U.S. states in 2022.

The prevalence rate of autism spectrum disorder among male children aged eight years in Georgia was estimated to be around ** per 1,000 children as of 2022. Autism spectrum disorder is a developmental disability characterized by deficits in social communication and interaction as well as repetitive behavior, interest, or activity patterns. This statistic displays the estimated prevalence of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years in select U.S. states in 2022, by gender.

The global Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) market, valued at $7.78 billion in 2025, is projected to experience robust growth, exhibiting a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 7.6% from 2025 to 2033. This expansion is driven by several key factors. Increased awareness and early diagnosis of ASD are leading to higher treatment rates. Advances in therapeutic interventions, including both pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches, offer improved outcomes for individuals with ASD and their families. Furthermore, the growing prevalence of ASD globally, coupled with increased investment in research and development of new treatments, fuels market growth. The market is segmented by therapy type (pharmacological and non-pharmacological) and age group (pediatric and adult), reflecting the diverse needs of the ASD population. Pharmacological therapies currently hold a larger market share, due to the established efficacy of certain medications in managing ASD-related symptoms. However, the non-pharmacological segment is experiencing significant growth, driven by rising interest in behavioral therapies and other holistic approaches. The adult segment shows increasing demand as individuals with ASD live longer and require continued support. Regionally, North America and Europe currently dominate the market due to established healthcare infrastructure, higher awareness, and greater access to specialized services. However, Asia-Pacific is expected to witness significant growth in the coming years, fueled by rising disposable incomes, improved healthcare access, and increasing diagnostic capabilities. Competitive pressures within the market are intense, with leading companies focusing on developing innovative therapies, expanding their geographical reach, and strengthening their market positioning through strategic collaborations and acquisitions. Challenges remain, including the high cost of treatments, accessibility issues in certain regions, and the need for more effective treatments for specific ASD-related symptoms. Despite these challenges, the long-term outlook for the ASD market remains positive, driven by sustained investment in research, growing awareness, and an increasing focus on improving the lives of individuals with ASD.

These statistics present the number of new referrals to mental health services for which the referral reason was suspected autism, as well as their waiting times to first appointment. These are Experimental Statistics and are being published to involve users and stakeholders in their development and as a means to build in quality at an early stage. This publication presents a partial picture of autism as assessments for autism may be undertaken in a variety of care settings. We are working closely with the Autism programme at NHS England to understand how this activity should flow across our mental health and community data sets and how to continue the development of this national reporting.

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Autism Spectrum Disorder Therapeutics Market Size 2025-2029

The autism spectrum disorder therapeutics market size is forecast to increase by USD 825.9 million at a CAGR of 6.9% between 2024 and 2029.

The Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) therapeutics market is experiencing significant growth due to the increasing prevalence of ASD, with an estimated 1 in 54 children diagnosed with the disorder in the United States alone. This trend is driven by heightened awareness, improved diagnostic tools, and expanding healthcare coverage. Another key driver is the growing interest in personalized medicine for ASD treatment, as researchers explore the potential of precision therapies tailored to individual patients' unique genetic and environmental factors. This market is driven by the growing awareness and early diagnosis of ASD, fueled by increasing public education and advancements in genetic research and genetic testing. 
Additionally, the complex nature of ASD and its diverse symptoms necessitate a multidisciplinary approach, adding to the development challenges and costs. Companies seeking to capitalize on market opportunities must navigate these regulatory hurdles and collaborate with various stakeholders to develop effective, personalized treatment solutions for the ASD population. However, the market faces several challenges. However, the market is also subject to stringent regulations, ensuring the safety and efficacy of therapeutic interventions and medical technologies.

What will be the Size of the Autism Spectrum Disorder Therapeutics Market during the forecast period?

Explore in-depth regional segment analysis with market size data - historical 2019-2023 and forecasts 2025-2029 - in the full report.
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The Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) therapeutics market encompasses a range of interventions addressing the neurological underpinnings and diverse manifestations of this complex condition. Cognitive impairment, executive function deficits, emotional regulation skills, and sensory processing disorders are common challenges for individuals with ASD. Sleep hygiene practices and mental health services are essential components of holistic care, with growing emphasis on community integration and supported employment. Pharmacological treatments, including those targeting anxiety reduction and depression management, are used in conjunction with behavioral interventions such as Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) therapy methods and communication intervention. Genetic screening and diagnostic tools are crucial for early childhood intervention, while teacher training and inclusionary educational practices foster a more comprehensive understanding of ASD subtypes.

Neuronal circuit dysfunction and immune system involvement are areas of ongoing research, with brain imaging techniques providing valuable insights into the condition's neurological basis. Self-harm prevention strategies and adaptive behavior skills training are essential for promoting independence and improving quality of life. CBT for autism and vocational rehabilitation programs further enhance the overall therapeutic landscape. Autism prevalence rates continue to rise, necessitating a multifaceted, evidence-based approach to addressing the diverse needs of this population. Antipsychotic drugs, including bipolar disorder therapeutics, are commonly prescribed for managing aggressive behaviors, mood stabilization, and anxiety in ASD patients.

How is this Autism Spectrum Disorder Therapeutics Industry segmented?

The autism spectrum disorder therapeutics industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD million' for the period 2025-2029, as well as historical data from 2019-2023 for the following segments.

Distribution Channel

  Retail pharmacy
  Hospital pharmacy
  Online pharmacy


Type

  Stimulants
  Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
  Antipsychotic drugs
  Sleep medications
  Others


Application

  Autistic disorder
  Asperger syndrome
  Pervasive developmental disorder
  Others


Geography

  North America

    US
    Canada


  Europe

    France
    Germany
    Italy
    Spain
    UK


  APAC

    China
    India
    Japan


  Rest of World (ROW)

By Distribution Channel Insights

The Retail pharmacy segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period. The autism spectrum disorder (ASD) therapeutics market is experiencing significant growth due to increasing awareness and advancements in novel treatment approaches. Cognitive behavioral therapy, occupational therapy interventions, and neurobiological mechanisms form the foundation of many interventions, addressing social skills training, communication deficits, sensory integration, and emotional regulation. Family therapy approaches and educational support services are essential

This table provides county-level prevalence for 2018 for seven US states using linked statewide health and education data. For full methods see: Shaw KA, Williams S, Hughes MM, Warren Z, Bakian AV, Durkin MS, et al. Statewide county-level autism spectrum disorder prevalence estimates — seven U.S. states, 2018. Annals of Epidemiology. 2023 Jan 18; Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1047279723000182

The global autism diagnostic market is experiencing robust growth, driven by increasing prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), rising awareness, and advancements in diagnostic techniques. The market, currently valued at approximately $2.5 billion in 2025, is projected to exhibit a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 8% from 2025 to 2033, reaching an estimated market size of $4.8 billion by 2033. This expansion is fueled by several key factors. Improved diagnostic tools and early intervention programs are leading to earlier and more accurate diagnoses, thereby increasing the demand for diagnostic services. Furthermore, heightened public awareness and advocacy efforts are contributing to increased screening and diagnosis rates, particularly in developing economies. The market segmentation reveals a significant portion attributed to diagnostic services for Autistic Disorder and Asperger Syndrome, with Communication and Behavioral Therapy comprising a substantial share of therapeutic interventions. Geographic analysis reveals strong market presence in North America and Europe, owing to established healthcare infrastructure and high prevalence rates. However, the Asia-Pacific region is poised for significant growth due to rising awareness and increasing disposable incomes. Despite these positive market drivers, certain challenges persist. High costs associated with diagnostic assessments and specialized therapies remain a barrier, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Variability in diagnostic criteria and practices across different regions presents another obstacle to consistent market growth. Furthermore, the availability of trained professionals specialized in autism diagnosis remains a bottleneck in several areas. Addressing these challenges through policy interventions, increased investment in research and development, and improved healthcare access will be crucial to achieving the full market potential. The competitive landscape is characterized by a mix of large pharmaceutical companies involved in drug development and smaller specialized companies focused on diagnostic tools and therapeutic interventions. The market's future is promising, driven by ongoing research into the causes and treatments of ASD, resulting in improved diagnostic precision and potentially more effective therapies.

The autism diagnostic market is experiencing robust growth, projected to reach a market size of $28.71 billion in 2025, exhibiting a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 7.9% from 2019 to 2033. This substantial expansion reflects the increasing prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) globally and a rising awareness of early diagnosis and intervention. Several factors contribute to this growth. Technological advancements in diagnostic tools, including sophisticated behavioral assessments and genetic testing, are improving accuracy and efficiency. Furthermore, increased governmental initiatives supporting early diagnosis programs and broader access to healthcare are driving market expansion. The rise in awareness campaigns and improved understanding of autism among healthcare professionals and the general public are also contributing significantly to the market's growth. Pharmaceutical companies are heavily invested in developing new therapies and diagnostic tools, fueling innovation within the sector. Competition among major players like Pfizer, Novartis, and Roche is driving further improvement in diagnostic technologies and their accessibility. The market segmentation, while not explicitly provided, can be reasonably inferred. Different diagnostic methods (behavioral assessments, genetic testing, neuroimaging) represent distinct market segments, each with its own growth trajectory. Geographic segmentation will likely reflect variations in healthcare infrastructure and autism prevalence across different regions. The forecast period of 2025-2033 suggests a continued positive outlook, predicated on ongoing technological advancements, improved healthcare access, and growing societal understanding of autism. The market's future trajectory hinges on continued research and development, policy support for diagnostic services, and increased public awareness to facilitate early and accurate identification of ASD.

The Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) diagnostics market is experiencing robust growth, driven by increasing prevalence of autism, rising awareness, and advancements in diagnostic technologies. The market, estimated at $2 billion in 2025, is projected to expand at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 10% from 2025 to 2033, reaching approximately $5.5 billion by 2033. This growth is fueled by several factors. Improved screening and diagnostic tools, including advanced genetic testing and neuroimaging techniques, are enabling earlier and more accurate diagnoses, leading to timely interventions and better outcomes. Increased government initiatives and funding for research and development in ASD diagnostics further contribute to market expansion. Moreover, growing awareness among parents and healthcare professionals is driving higher diagnostic rates. The market is segmented by diagnostic method (behavioral assessments, genetic testing, neuroimaging), age group (pediatric, adult), and geographic region. While accurate regional breakdown is unavailable, North America and Europe are currently the dominant markets due to higher awareness, better healthcare infrastructure, and extensive research activities. However, emerging economies in Asia-Pacific and Latin America are expected to demonstrate significant growth in the coming years. The presence of key players like Pfizer, Merck, Roche, SynapDx, and Curemark indicates a competitive landscape, with ongoing innovation in diagnostic techniques and service delivery models shaping market dynamics. The market, however, faces some challenges, such as high diagnostic costs, variability in diagnostic practices across regions, and limited access to advanced diagnostic tools in resource-constrained settings. Despite these challenges, the long-term outlook for the ASD diagnostics market remains positive. Continuous advancements in diagnostic technologies, coupled with rising societal awareness and increased government support, are expected to drive market expansion significantly. The focus is shifting towards earlier intervention strategies, and this trend will further stimulate demand for accurate and efficient diagnostic tools. Future growth will be particularly influenced by the development of less invasive, cost-effective diagnostic methods that can be deployed on a larger scale, making ASD diagnosis more accessible globally. The market will continue to be defined by technological innovations, strategic collaborations between diagnostic companies and healthcare providers, and a strong emphasis on improving the quality of life for individuals with ASD.

This report presents a new estimate of the prevalence of autism among adults aged 18 years and over. This was derived using data from the 2007 Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey (APMS 2007) in combination with data from a new study of the prevalence of autism among adults with learning disabilities, who are a key group to study because they could not take part in the APMS 2007 and have been found to have an increased risk of autism. The study was based on adults with learning disabilities living in private households and communal care establishments in Leicestershire, Lambeth and Sheffield. Whilst the study comprised a relatively small sample with limited geographical coverage and did not include the institutional population, it did include two non-mutually exclusive populations (people in communal care establishments and people with learning disabilities) which were not covered by the APMS 2007. The study demonstrates that autism is common among people with a learning disability and, in taking these into account, at 1.1 per cent nationally is slightly higher than the previous estimate of 1.0 per cent in the APMS 2007. Sensitivity analysis showed that the estimates for national prevalence produced by this study were relatively insensitive to inaccuracies caused by the limitations.

The global market for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) diagnostics is experiencing robust growth, projected to reach a substantial size driven by increasing prevalence of ASD, rising awareness, and advancements in diagnostic technologies. The market, valued at approximately $2.5 billion in 2025, is anticipated to exhibit a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 5% from 2025 to 2033. This growth is fueled by several key factors. Increased investment in research and development is leading to the development of more accurate and efficient diagnostic tools, moving beyond traditional behavioral assessments towards advanced genetic and neuroimaging techniques. Simultaneously, heightened awareness campaigns and earlier intervention programs are contributing to earlier diagnosis and increased demand for diagnostic services. This is further supported by expanding healthcare infrastructure, particularly in developing economies, and increased access to specialized healthcare professionals trained in ASD diagnosis. The segment encompassing hospitals and clinics represents the largest market share within the application sector, reflecting the prevalent reliance on established healthcare facilities for diagnosis and treatment. However, certain challenges persist. The heterogeneity of ASD, presenting differently across individuals, poses difficulties in standardizing diagnostic procedures. Furthermore, disparities in access to quality diagnostic services remain across geographical regions, limiting the market's full potential, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. High costs associated with advanced diagnostic technologies and the ongoing need for specialized training represent additional hurdles. Despite these restraints, the long-term outlook for the ASD diagnostics market remains optimistic, driven by continued innovation, evolving healthcare policies, and increasing societal acceptance and support for individuals with ASD. The market is expected to see significant growth across all segments, with North America and Europe holding the largest market shares initially, but significant growth anticipated in the Asia-Pacific region over the forecast period.

The global market for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) treatment is experiencing significant growth, projected to reach $3.142 billion in 2025 and maintain a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 4.5% from 2025 to 2033. This substantial expansion is driven by several factors. Increasing prevalence of ASD diagnoses globally, coupled with heightened awareness and improved diagnostic capabilities, fuels demand for effective therapies. Furthermore, advancements in research and development are leading to the introduction of innovative treatments, including behavioral therapies, medication, and assistive technologies. The market's growth is also influenced by supportive government initiatives and insurance coverage expansions that facilitate access to treatment for a wider population. The competitive landscape involves a diverse range of pharmaceutical companies and healthcare providers, including Curemark, LLC, Alembic Pharmaceuticals Limited, and Roche Holding AG, contributing to the market’s dynamism and ongoing innovation. The continued expansion of the ASD treatment market is expected to be influenced by evolving treatment paradigms, focusing on early intervention and personalized care approaches. Growing research into the underlying neurological mechanisms of ASD is paving the way for more targeted therapies. While challenges remain, such as variations in treatment access across different geographical regions and the high cost of certain therapies, the overall market outlook remains positive. The ongoing development of new drugs and therapies targeting specific ASD symptoms and the increasing adoption of digital health solutions for monitoring and managing ASD will further accelerate market expansion over the forecast period. The market’s segmentation is likely to further evolve, with specialized treatment options emerging for specific subgroups within the ASD spectrum.

Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnostics Market Outlook

The global Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) diagnostics market size was valued at approximately $2.5 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach nearly $5.4 billion by 2032, growing at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 8.8% during the forecast period. This market growth is driven by advancements in diagnostic technologies and the increasing prevalence of autism spectrum disorders worldwide.

One of the primary growth factors for the ASD diagnostics market is the rising prevalence of autism globally. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 1 in 160 children worldwide has an autism spectrum disorder. This statistic underscores the increasing need for effective diagnostic measures, which has driven substantial investment in research and development in this field. Governments and private sector entities are increasingly funneling resources into creating more accurate and early diagnostic tests, aiming to provide timely intervention and improve the quality of life for individuals with autism.

Another significant growth driver is the growing awareness and acceptance of ASD. Over the last decade, there has been a considerable shift in societal attitudes towards autism, resulting in increased screenings and diagnoses. Public health campaigns and educational programs have played a critical role in informing parents, educators, and healthcare providers about the signs and symptoms of autism, thereby boosting early diagnosis rates. Improved diagnostic practices and increased awareness are directly contributing to the expansion of the ASD diagnostics market.

Technological advancements in diagnostic methodologies also fuel market growth. Innovative diagnostic tools, such as genetic tests, neurological tests, and advanced behavioral assessments, are becoming more sophisticated and accessible. These advancements not only enhance the accuracy of diagnosis but also reduce the time required to identify ASD, making early intervention possible. Furthermore, the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning in diagnostics is revolutionizing the field, allowing for the analysis of vast amounts of data to identify patterns and correlations that might be missed by traditional methods.

The regional outlook for the ASD diagnostics market reveals significant variations across different geographies. North America currently dominates the market owing to its advanced healthcare infrastructure, high healthcare expenditure, and proactive government initiatives to support autism diagnosis and intervention. Europe follows closely, with many countries implementing national autism strategies that include comprehensive diagnostic services. The Asia Pacific region is anticipated to exhibit the highest growth rate during the forecast period, driven by increasing healthcare investments, rising awareness, and improved access to diagnostic services. Emerging economies in Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are also expected to contribute to market growth, albeit at a slower pace, due to ongoing efforts to enhance their healthcare systems and diagnostics capabilities.

Diagnostic Type Analysis

The ASD diagnostics market is segmented based on diagnostic type, including genetic tests, neurological tests, behavioral tests, and others. Genetic tests are gaining prominence as they offer the potential to identify specific genetic markers associated with autism. These tests involve analyzing DNA sequences to detect mutations or variations that could be linked to ASD. The increasing understanding of the genetic basis of autism has spurred the development of more precise and comprehensive genetic tests, thus driving this segment’s growth. Companies are investing heavily in research to identify new genetic markers, which could pave the way for even more accurate diagnostic tools in the future.

Neurological tests form another crucial segment of the ASD diagnostics market. These tests assess brain structure and function using advanced imaging techniques such as MRI and EEG. Neurological tests are essential for identifying atypical brain activities and structures that may be indicative of autism. Recent advancements in neuroimaging technologies have significantly enhanced the precision of these tests, making them indispensable tools in the diagnostic process. Additionally, neurological tests are often used in conjunction with other diagnostic methods to provid

The global market for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) diagnosis and therapeutics is a rapidly expanding sector, projected to reach a significant size driven by increasing prevalence of ASD, rising awareness, and advancements in diagnostic tools and treatment options. While the provided data states a 2025 market size of $12.14 billion, the precise CAGR is missing. However, considering the robust growth drivers, a conservative estimate of 7-9% annual growth is plausible for the forecast period (2025-2033). This would translate to substantial market expansion over the next decade, exceeding $20 billion by 2033. Key drivers include improved diagnostic capabilities leading to earlier interventions, growing research and development in pharmacological and behavioral therapies, and increased government funding for ASD-related initiatives. Market segmentation reveals a significant portion attributed to children and teenagers, reflecting the early onset nature of the disorder. The leading pharmaceutical companies, including Otsuka, AstraZeneca, Pfizer, Eli Lilly, and Johnson & Johnson, are actively engaged in developing and marketing innovative therapies, fueling further market expansion. The geographical distribution of the market demonstrates strong presence across North America and Europe, fueled by advanced healthcare infrastructure and higher awareness levels. However, significant growth opportunities exist in emerging markets of Asia Pacific and Middle East & Africa due to rising prevalence rates and increasing healthcare investments. Market restraints include the high cost of diagnosis and treatment, variability in the efficacy of therapies, and the need for personalized treatment approaches. Nevertheless, ongoing research and development, combined with increasing public and private investments, are expected to mitigate these challenges, ensuring consistent growth of the ASD diagnosis and therapeutics market in the coming years. This market offers lucrative opportunities for pharmaceutical companies, diagnostic providers, and therapeutic service providers focused on innovative solutions and improved patient outcomes.

According to a survey carried out in the United States in 2023, ** percent of those aged between 45 and 64 years of age believed the diagnosis rate for autism was increasing. Furthermore, more than half of over ** year olds also believed autism diagnoses were increasing.