The prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) among children in the United States has risen dramatically over the past two decades. In 2022, an estimated 32.2 out of every 1,000 8-year-old children were identified with ASD, marking a nearly fivefold increase from the rate of 6.7 per 1,000 children in 2000. This significant upward trend underscores the growing importance of understanding and addressing ASD in American society. Gender disparities in autism diagnosis The increase in ASD prevalence is not uniform across genders. From 2016 to 2019, male children were nearly four times more likely to be diagnosed with ASD than their female counterparts. Approximately 4.8 percent of boys aged 3 to 17 years had received an ASD diagnosis at some point in their lives, compared to only 1.3 percent of girls in the same age group. This substantial gender gap highlights the need for further research into potential biological and social factors influencing ASD diagnosis rates. Racial and ethnic variations in autism prevalence Autism prevalence also varies across racial and ethnic groups. Data from 2016 to 2019 show that non-Hispanic white children aged 3 to 17 years had an ASD prevalence of 2.9 percent, while around 3.5 percent of Hispanic children had ASD. While this statistic provides insight, it is essential to consider potential disparities in diagnosis and access to services among different racial and ethnic communities. Further research and targeted interventions may be necessary to ensure equitable identification and support for children with ASD across all populations.

This data table provides a collection of information from peer-reviewed autism prevalence studies. Information reported from each study includes the autism prevalence estimate and additional study characteristics (e.g., case ascertainment and criteria). A PubMed search was conducted to identify studies published at any time through September 2020 using the search terms: autism (title/abstract) OR autistic (title/abstract) AND prevalence (title/abstract). Data were abstracted and included if the study fulfilled the following criteria: • The study was published in English; • The study produced at least one autism prevalence estimate; and • The study was population-based (any age range) within a defined geographic area.

In 2021, it was estimated that ****percent of the total global population suffered from autism spectrum disorders. This statistic depicts the percentage of the global population with autism spectrum disorders in 2021, by region.

Input datasets on Ohio Birth and Autism will not be made accessible to the public due to the fact that they include individual-level data with PII. Output data are all available in tabulated form within the published manuscript. This dataset is not publicly accessible because: EPA cannot release personally identifiable information regarding living individuals, according to the Privacy Act and the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA). This dataset contains information about human research subjects. Because there is potential to identify individual participants and disclose personal information, either alone or in combination with other datasets, individual level data are not appropriate to post for public access. Restricted access may be granted to authorized persons by contacting the party listed. It can be accessed through the following means: Input data can be obtained from Applications from owners of the data (Children's Hospital and Ohio Department of Health). The tabulated output data is found in the manuscript. Format: Input datasets on Ohio Birth and Autism will not be made accessible to the public due to the fact that they include individual-level data with PII. Output data are all available in tabulated form within the published manuscript (e.g., results of regression models, measures of central tendency, population characteristics, etc.). This dataset is associated with the following publication: Kaufman, J., M. Wright, G. Rice, N. Connolly, K. Bowers, and J. Anixt. AMBIENT OZONE AND FINE PARTICULATE MATTER EXPOSURES AND AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER IN METROPOLITAN CINCINNATI, OHIO. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH. Elsevier B.V., Amsterdam, NETHERLANDS, 171: 218-227, (2019).

Background: Whilst cannabis is known to be toxic to brain function and brain development in many respects it is not known if its increasing availability is associated with the rising US autism rates, whether this contribution is sufficient to effect overall trends and if its effects persist after controlling for other major covariates.

Methods: Longitudinal epidemiological study using national autism census data from the US Department of Education Individuals with Disabilities Act (IDEA) 1991-2011 and nationally representative drug exposure (cigarettes, alcohol, analgesic, and cocaine abuse, and cannabis use monthly, daily and in pregnancy) datasets from National Survey of Drug Use and Health and US Census (income and ethnicity) and CDC Wonder population and birth data. Geotemporospatial and causal inference analysis conducted in R.

Results: 266,950 autistic of a population of 40,119,464 eight year olds 1994-2011. At the national level after adjustment daily cannabis use was significantly related (β-estimate=4.37 (95%C.I. 4.06-4.68), P<2.2x10-16) as was cannabis exposure in the first trimester of pregnancy (β-estimate=0.12 (0.08-0.16), P=1.7x10-12). At the state level following adjustment cannabis use was significant (from β-estimate=8.41 (3.08-13.74), P=0.002); after adjustment for varying cannabis exposure by ethnicity and other covariates (from β-estimate=10.88 (5.97-15.79), P=1.4x10-5). Cannabigerol (from β-estimate=-13.77 (-19.41—8.13), P = 1.8x10-6) and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (from β-estimate=1.96 (0.88-3.04), P=4x10-4) were also significant. Geospatial state-level modelling showed an exponential relationship between ASMR and both Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabigerol exposure; effect size calculations reflected this exponentiation. Exponential coefficients for the relationship between modelled ASMR and THC- and cannabigerol- exposure were 7.053 (6.39-7.71) and 185.334 (167.88-202.79; both P<2.0x10-7).

In inverse probability-weighted robust generalized linear models ethnic cannabis exposure (from β-estimate=3.64 (2.94-4.34), P=5.9x10-13) and cannabis independently (β-estimate=1.08 (0.63-1.54), P=2.9x10-5) were significant. High eValues in geospatial models indicated that uncontrolled confounding did not explain these findings. Therefore the demonstrated relationship satified the criteria of causal inference. Dichotomized legal status was geospatiotemporally linked with elevated ASMR.

Conclusions: Data show cannabis use is associated with ASMR, is powerful enough to affect overall trends, and persists after controlling for other major drug, socioeconomic, and ethnic-related covariates. Selected cannabinoids are exponentially associated with ASMR. The cannabis-autism relationship satisfies criteria of causal inference.

This dataset is no longer updated as of April 2023.

Basic Metadata Note: Condition is a new addition to 2017. *Rates per 100,000 population. Age-adjusted rates per 100,000 2000 US standard population.

**Blank Cells: Rates not calculated for fewer than 5 events. Rates not calculated in cases where zip code is unknown.

***API: Asian/Pacific Islander. ***AIAN: American Indian/Alaska Native.

Prepared by: County of San Diego, Health & Human Services Agency, Public Health Services, Community Health Statistics Unit, 2019.

Code Source: ICD-9CM - AHRQ HCUP CCS v2015. ICD-10CM - AHRQ HCUP CCS v2018. ICD-10 Mortality - California Department of Public Health, Group Cause of Death Codes 2013; NHCS ICD-10 2e-v1 2017.

Data Guide, Dictionary, and Codebook: https://www.sandiegocounty.gov/content/dam/sdc/hhsa/programs/phs/CHS/Community%20Profiles/Public%20Health%20Services%20Codebook_Data%20Guide_Metadata_10.2.19.xlsx

The global market for the diagnosis and treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is experiencing robust growth, driven by a confluence of increasing awareness, improved diagnostic tools, and advancements in therapeutic interventions. With an estimated market size of approximately USD 6,500 million in 2025, the sector is projected to expand at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of around 7.5% through 2033. This significant expansion is fueled by rising prevalence rates, greater parental advocacy, and a growing emphasis on early intervention, which are critical for improving outcomes for individuals with ASD. The market is also benefiting from increased government funding for research and support services, as well as a more comprehensive understanding of the diverse needs of the ASD population. Furthermore, the development of innovative diagnostic technologies and personalized treatment approaches, including behavioral therapies, pharmacotherapy, and emerging gene-based therapies, are key drivers contributing to the market's upward trajectory. The increasing demand for specialized care across various settings, from hospitals and clinics to home-based services, underscores the comprehensive nature of the market's evolution. The market landscape for ASD diagnosis and treatment is characterized by a dynamic interplay of established pharmaceutical giants and specialized biotechnology firms. Key players like Otsuka, AstraZeneca, Pfizer, and Eli Lilly are actively involved in developing and marketing pharmacological treatments, while companies such as Behavior Analysis, SynapDx, and Autism Therapeutics are at the forefront of diagnostic tools and specialized therapies. The market is segmented by application (hospitals, clinics, and others) and by type (adults and children), with the pediatric segment currently dominating due to the emphasis on early diagnosis and intervention. Geographically, North America, particularly the United States, leads the market, owing to high prevalence rates, advanced healthcare infrastructure, and substantial investment in research and development. Europe also holds a significant share, driven by strong healthcare systems and increasing awareness. The Asia Pacific region is poised for substantial growth, fueled by a rising population, improving healthcare access, and growing diagnostic capabilities. Despite the promising outlook, challenges such as diagnostic delays in certain regions, limited access to specialized therapies in underserved communities, and the high cost of some advanced treatments present ongoing hurdles that the industry is working to address. This report provides an in-depth analysis of the global market for the diagnosis and treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Spanning a study period from 2019 to 2033, with a base and estimated year of 2025, this research offers valuable insights into market dynamics, key players, and future trends. The report is designed for stakeholders seeking a granular understanding of this rapidly evolving sector, with an estimated market size of over $20,000 million by 2025.

In 2017, the highest DALY rates attributed to autism spectrum disorders was seen in Bihar, categorized as a low SDI state with **. DALYs or disability adjusted life years is a metric used to quantify the overall disease burden which is the number of years that are lost as a result of ill-health, disability or premature death. Furthermore, in Arunachal Pradesh, a medium SDI state also recorded a DALY rate of **. By contrast, the lowest DALY rate relative to autism spectrum disorders was seen in Himachal Pradesh, which is a high SDI state with **.

This statistic displays the prevalence rate of autism spectrum disorders in Italy from 2010 to 2017. According to data, the rate slightly decreased over the period of consideration. As of 2017, among the Italian population about *** out of 100,000 individuals suffered from some autism spectrum disorder.

ABSTRACT: The main objective of this study was to characterize the enrollments contained in the microdata of the School Census of students with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in the common classroom in the five Brazilian regions, considering the possible impacts of Law No. 12.764 / 2012. In order to do it, a comparative documental research was carried out, with a cutoff period between the years of 2009 and 2016. For data collection, treatment and analysis, the software IBM SPSS Statistics was used. The variables studied were: total enrollment in the common classroom; gender; educational stage and total enrollment in Specialized Educational Service (SES). The results showed an increase in enrollments of students with ASD in regular education, which is more evident after 2012; a change in the ratio of female and male students along the period studied, tending towards a proportion of one female student for each 4.5 male students with ASD; high rates of school evasion, which is associated with a low rate of enrollment in SEA. It was concluded that even though the access to regular classroom increased considerably in all Brazilian regions, it is still necessary to rethink the support strategies for this target population. With regards to the Law No. 12.74/2012, its impact could be noticed only in the first two studied variables.

The aim of this publication is to provide information about the key differences in healthcare between people with a learning disability and those without. It contains aggregated data on key health issues for people who are recorded by their GP as having a learning disability, and comparative data about a control group who are not recorded by their GP as having a learning disability. Six new indicators were introduced in the 2022-23 reporting year for patients with and without a recorded learning disability. These relate to: • Patients with an eating disorder • Patients with both an eating disorder and autism diagnosis • Patients with a diagnosis of autism who are currently treated with antidepressants More information on these changes can be found in the Data Quality section of this publication. Data has been collected from participating practices using EMIS and Cegedim Healthcare Systems GP systems.

This data collection is associated with a large population-based twin study of gender differences in autism. The data were collected from 2016-2019 from a sample population based in the UK. All participants were aged between 20-24 years of age at the time of data collection. The data deposited in this collection are taken from in-home assessments and accompanying questionnaires completed by the twins. The collection includes data from Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule -2 assessments, the Social Responsiveness Scale (2nd edition) (a measure of autism traits), WASI IQ assessments, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire total domain scores (a measure of aspects of mental health) and the WHOQoL Bref (a measure of quality of life). Also included in the collection are demographic information for the participants including sex, age, zygosity and a grouping variable to indicate whether they were included in the study’s diagnosed, high trait or co-twin sample groups.

The proposed research aims to investigate gender differences across the full range of the autism spectrum, in a population-based sample of twins. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterised by difficulties in social behaviour and communication, with restricted/repetitive behaviours and interests. One of the most striking features of ASD is the high male to female ratio, which varies across the spectrum, but is usually estimated at 4-5:1. The higher rate of ASD in males has been seen as a clue to the etiology of ASD; e.g. Baron-Cohen's 'extreme male brain' theory (Baron-Cohen, 2002) or the Female Protective Effect (FPE; e.g. Robinson et al., 2013). However, it is also possible that ASD is less well recognised in females, either due to male-stereotypes or genuine compensation. It is important to know whether current diagnostic practices miss females who would benefit from identification and intervention. The proposed study aims to address directly the question of whether females with high ASD traits are being missed by diagnostic practices or are instead coping/compensating and do not need a diagnosis. To do this the proposed research will compare four participant groups; females and males who meet diagnostic criteria for ASD, and females and males who score highly for ASD traits, but who do not meet diagnostic criteria. A battery of gold-standard diagnostic tools, cognitive tasks, measures of coping, quality of life, co-morbidities and mental and physical health will be completed by the four groups. This design will allow not only comparison of symptom presentation and cognitive profiles across genders, but also examination of whether high trait females without a diagnosis are compensating or instead 'suffering in silence'. It is vital to understand whether, and why, we fail to diagnose ASD in females, in order to clarify whether the current gender disparity is purely biological or also a reflection, in part, of problems with a male-focused conceptualisation, recognition, assessment or diagnosis of ASD.

The proposed study is part of a longitudinal ASD twin study, nested within the larger Twins Early Development Study (TEDS). This design allows for the inclusion of non ASD co-twins and thus a more family wide exploration of gender, as well as specific examination of the FPE hypothesis, which suggests that a greater etiological 'load' is needed to result in ASD in females than males. Along with the FPE the proposed study tests two further, novel hypotheses: the 'Female Masking Effect' whereby females are less likely to receive a diagnosis of ASD because they are missed by male-focused diagnostic processes, and the 'Female Compensatory Effect' whereby females are less likely to receive a diagnosis of ASD because (in the absence of IQ/co-morbid problems) they cope better with high ASD traits via compensation and therefore do not need a diagnosis. The population-based design of the proposed study and the inclusion of the full ASD spectrum, address previous limitations with research in this area, such as possible sampling bias (due to use of clinic or volunteer register samples) and circularity (due to inclusion of only those meeting current diagnostic criteria). The proposed study has the potential to change the way we think about ASD; currently the accepted ratio of 4-5:1 informs research design and sample selection, and females are often excluded from research. The proposed study will tell the research/clinical/stakeholder communities whether and why this ratio may reflect bias in recognition/assessment/diagnosis, with far reaching implications for future research. In addition, the study has potential benefits for females with high traits/ASD by listening to and learning from their experiences. The proposed study has the potential to improve recognition of ASD in females, as a first step to targeting services and rebalancing the scientific and public perception of ASD.

BackgroundTo explore the geographical pattern and temporal trend of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) epidemiology from 1990 to 2019, and perform a bibliometric analysis of risk factors for ASD.MethodsIn this study, ASD epidemiology was estimated with prevalence, incidence, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) of 204 countries and territories by sex, location, and sociodemographic index (SDI). Age-standardized rate (ASR) and estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) were used to quantify ASD temporal trends. Besides, the study performed a bibliometric analysis of ASD risk factors since 1990. Publications published were downloaded from the Web of Science Core Collection database, and were analyzed using CiteSpace.ResultsGlobally, there were estimated 28.3 million ASD prevalent cases (ASR, 369.4 per 100,000 populations), 603,790 incident cases (ASR, 9.3 per 100,000 populations) and 4.3 million DALYs (ASR, 56.3 per 100,000 populations) in 2019. Increases of autism spectrum disorders were noted in prevalent cases (39.3%), incidence (0.1%), and DALYs (38.7%) from 1990 to 2019. Age-standardized rates and EAPC showed stable trend worldwide over time. A total of 3,991 articles were retrieved from Web of Science, of which 3,590 were obtained for analysis after removing duplicate literatures. “Rehabilitation”, “Genetics & Heredity”, “Nanoscience & Nanotechnology”, “Biochemistry & Molecular biology”, “Psychology”, “Neurosciences”, and “Environmental Sciences” were the hotspots and frontier disciplines of ASD risk factors.ConclusionsDisease burden and risk factors of autism spectrum disorders remain global public health challenge since 1990 according to the GBD epidemiological estimates and bibliometric analysis. The findings help policy makers formulate public health policies concerning prevention targeted for risk factors, early diagnosis and life-long healthcare service of ASD. Increasing knowledge concerning the public awareness of risk factors is also warranted to address global ASD problem.

IntroductionAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder clinically characterized by abnormalities in eye contact during social exchanges. We aimed to clarify whether the amount of gaze fixation, measured at the age of 6 years using Gazefinder, which is an established eye-tracking device, is associated with ASD symptoms and functioning.MethodsThe current study included 742 participants from the Hamamatsu Birth Cohort Study. Autistic symptoms were evaluated according to the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Second Edition (ADOS-2), and the functioning of the participating children in real life was assessed using the Japanese version of the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, Second Edition (VABS-II). The Gazefinder system was used for gaze fixation rates; two areas of interest (eyes and mouth) were defined in a talking movie clip, and eye gaze positions were calculated through corneal reflection techniques.ResultsThe participants had an average age of 6.06 ± 0.14 years (males: 384; 52%). According to ADOS, 617 (83%) children were assessed as having none/mild ASD and 51 (7%) as severe. The average VABS-II scores were approximately 100 (standard deviation = 12). A higher gaze fixation rate on the eyes was associated with a significantly lower likelihood of the child being assigned to the severe ADOS group after controlling for covariates (odds ratio [OR], 0.02; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.002–0.38). The gaze fixation rate on the mouth was not associated with ASD symptoms. A higher gaze fixation rate on the mouth was associated with a significantly lower likelihood of the child being assigned to the low score group in VABS-II socialization after controlling for covariates (OR, 0.18; 95% CI, 0.04–0.85). The gaze fixation rate on the eyes was not associated with functioning.ConclusionWe found that children with low gaze fixation rates on the eyes were likely to have more ASD symptoms, and children with low gaze fixation rates on the mouth were likely to demonstrate poorer functioning in socialization. Hence, preschool children could be independently assessed in the general population for clinically relevant endophenotypes predictive of ASD symptoms and functional impairments.

This statistic shows the prevalence rate of autism spectrum disorders in Italy in 2017, by age group. According to the estimates, in the age group including kids aged five to nine roughly *** children out of 100,000 population, were suffering from autism spectrum disorders.

The global Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Screening Service market is poised for substantial growth, with an estimated market size of approximately USD 150 million in 2025. This growth is projected to accelerate at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of around 15% over the forecast period of 2025-2033. This robust expansion is primarily driven by a confluence of factors including increasing awareness and early detection initiatives for ASD, advancements in diagnostic methodologies, and a rising prevalence of diagnosed cases globally. Early screening is becoming increasingly recognized as critical for timely intervention, leading to improved developmental outcomes for children and adults. The market encompasses both developmental screening services, essential for identifying potential developmental delays in early childhood, and behavioral assessment services, which delve deeper into the specific behavioral characteristics associated with ASD. The growing emphasis on personalized and evidence-based interventions further fuels the demand for sophisticated screening and assessment tools and services. The market is segmented by application into child and adult screening, with the child segment currently dominating due to the critical window for early intervention. However, the adult segment is expected to witness significant growth as awareness and diagnostic capabilities for adult ASD increase. Geographically, North America is anticipated to lead the market in 2025, driven by well-established healthcare infrastructure, high public awareness, and proactive government initiatives. Asia Pacific, however, is expected to emerge as the fastest-growing region, fueled by increasing healthcare investments, a growing population, and a rising number of diagnosed cases. Key market players like Autism Speaks, Mayo Clinic, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia are actively involved in research, development, and the provision of these essential services, contributing to the overall expansion and sophistication of the ASD screening landscape. Restraints such as the cost of screening services and the need for more standardized diagnostic protocols are being addressed through technological advancements and ongoing research. This report provides an in-depth analysis of the Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Screening Service market, offering a detailed examination of its landscape, trends, and future trajectory. The study encompasses a comprehensive historical period (2019-2024) and projects growth through the forecast period (2025-2033), with a base year of 2025. We explore the key players, market dynamics, and the evolving technological and regulatory environment that shapes this critical healthcare segment. The estimated market size for 2025 is anticipated to be in the hundreds of millions of dollars, with significant expansion projected over the coming decade.

Autism is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder. However, its etiology is still unknown. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key post-transcriptional regulators. They play an important role in neurodevelopment and brain functions and may be involved in the pathogenesis of autism. Previous studies indicated altered expression of miRNAs in patients with autism. However, the findings were not consistent, and further explorations were needed. This study aimed to investigate whether miRNAs were dysregulated in autism. We examined the expression of 30 brain-specific autism-associated miRNAs in 110 patients with autism and 113 controls in the Han Chinese population using quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction. The results demonstrated that 10 miRNAs (hsa-miR-191-5p, hsa-miR-151a-3p, hsa-miR-139-5p, hsa-miR-181a-5p, hsa-miR-432-5p, hsa-miR-181b-5p, hsa-miR-195-5p, hsa-miR-328-3p, hsa-miR-106a-5p, and hsa-miR-484) were significantly differentially expressed (false discovery rate <0.05). All of them were up-regulated in patients with autism compared with controls. The targets of these miRNAs were enriched for genes and pathways related to neurodevelopment, brain functions and autism. These findings suggested the participation of these 10 miRNAs in the pathogenesis of autism in the Han Chinese population.

Objectives: To identify the perception of the availability of community support and the support needs of autistic people, people with disabilities and their caregivers at the time of the COVID-19 pandemic in Quebec and to assess the association between the available support and the perceived stress levels to evaluate the role of perceived social support as a potential buffer of this association. Methods: A total of 315 respondents participated in a 4 min online survey across the province of Quebec by snowball sampling. Community support was defined as availability of adapted healthcare, adapted information, adapted educational services and community services. Results: The community support and services during the COVID-19 pandemic, were not available or were not sufficiently adapted to their needs. About 40 % of autistic people or people with disabilities and 44 % of their caregivers perceived their days as being quite stressful or extremely stressful. This is twice the rate than that of the general population in non-pandemic time. Nevertheless, social supports can play a mediating role in attenuating the effects of the absence of adapted services on the stress level of this vulnerable population. Conclusion: The non-availability of adapted services was related to an increase of the stress level in this population. Our study adds that other than social support, adapted healthcare/tele-healthcare, and in-home support services could reduce the impact of the pandemic on the stress level of autistic people and people with disabilities. Adapted educational services and educational assistance for tele-education could reduce the impact on the stress level in caregivers. People with disabilities and their caregivers are one of the most vulnerable groups in our society. Public health measures of containment and mitigation need to consider more their specific needs.

Purpose: We aim to determine the prevalence and characteristics of developmental disabilities among the clinical population of children who receive hearing health care in the United States.Method: Using electronic health records of 131,709 children (0–18 years), we identified those with a diagnosis of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, vision differences, cerebral palsy, chromosomal abnormalities, delayed milestones, Down syndrome, or intellectual disability. We determined prevalence, age of first audiology encounter, age of diagnosis for the developmental disability, and hearing status based on the specific disability and the number of diagnoses. Binomial and multinomial logistic regressions were performed.Results: One in four children had a diagnosed developmental disability. The most common disabilities were delayed milestones (11.3%), vision differences (7.4%), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (6.6%), and autism spectrum disorder (6.2%). Half of the children with developmental disabilities had at least one diagnosis before their first audiology encounter. Children with developmental disabilities were more likely to have a reduced hearing or an unknown hearing status than children without developmental diagnoses. For children with reduced hearing, those with developmental disabilities had higher rates of bilateral configurations and poorer hearing severity levels.Conclusions: Developmental disabilities are common among children who seek hearing health care. Moreover, developmental disabilities often co-occur with reduced hearing. Further research and advocacy efforts are critical for creating clinical practices that are inclusive of, and equitable for, children with complex and diverse developmental profiles.Supplemental Material S1. ICD-9/10 umbrella mappings for the specific developmental disabilities used in the study.Supplemental Material S2. Binomial logistic regression results for if a diagnosis of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was known at the time of the first audiology encounter.Supplemental Material S3. Binomial logistic regression results for if a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder was known at the time of the first audiology encounter.Supplemental Material S4. Binomial logistic regression results for if a diagnosis of cerebral palsy was known at the time of the first audiology encounter.Supplemental Material S5. Binomial logistic regression results for if a diagnosis of a chromosomal abnormality was known at the time of the first audiology encounter.Supplemental Material S6. Binomial logistic regression results for if a diagnosis of delayed milestones was known at the time of the first audiology encounter.Supplemental Material S7. Binomial logistic regression results for if a diagnosis of Down syndrome was known at the time of the first audiology encounter.Supplemental Material S8. Binomial logistic regression results for if a diagnosis of an intellectual disability was known at the time of the first audiology encounter.Supplemental Material S9. Binomial logistic regression results for if a diagnosis of a vision difference was known at the time of the first audiology encounter.Bonino, A. Y., Goodwich, S. F., & Mood, D. (2025). Prevalence and characteristics of developmental disabilities among children who receive hearing health care. American Journal of Audiology, 34(1), 60–71. https://doi.org/10.1044/2024_AJA-24-00118