🇬🇧 United Kingdom English Numbers and percentages of children in poverty for Borough and London Wards (at 31 August each year). This Children in Low-Income Families Local Measure shows the proportion of children living in families in receipt of out-of-work (means-tested) benefits or in receipt of tax credits where their reported income is less than 60 per cent of UK median income. This measure provides a broad proxy for relative low income child poverty as set out in the Child Poverty Act 2010, and enables analysis at a local level. Statistics are published at various levels of geography providing an annual snapshot as at 31 August from 2006 onwards. The definitive national measure of relative child poverty as set out in the Child Poverty Act 2010, is contained in the DWP Households Below Average Income (HBAI) publication series. Children in families in receipt of CTC (<60% median income) or IS/JSA: Number of children living in families in receipt of Child Tax Credit whose reported income is less than 60 per cent of the median income or in receipt of Income Support or Income-Based Jobseekers Allowance. For National Statistics data on child poverty at Region, please refer to the Department of Work and Pensions' Households Below Average Income publication which uses the relative child poverty measure as set out in the Child Poverty Act 2010. The small area estimates are not directly comparable with the national figures. The publication can be found on the DWP website: https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/households-below-average-income-hbai--2

The figures presented here are from the End Child Poverty Coalition are based on tax credit data, used to estimate the percentage of children on low incomes in local authorities, parliamentary constituencies and wards across the UK. They also use national trends in worklessness to estimate recent changes in the number of children who are in poverty because their parents have lost their jobs, to update the local tax credit data which is more than two years old. This is not a direct measure of exactly how many children are in poverty on the official definition, but is based on the closest to an equivalent measure we have of local levels of child poverty. The data have been adjusted to produce figures compatible with the measures derived from the national survey of income, showing how many children live in households with below 60 per cent of median income. Specifically, the adjustments ensure that the total reported level of child poverty, before and after housing costs, is similar when adding up all the local figures as the official national totals. Thus, the local data gives an idea of the relative poverty levels in different areas, but are adjusted to estimate what these actual levels would be if they could be measured on the same basis as the national household income survey. The local data starts by classifying children in poverty if they live in families in receipt of out of work benefits or in receipt of in-work tax credits where their reported family income is less than 60 per cent of median income. This indicator, compiled officially as a local estimate of child poverty, has been reported for August 2011 by HMRC. However, on its own it is provides an inaccurate picture of actual child poverty, considerably overstating the numbers in out-of-work poverty and understating the numbers in working poverty. While these factors may balance out overall, they can seriously misrepresent the overall trend where working and non-working poverty change in different ways, as well as misrepresenting local differences where working poverty is relatively more important in some areas than others. Therefore, the figures include an upward adjustment in the in-work figure and a downward adjustment in the out-of-work figure. The adjustments are made separately to for AHC and BHC estimates, in each case according to how the total of the local estimates compare to the actual national measure. Figures are then updated, taking into account Labour Force Survey data on the number of children in non-working households for the final quarter of 2013. Additional metadata: - Licence: http://reference.data.gov.uk/id/open-government-licence

Numbers and percentages of children in poverty for Borough and London Wards (at 31 August each year). This Children in Low-Income Families Local Measure shows the proportion of children living in families in receipt of out-of-work (means-tested) benefits or in receipt of tax credits where their reported income is less than 60 per cent of UK median income. This measure provides a broad proxy for relative low income child poverty as set out in the Child Poverty Act 2010, and enables analysis at a local level. Statistics are published at various levels of geography providing an annual snapshot as at 31 August from 2006 onwards. The definitive national measure of relative child poverty as set out in the Child Poverty Act 2010, is contained in the DWP Households Below Average Income (HBAI) publication series. Children in families in receipt of CTC ( For National Statistics data on child poverty at Region, please refer to the Department of Work and Pensions' Households Below Average Income publication which uses the relative child poverty measure as set out in the Child Poverty Act 2010. The small area estimates are not directly comparable with the national figures. The publication can be found on the DWP website: https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/households-below-average-income-hbai--2 More information, including Lower Super Outper Area data from HMRC. Data for years 2006 to 2010 in the HMRC archive.

The Children in low-income families' local area statistics (CiLIF), provides information on the number and proportion of children living in Absolute low income by local area across the United Kingdom.The summary Statistical Release and tables which also show the proportions of children living in low income families are available here: Children in low income families: local area statistics - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)Statistics on the number of children in low income families by financial year are published on Stat-Xplore. Figures are calibrated to the Households Below Average Income (HBAI) survey regional estimates of children in low income but provide more granular local area information not available from the HBAI, for example by Local Authority, Westminster Parliamentary Constituency and Ward.Absolute low-income is defined as a family in low income Before Housing Costs (BHC) in the reference year in comparison with incomes in 2010/11. A family must have claimed Child Benefit and at least one other household benefit (Universal Credit, tax credits, or Housing Benefit) at any point in the year to be classed as low income in these statistics. Gross income measure is Before Housing Costs (BHC) and includes contributions from earnings, state support and pensions.

Statistical disclosure control has been applied with Stat-Xplore, which guards against the identification of an individual claimant.

On average, the income of seventeen year olds in the United Kingdom was higher than that children in any other age group. Between March 2024 and February 2025, children aged six had a weekly income of 4.99 British pounds, while those aged 17 had an income of 23.97 per week. Those figures include the weekly regular pocket money provided to children by parents, as well as income from chores and jobs, and other sources of money.

Children and money worldwide The average amount of pocket money of Japanese children did not exactly follow the correlation observed in this statistic about the United Kingdom. In Japan, kids had more money before they reach the age to enroll in elementary school than during their elementary school studies. There are several ways through which children can save money themselves or with the help of their parents. The most common financial instruments for children between eight and 14 years old in the United States were savings accounts and piggy banks. Child poverty Child poverty is a problem affecting a significant share of the population even in developed economies. For example, 14.4 percent of all children in Germany were at risk of poverty in 2024. Meanwhile, Romania, Montenegro, and Bulgaria were, in 2022, some of the countries with the most children at risk of poverty or social exclusion in Central and Eastern Europe. The probability of children finding themselves in these situations can vary within a country depending on their socioeconomic and ethnic background, the region where they live, or whether they are being raised by a single parent or not.

This table presents data on all people, children, working-age adults and pensioners living in households that have a household income below 60 per cent of the UK median household income before and after housing costs are paid.

The Children in Low-Income Families Local Measure shows the proportion of children living in families in receipt of out-of-work (means-tested) benefits or in receipt of tax credits where their reported income is less than 60% of UK median income.

This is the proportion of children aged under 16 (0-15) living in families in absolute low income during the year. The figures are based on the count of children aged under 16 (0-15) living in the area derived from ONS mid-year population estimates. The count of children refers to the age of the child at 30 June of each year.

Low income is a family whose equivalised income is below 60 per cent of median household incomes. Gross income measure is Before Housing Costs (BHC) and includes contributions from earnings, state support, and pensions. Equivalisation adjusts incomes for household size and composition, taking an adult couple with no children as the reference point. For example, the process of equivalisation would adjust the income of a single person upwards, so their income can be compared directly to the standard of living for a couple.

Absolute low income is income Before Housing Costs (BHC) in the reference year in comparison with incomes in 2010/11 adjusted for inflation. A family must have claimed one or more of Universal Credit, Tax Credits, or Housing Benefit at any point in the year to be classed as low income in these statistics. Children are dependent individuals aged under 16; or aged 16 to 19 in full-time non-advanced education. The count of children refers to the age of the child at 31 March of each year.

Data are calibrated to the Households Below Average Income (HBAI) survey regional estimates of children in low income but provide more granular local area information not available from the HBAI. For further information and methodology on the construction of these statistics, visit this link. Totals may not sum due to rounding.Data is Powered by LG Inform Plus and automatically checked for new data on the 4th of each month.

Between 2019 and 2023, people living in households in the Asian and ‘Other’ ethnic groups were most likely to be in persistent low income before and after housing costs

About the dataset This dataset uses information from the DWP benefit system to provide estimates of children living in poverty for wards in London. In order to be counted in this dataset, a family must have claimed Child Benefit and at least one other household benefit (Universal Credit, tax credits or Housing Benefit) during the year. The numbers are calibrated to the Households Below Average Income (HBAI) dataset used to provide the government's headline poverty statistics. The definition of relative low income is living in a household with equivalised* income before housing costs (BHC) below 60% of contemporary national median income. The income measure includes contributions from earnings, state support and pensions. Further detail on the estimates of dependent children living in relative low income, including alternative geographical breakdowns and additional variables, such as age of children, family type and work status are available from DWP's statistical tabulation tool Stat-Xplore. Minor adjustments to the data have been applied to guard against the identification of individual claimants. This dataset replaced the DWP children in out-of-work benefit households and HMRC children in low income families local measure releases. This dataset includes estimates for all wards in London of numbers of dependent children living in relative low income families for each financial year from 2014/15 to the latest available (2022/23). The figures for the latest year are provisional and are subject to minor revision when the next dataset is released by DWP. Headlines Number of children The number of dependent children living in relative low income across London, rose from below 310,000 in the financial year ending 2015 to over 420,000 in the financial year ending 2020, but has decreased since then to below 350,000, which is well below the number for financial year ending 2018. While many wards in London have followed a similar pattern, the numbers of children in low income families in some wards have fallen more sharply, while the numbers in other wards have continued to grow. Proportion of children in each London ward Ward population sizes vary across London, the age profile of that population also varies and both the size and make-up of the population can change over time, so in order to make more meaningful comparisons between wards or over time, DWP have also published rates, though see note below regarding caution when using these figures. A dependent child is anyone aged under 16; or aged 16 to 19 in full-time non-advanced education or in unwaged government training. Ward level estimates for the total number of dependent children are not available, so percentages cannot be derived. Ward level estimates for the percentage of children under 16 living in low income families are usually published by DWP but, in its latest release, ward-level population estimates were not available at the time, so no rates were published. To derive the rates in this dataset, the GLA has used the ONS's latest ward-level population estimates (official statistics in development). Percentages for 2021/22 are calculated using the 2021 mid year estimates, while percentages for 2022/23 are calculated using the 2022 mid year estimates. As these are official statistics in development, rates therefore need to be treated with some caution. Notes *equivalised income is adjusted for household size and composition in order to compare living standards between households of different types.

HMRC statistics used in Households Below Average Income statistics and gives local (LA) results.

These fuel poverty risk indicators provide users with a nuanced picture of the impact of various risk factors, exacerbating factors and indicators for fuel poverty. It was developed with the Assembly Health and Public Services Committee in their investigation into fuel poverty in London. The Committee's report explains how the tool could be used strategically to help organisations target specific wards that are at high risk of fuel poverty. Appendix 4 in the report set out the rationale for the risk factors present in the tool.

Users can adjust the weighting of the indicators to show their relative significance. Isolating specific indicators could help organisations determine what type of support is likely to have greatest impact in an area. For example, wards with a low score for cavity wall insulation would indicate wards that could be targeted for promoting uptake of cavity wall insulation.

Read Victoria Borwick's blog "Using public data to tackle fuel poverty - can you help?"

The fuel poverty scores measure risk of fuel poverty based on 12 indicators. The England and Wales average each year is 0. Scores below 0 are more likely to be at risk from fuel poverty according to these measures.

The indicators are:

Housing
Dwellings without central heating
Cavity walls that are uninsulated
Lofts with less than 150mm insulation

Health
Health Deprivation & Disability domain (ID2010)
Standardised Mortality Ratio
Incapacity Benefit claimant rate

Older people
People aged 60 and over
Older people claiming pension credit

Worklessness
Unemployment

Poverty
Income Support claimant rate
Child Poverty rates
Households classified 'fuel poor'

The Excel tool includes a ward map, charts and rankings.

Note: Users must enable macros when prompted upon opening the spreadsheet (or reset security to medium/low) for the map to function. The rest of the tool will function without macros.

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The CLARISSA Cash Plus intervention represented an innovative social protection scheme for tackling social ills, including the worst forms of child labour (WFCL). A universal and unconditional ‘cash plus’ programme, it combined community mobilisation, case work, and cash transfers (CTs). It was implemented in a high-density, low-income neighbourhood in Dhaka to build individual, family, and group capacities to meet needs. This, in turn, was expected to lead to a corresponding decrease in deprivation and community-identified social issues that negatively affect wellbeing, including WFCL. Four principles underpinned the intervention: Unconditionality, Universality, Needs-centred and people-led, and Emergent and open-ended.The intervention took place in Dhaka – North Gojmohol – over a 27-month period, between October 2021 and December 2023, to test and study the impact of providing unconditional and people‑led support to everyone in a community. Cash transfers were provided between January and June 2023 in monthly instalments, plus one investment transfer in September 2023. A total of 1,573 households received cash, through the Upay mobile financial service. Cash was complemented by a ‘plus’ component, implemented between October 2021 and December 2023. Referred to as relational needs-based community organising (NBCO), a team of 20 community mobilisers (CMs) delivered case work at the individual and family level and community mobilisation at the group level. The intervention was part of the wider CLARISSA programme, led by the Institute of Development Studies (IDS) and funded by UK’s Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office (FCDO). The intervention was implemented by Terre des hommes (Tdh) in Bangladesh and evaluated in collaboration with the BRAC Institute of Governance and Development (BIGD) and researchers from the University of Bath and the Open University, UK.The evaluation of the CLARISSA Social Protection pilot was rooted in contribution analysis that combined multiple methods over more than three years in line with emerging best practice guidelines for mixed methods research on children, work, and wellbeing. Quantitative research included bi-monthly monitoring surveys administered by the project’s community mobilisers (CMs), including basic questions about wellbeing, perceived economic resilience, school attendance, etc. This was complimented by baseline, midline, and endline surveys, which collected information about key outcome indicators within the sphere of influence of the intervention, such as children’s engagement with different forms of work and working conditions, with schooling and other activities, household living conditions and sources of income, and respondents’ perceptions of change. Qualitative tools were used to probe topics and results of interest, as well as impact pathways. These included reflective diaries written by the community mobilisers; three rounds of focus group discussions (FGDs) with community members; three rounds of key informant interviews (KIIs) with members of case study households; and long-term ethnographic observation.Quantitative DataThe quantitative evaluation of the CLARISSA Cash Plus intervention involved several data collection methods to gather information about household living standards, children’s education and work, and social dynamics. The data collection included a pre-intervention census, four periodic surveys, and 13 rounds of bi-monthly monitoring surveys, all conducted between late 2020 and late 2023. Details of each instrument are as follows:Census: Conducted in October/November 2020 in the target neighbourhood of North Gojmohol (n=1,832) and the comparison neighbourhood of Balurmath (n=2,365)Periodic surveys: Baseline (February 2021, n=752 in North Gojmohol), Midline 1 (before cash) (October 2022, n=771 in North Gojmohol), Midline 2 (after 6 rounds of cash) (July 2023, n=769 in North Gojmohol), and Endline (December 2023, n=750 in North Gojmohol and n=773 in Balumath)Bi-monthly monitoring data (13 rounds): Conducted between December 2021 and December 2023 in North Gojmohol (average of 1,400 households per round)The present repository summarizes this information, organized as follows:1.1 Bimonthly survey (household): Panel dataset comprising 13 rounds of bi-monthly monitoring data at the household level (average of 1,400 households per round, total of 18,379 observations)1.2 Bimonthly survey (child): Panel dataset comprising 13 rounds of bi-monthly monitoring data at the child level (aged 5 to 16 at census) (average of 940 children per round, total of 12,213 observations)2.1 Periodic survey (household): Panel dataset comprising 5 periodic surveys (census, baseline, midline 1, midline 2, endline) at the household level (average of 750 households per period, total of 3,762 observations)2.2 Periodic survey (child): Panel dataset comprising 4 periodic surveys (baseline, midline 1, midline 2, endline) at the child level (average of 3,100 children per period, total of 12,417 observations)3.0 Balurmat - North Gojmohol panel: Balanced panel dataset comprising 558 households in North Gojmohol and 773 households in Balurmath, observed both at 2020 census and 2023 endline (total of 2,662 observations)4.0 Questionnaires: Original questionnaires for all datasetsAll datasets are provided in Stata format (.dta) and Excel format (.xlsx) and are accompanied by their respective dictionary in Excel format (.xlsx).Qualitative DataThe qualitative study was conducted in three rounds: the first round of IDIs and FGDs took place between December 2022 and January 2023; the second round took place from April to May 2023; and the third round took place from November to December 2023. KIIs were taken during the 2nd round of study in May 2023.The sample size by round and instrument type is shown below:RoundsIDIs with childrenIDIs with parentsIDIs with CMsFGDsKIIs1st Round (12/2022 – 01/2023)3026-06-2nd Round ( 04/2023 – 05/2023)3023-06053rd Round (11/2023 – 12/2023)26250307-The files in this archive contain the qualitative data and include six types of transcripts:· 1.1 Interviews with children in case study households (IDI): 30 families in round 1, 30 in round 2, and 26 in round 3· 1.2 Interviews with parents in case study households (IDI): 26 families in round 1, 23 in round 2, and 25 in round 3· 1.3 Interviews with community mobiliser (IDI): 3 CM in round 3· 2.0 Key informant interviews (KII): 5 in round 2· 3.0 Focus group discussions (FGD): 6 in round 1, 6 in round 2, and 7 in round 3· 4.0 Community mobiliser micro-narratives (556 cases)Additionally, this repository includes a comprehensive list of all qualitative data files ("List of all qualitative data+MC.xlsx").

The Family Resources Survey (FRS) has been running continuously since 1992 to meet the information needs of the Department for Work and Pensions (DWP). It is almost wholly funded by DWP.

The FRS collects information from a large, and representative sample of private households in the United Kingdom (prior to 2002, it covered Great Britain only). The interview year runs from April to March.

The focus of the survey is on income, and how much comes from the many possible sources (such as employee earnings, self-employed earnings or profits from businesses, and dividends; individual pensions; state benefits, including Universal Credit and the State Pension; and other sources such as savings and investments). Specific items of expenditure, such as rent or mortgage, Council Tax and water bills, are also covered.

Many other topics are covered and the dataset has a very wide range of personal characteristics, at the adult or child, family and then household levels. These include education, caring, childcare and disability. The dataset also captures material deprivation, household food security and (new for 2021/22) household food bank usage.

The FRS is a national statistic whose results are published on the gov.uk website. It is also possible to create your own tables from FRS data, using DWP’s Stat Xplore tool. Further information can be found on the gov.uk Family Resources Survey webpage.

Secure Access FRS data
In addition to the standard End User Licence (EUL) version, Secure Access datasets, containing unrounded data and additional variables, are also available for FRS from 2005/06 onwards - see SN 9256. Prospective users of the Secure Access version of the FRS will need to fulfil additional requirements beyond those associated with the EUL datasets. Full details of the application requirements are available from http://ukdataservice.ac.uk/media/178323/secure_frs_application_guidance.pdf" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Guidance on applying for the Family Resources Survey: Secure Access.

FRS, HBAI and PI
The FRS underpins the related Households Below Average Income (HBAI) dataset, which focuses on poverty in the UK, and the related Pensioners' Incomes (PI) dataset. The EUL versions of HBAI and PI are held under SNs 5828 and 8503, respectively. The Secure Access versions are held under SN 7196 and 9257 (see above).

SECCYD is a prospective, longitudinal study following the development of over 1,000 children from birth to age 26 and their families. Participants were recruited in 1991 from 24 hospitals in 10 different cities across varying states of the United States. Over 1,300 families with full-term, healthy newborns were enrolled and completed a home interview when the infant was 1 month old. Participants and their families were studied at 14 major assessment ages in the child's development, which were organised in six phases. At birth, the recruitment sample was 52% male and 24% minoritized children, with 10% of mothers not having completed high school and 15% being single mothers. Mothers had an average of 14.2 years of education, and the average family income was 3.6 times the poverty threshold.