In the second quarter of 2025, the Producer Price Index (PPI) of agricultural products in China ranged at **** index points (same quarter of previous year = 100). After a considerable price decrease between the first quarter of 2020 and the third quarter of 2021, inflation picked up in the second and third quarter of 2022, mainly driven by rising pork prices, but also supported by a price increase of farm crops. Agricultural prices decreased again in 2023 and stabilized in 2024. The Producer Prices Index The Producer Price Index (PPI) measures the average change in selling prices received by domestic producers for their output. In combination with the Consumer Price Index (CPI), the PPI is used as an indicator to identify economic inflation or deflation. In contrast to CPI, which measures price levels of end consumers, the PPI measures the output price change from the perspective of sellers. In this sense, the Producer Price Index of agricultural products reflects changes in selling price received by farmers. Agricultural producer prices in China According to the graph at hand, producer prices for agricultural products picked up considerably in the second quarter of 2019. Inflation peaked in the first quarter of 2020 and fell back to a normal level in the fourth quarter of 2020. This development was mainly caused by an increase of Chinese producer prices for livestock, which were driven by the outbreak of the swine fever in 2019. The PPI for fishery in China fluctuated only slightely at around 100 index points during the same period, while producer prices for forestry products in China even saw a partially negative price development. During the third quarter of 2022, however, prices for livestock products grew considerably, while prices for farm crops in China indicated a moderate price increase.

Revenue for the Pig Farming industry in China is expected to grow at an annualized 0.1% over the five years through to 2024, to $184.7 billion. This trend includes an anticipated rise of 5.5% in the current year. Rising living standards and purchasing power of Chinese residents have stimulated demand for pork, which driven the demand for live pigs. Industry revenue has showed very high volatility in the past five years to 2024, mainly due to the lasting influence of African swine fever epidemic. In 2019 and 2020, industry revenue grew by 13.4% and 58.9% year on year due to the short supply and high prices of live pigs. From 2021 to 2023, industry revenue has kept declining with the recovering supply and falling prices of live pigs.Many free-range farmers as well as small and mid-scale pig farming enterprises have accelerated to exit the industry, or become commissioned pig farming firms of large pig farming companies. The number of establishments and enterprises will decrease at an average rate of 2.9% and 11.4% in the past five years to 2024. With the support of the Chinese Government, the proportion of large-scale pig farming in China has rapidly increased.Profit varies monthly due to fluctuations in pork prices and market demand. It also varies greatly among enterprises and across regions. Industry profit margins have been volatile dramatically in the past five years due to the sharp changes in live pig prices. In 2024, profit for the average industry enterprise is estimated at 3.8% of revenue. Although pork is still the most popular meat consumed in China, other meats such as chicken, beef and mutton are growing in popularity.Revenue growth is projected to slow to an annualized 2.5% over the five years through 2029, to reach $209.2 billion. Trends over the next five years are anticipated to include introduction and application of advanced farming models, the constant exit of free-range farmers and small- and medium-scale farms, and growth in the number of scaled and intensive farming enterprises. All of these trends are projected to increase farm productivity and reduce operational costs.

The graph shows the Producer Price Index (PPI) for farm crops in China from the first quarter of 2022 to the first quarter of 2025. During the first quarter of 2025, the PPI for farm crops ranged at 95.8 index points (same quarter of previous year = 100).

The average for 2021 based on 193 countries was 245857 sq. km.. The highest value was in China: 5206950 sq. km. and the lowest value was in Bermuda: 3 sq. km.. The indicator is available from 1961 to 2021. Below is a chart for all countries where data are available.

In the first quarter of 2025, the Producer Price Index (PPI) of agricultural products in China ranged at 98.4 index points (same quarter of previous year = 100). After a considerable price decrease between the first quarter of 2020 and the third quarter of 2021, inflation picked up in the second and third quarter of 2022, mainly driven by rising pork prices, but also supported by a price increase of farm crops. Agricultural prices decreased again in 2023 and stabilized in 2024. The Producer Prices Index The Producer Price Index (PPI) measures the average change in selling prices received by domestic producers for their output. In combination with the Consumer Price Index (CPI), the PPI is used as an indicator to identify economic inflation or deflation. In contrast to CPI, which measures price levels of end consumers, the PPI measures the output price change from the perspective of sellers. In this sense, the Producer Price Index of agricultural products reflects changes in selling price received by farmers. Agricultural producer prices in China According to the graph at hand, producer prices for agricultural products picked up considerably in the second quarter of 2019. Inflation peaked in the first quarter of 2020 and fell back to a normal level in the fourth quarter of 2020. This development was mainly caused by an increase of Chinese producer prices for livestock, which were driven by the outbreak of the swine fever in 2019. The PPI for fishery in China fluctuated only slightely at around 100 index points during the same period, while producer prices for forestry products in China even saw a partially negative price development. During the third quarter of 2022, however, prices for livestock products grew considerably, while prices for farm crops in China indicated a moderate price increase.

Abstract

China Living Standards Survey (CLSS) consists of one household survey and one community (village) survey, conducted in Hebei and Liaoning Provinces (northern and northeast China) in July 1995 and July 1997 respectively. Five villages from each three sample counties of each province were selected (six were selected in Liaoyang County of Liaoning Province because of administrative area change). About 880 farm households were selected from total thirty-one sample villages for the household survey. The same thirty-one villages formed the samples of community survey. This document provides information on the content of different questionnaires, the survey design and implementation, data processing activities, and the different available data sets.

Geographic coverage

The China Living Standards Survey (CLSS) was conducted only in Hebei and Liaoning Provinces (northern and northeast China).

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The CLSS sample is not a rigorous random sample drawn from a well-defined population. Instead it is only a rough approximation of the rural population in Hebei and Liaoning provinces in Northeastern China. The reason for this is that part of the motivation for the survey was to compare the current conditions with conditions that existed in Hebei and Liaoning in the 1930’s. Because of this, three counties in Hebei and three counties in Liaoning were selected as "primary sampling units" because data had been collected from those six counties by the Japanese occupation government in the 1930’s. Within each of these six counties (xian) five villages (cun) were selected, for an overall total of 30 villages (in fact, an administrative change in one village led to 31 villages being selected). In each county a "main village" was selected that was in fact a village that had been surveyed in the 1930s. Because of the interest in these villages 50 households were selected from each of these six villages (one for each of the six counties). In addition, four other villages were selected in each county. These other villages were not drawn randomly but were selected so as to "represent" variation within the county. Within each of these villages 20 households were selected for interviews. Thus the intended sample size was 780 households, 130 from each county.

Unlike county and village selection, the selection of households within each village was done according to standard sample selection procedures. In each village, a list of all households in the village was obtained from village leaders. An "interval" was calculated as the number of the households in the village divided by the number of households desired for the sample (50 for main villages and 20 for other villages). For the list of households, a random number was drawn between 1 and the interval number. This was used as a starting point. The interval was then added to this number to get a second number, then the interval was added to this second number to get a third number, and so on. The set of numbers produced were the numbers used to select the households, in terms of their order on the list.

In fact, the number of households in the sample is 785, as opposed to 780. Most of this difference is due to a village in which 24 households were interviewed, as opposed to the goal of 20 households

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Household Questionnaire

The household questionnaire contains sections that collect data on household demographic structure, education, housing conditions, land, agricultural management, household non-agricultural business, household expenditures, gifts, remittances and other income sources, and saving and loans. For some sections (general household information, schooling, housing, gift-exchange, remittance, other income, and credit and savings) the individual designated by the household members as the household head provided responses. For some other sections (farm land, agricultural management, family-run non-farm business, and household consumption expenditure) a member identified as the most knowledgeable provided responses. Identification codes for respondents of different sections indicate who provided the information. In sections where the information collected pertains to individuals (employment), whenever possible, each member of the household was asked to respond for himself or herself, except that parents were allowed to respond for younger children. Therefore, in the case of the employment section it is possible that the information was not provided by the relevant person; variables in this section indicate when this is true.

The household questionnaire was completed in a one-time interview in the summer of 1995. The survey was designed so that more sensitive issues such as credit and savings were discussed near the end. The content of each section is briefly described below.

Section 0 SURVEY INFORMATION

This section mainly summarizes the results of the survey visits. The following information was entered into the computer: whether the survey and the data entry were completed, codes of supervisor’s brief comments on interviewer, data entry operator, and related revising suggestion (e.g., 1. good, 2. revise at office, and 3. re-interview needed). Information about the date of interview, the names of interviewer, supervisor, data enterer, and detail notes of interviewer and supervisor were not entered into the computer.

Section 1 GENERAL HOUSEHOLD INFORMATION

1A HOUSEHOLD STRUCTURE 1B INFORMATION ABOUT THE HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS’ PARENTS 1C INFORMATION ABOUT THE CHILDREN WHO ARE NOT LIVING IN HOME

Section 1A lists the personal id code, sex, relationship to the household head, ethnic group, type of resident permit (agricultural [nongye], non-agricultural [fei nongye], or no resident permit), date of birth, marital status of all people who spent the previous night in that household and for household members who are temporarily away from home. The household head is listed first and receives the personal id code 1. Household members were defined to include “all the people who normally live and eat their meals together in this dwelling.” Those who were absent more than nine of the last twelve months were excluded, except for the head of household. For individuals who are married and whose spouse resides in the household, the personal id number of the spouse is noted. By doing so, information on the spouse can be collected by appropriately merging information from the section 1A and other parts of the survey.

Section 1B collects information on the parents of all household members. For individuals whose parents reside in the household, parents’ personal id numbers are noted, and information can be obtained by appropriately merging information from other parts of the survey. For individuals whose parents do not reside in the household, information is recorded on whether each parent is alive, as well as their schooling and occupation.

Section 1C collects information for children of household members who are not living in home. Children who have died are not included. The information on the name, sex, types of resident permit, age, education level, education cost, reasons not living in home, current living place, and type of job of each such child is recorded.

Section 2 SCHOOLING

In Section 2, information about literacy and numeracy, school attendance, completion, and current enrollment for all household members of preschool age and older. The interpretation of pre-school age appears to have varied, with the result that while education information is available for some children of pre-school age, not all pre-school children were included in this section. But for ages 6 and above information is available for nearly all individuals, so in essence the data on schooling can be said to apply all persons 6 age and above. For those who were enrolled in school at the time of the survey, information was also collected on school attendance, expenses, and scholarships. If applicable, information on serving as an apprentice, technical or professional training was also collected.

Section 3 EMPLOYMENT

3A GENERAL INFORMATION 3B MAJOR NON-FARM JOB IN 1994 3C THE SECOND NON-FARM JOB IN 1994 3D OTHER EMPLOYMENT ACTIVITIES IN 1994 3E SEARCHING FOR NON-FARM JOB 3F PROCESS FOR GETTING MAJOR NON-FARM JOB 3G CORVEE LABOR

All individuals age thirteen and above were asked to respond to the employment activity questions in Section 3. Section 3A collects general information on farm and non-farm employment, such as whether or not the household member worked on household own farm in 1994, when was the last year the member worked on own farm if he/she did not work in 1994, work days and hours during busy season, occupation and sector codes of the major, second, and third non-farm jobs, work days and total income of these non-farm jobs. There is a variable which indicates whether or not the individual responded for himself or herself.

Sections 3B and 3C collect detailed information on the major and the second non-farm job. Information includes number of months worked and which month in 1994 the member worked on these jobs, average works days (or hours) per month (per day), total number of years worked for these jobs by the end of 1994, different components of income, type of employment contracts. Information on employer’s ownership type and location was also collected.

Section 3D collects information on average hours spent doing chores and housework at home every day during non-busy and busy season. The chores refer to cooking, laundry, cleaning, shopping, cutting woods, as well as small-scale farm yard animals raising, for example, pigs or chickens. Large-scale animal

Revenue for the Poultry Farming industry in China is expected to grow at an annualized 5.2% over the five years through 2023, to $135.2 billion. This steady growth has occurred due to rising poultry prices and output growth. Total poultry meat output is expected to increase by 3.2% in 2023, to 25.2 million tons, while revenue is set to grow by 5.4%. For a typical poultry farm, feed and poultry prices largely determine returns.Profitability can vary significantly among establishments and across different regions. ACMR-IBISWorld estimates the industry's overall profit margin to be 13.0% in 2023.Revenue is forecast to rise at an annualized 4.3% over the five years through 2028, to total $167.1 billion. China is the largest egg producer in the world, accounting for over 35% of global production. While egg consumption in China is about twice the global level, the domestic market for eggs is near saturation point. However, farmers have opportunities in the poultry meat product segment. Poultry meat is becoming increasingly important in the population's diet as a healthier alternative to other meats. Additionally, poultry meat represents only an estimated 23.0% of total meat consumed in China, much lower than the world average. Although pork is still the most popular meat consumed in China, its share of revenue has decreased over the past five years.

The APAC Farm Crop Sprayer market is experiencing robust growth, driven by the increasing demand for efficient and precise crop protection solutions across the region's diverse agricultural landscape. The market's Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 7.10% from 2019 to 2024 indicates a significant upward trajectory, projected to continue through 2033. This expansion is fueled by several key factors: rising agricultural output, the increasing adoption of advanced spraying technologies (like drone-based spraying and precision application systems) to maximize yield and minimize chemical usage, and a growing awareness among farmers about the importance of pest and disease management. Government initiatives promoting sustainable agriculture and investments in agricultural infrastructure further contribute to market growth. While challenges such as fluctuating raw material prices and stringent environmental regulations exist, the overall market outlook remains positive. Leading players like Mahindra & Mahindra, Deere & Company, and AGCO Corporation are actively shaping the market with innovative product offerings and strategic partnerships, fostering competition and technological advancements. The segmentation within the market likely includes various sprayer types (e.g., knapsack, mounted, trailed), application methods, and crop types, each contributing uniquely to the overall growth. Regional variations within APAC are expected, with countries experiencing rapid agricultural modernization likely exhibiting higher growth rates. The market's size in 2025 is estimated to be significant, considering the historical growth and current trends. The forecast period (2025-2033) promises continued expansion, driven by factors such as increasing farm sizes, rising labor costs pushing for automation, and greater emphasis on improving crop yields in a climate of increasing food security concerns. Competition among established players and the emergence of new entrants with technologically advanced products will further shape the market dynamics. The market's resilience to external factors like economic fluctuations will hinge on the continuous adaptation of technologies and the ability of manufacturers to meet the evolving needs of the agricultural sector in APAC. Analyzing specific regional data would provide a more granular understanding of the market's performance and opportunities within different APAC countries. Key drivers for this market are: Low Availability of Skilled Labor, Technological Advancements. Potential restraints include: Increasing Farm Expenditure, Security Concerns in Modern Farming Machinery. Notable trends are: Increase in Average Farm Size Leading to Adoption of Tractor-Mounted Sprayers.

Overview
The June edition of Agricultural commodities contains ABARES latest outlook for Australia's key agricultural commodities in 2017-18, which updates the outlook released in March 2017.

The report provides updated commodity forecasts, an article on China's grain policies and boxes on seasonal conditions in Australia and chilled beef exports to China.

Key Issues Commodity forecasts

• The gross value of farm production is expected to decrease slightly in 2017-18, reflecting an expected return to average seasonal conditions following record production in 2016-17. • The value of farm exports is forecast to remain relatively unchanged in 2017-18.

Economic assumptions underlying this set of commodity forecasts

In preparing this set of agricultural commodity forecasts: • World economic growth is assumed to be 3.3 per cent in 2017 and 3.4 per cent in 2018. • Economic growth in Australia is assumed to average 2.8 per cent in 2017-18. • The Australian dollar is assumed to average US73 cents in 2017-18, slightly lower than the estimated average of US75 cents in 2016-17.

Articles and boxes on agricultural issues
China's grain policies
• Recent changes to China's price support policies signal a move towards a less regulated grain marketing system. China now recognises a role for imports to ensure a secure food supply and actively engages in world markets for grains. These changes have the potential to influence global markets given the size of China's agricultural sector. • The article examines China's domestic grains support policies and border measures. Minimum purchase prices and a grain reserve system for rice and wheat remain key policy instruments. A non-commodity-specific support policy is also being implemented.

Seasonal conditions in Australia
• A timely autumn break in south-eastern Australia has improved soil moisture and provided a good start to the winter cropping season. • Pasture growth and pasture biomass is close to average for this time of year across most of Australia. • Drier and warmer-than-average conditions are more likely for much of southern Australia during the 2017 winter, but this is unlikely to adversely affect crop and pasture growth in the short-term due to adequate soil moisture.

Chilled beef exports to China heat up
• Australian exports of chilled beef to China are becoming increasingly important as Australian frozen beef exports face strong competition from low-cost South American producers. • Australia and China recently signed the Joint Statement on Enhancing Inspection and Quarantine Cooperation between Australia and the People's Republic of China. This will facilitate an increase in the number of eligible establishments permitted to export chilled and frozen red meat to China, pending the outcome of an audit.

In the 2020 calendar year, the global average price of cotton - from a selection of the principal upland cottons - stood at **** U.S. cents per pound. The global price of cotton was at its peak in the 2011 crop year, with an average price of *** cents per pound. Cotton in the U.S. The average farm price in the United States received by cotton growers, has been growing in the past few years. The United States is the leading global cotton exporter, and is among the leading cotton producers worldwide after India and China. As of 2017/2018, the United States produced about ** percent of cotton globally. Cottonseeds market Worldwide cottonseed production amounted to about **** million metric tons in 2018/2019, decreasing from around ** million metric tons in the previous year. In that year, India and China were by far the main cottonseed producers worldwide, followed by Pakistan and Brazil.

As of 2023, about 4.82 million hectares of land were dedicated to cultivating palay in the Philippines. The total land area used for growing palay in the country fluctuated within the given period of time, with 2023 recording the highest values.  How much does it cost to produce palay in the Philippines? The Philippines ranks high alongside countries such as China and India when it comes to rice consumption globally. Rice is a main staple for Filipinos, making this crop among the most important agricultural products produced by farmers in the country. On average, palay production costs in the Philippines amounted to about 54 Philippine pesos per hectare in 2022, with Cagayan Valley recording the highest production costs nationwide. Meanwhile, the cost of palay production per kilogram amounted to an average of 15 Philippine pesos in the same year. The cost of producing palay is attributed to factors such as the cost of planting materials, labor and transport costs, irrigation fees, as well as rental fees for land used.  Average wage rate on palay farms in the Philippines In 2019, the average wage rate on palay farms in the Philippines was highest in CALABARZON, amounting to around 357 Philippine pesos per day. The lowest average was recorded in the BARMM region with 213 Philippine pesos. Although no recent reports have been published regarding this, the poverty incidence of farmers in the country has gradually declined since 2015.

Emissions of methane and nitrous oxide, two significant greenhouse gases, were measured from rice fields at Qingyuan in Guangdong Province, China. The region has a sub-tropical climate which allows two crops of rice to be grown every year. The prevailing agricultural practices create a complex interaction between factors known to have a major effect on methane and nitrous oxide emissions from rice fields; namely intermittent flooding and use of organic fertilizers. In this region, the farmers depend on nitrogen fertilizers and, at least in recent years, have only intermittently flooded their fields during the growing seasons. These factors tend to reduce methane emissions. But the rice straw and crop residues from the first crop of the year are plowed into the fields providing a large addition of organic material under hot weather conditions favorable to quick decomposition during the second crop period. This, and the addition of farm yard manure, increases emissions of methane emissions from these fields. The results of the present study show that the effect of these competing factors and their timing lead to an average rate of emissions of 5 +/- 2 and 6 +/- 2 mg/m2/hr from the first crops for the two years when measurements were taken (2003 and 2004), and 12 +/- 8 and 13 +/- 8 mg/m2/hr from the second crop. Further, production measurements showed that during the two years of these experiments, the average production rates were about 27 mg/m2/hr for the first crop and 22 - 34 mg/m2/hr for the second crop, resulting in estimated oxidation rates of about 80%26#37; for the first crop and 50%26#37; - 60%26#37; for the second crop. The higher fluxes in the second crop therefore appear to be caused more by reduced oxidation than higher production. Nitrous oxide emissions, when they were detected, usually occurred within a few days after the application of nitrogen fertilizers. The seasonally averaged emissions were between 0.01 - 0.02 mg/m2/hr except in the first year when large emissions over one short period pushed the average upwards.

Pig farmers have faced considerable challenges over the past few years. Pig meat consumption has slumped, although it has remained above long-term averages. The industry's main representative body, Australian Pork Limited's marketing campaigns have supported pork consumption by promoting fresh pork's health benefits. Additionally, global demand trends and improved weather conditions have caused the domestic price of pig meat to fluctuate significantly. The pig meat price surged over the two years through 2019-20 following an outbreak of African swine fever in China, which caused China to lose half its national herd. Supply has recovered since but pig meat prices still remain high. Overall, industry revenue has increased at an annualised 2.0% over the past five years and is expected to total $1.6 billion in 2023-24, when revenue will sink by an estimated 0.9%.Industry businesses have trended towards larger and more commercialised pig production systems to achieve economies of scale. Larger players like Sunpork and Westpork have invested more in their production capabilities and boosted their market shares. Hence, industry concentration has intensified. Industry enterprise numbers have waned because many small-scale farms have exited the industry as they have been unable to secure supplier contracts with downstream markets.Industry revenue is set to strengthen in the future. Pig meat consumption is on track to rise following APL's marketing efforts. Rising demand from meat processors and increasing poultry prices will also support industry performance. However, revenue growth will be constrained as increasingly health-conscious consumers opt for alternative protein sources. Industry concentration is on track to increase as the larger players continue expanding production and acquiring smaller farms. Industry revenue is forecast to grow at an annualised 1.8% over the five years through 2028-29 to total $1.8 billion.