Data are from Boniface river region in Nunavik, Quebec, Canada. It contains data from air and ground temperatures, air humidity, solar radiation, wind speed and direction and the average snow height. The available datasets cover the period from 1988-2022. For each site, the number of measured variables differs. For ground temperature, the depth ranges are as follows: Rivière Boniface, Forêt (BONFORE): 0-150 cm. Rivière Boniface, Forêt - Station SILA (BONFSIL): 5-20 cm. Rivière Boniface, Toundra - Station SILA (BONTSIL): 5-100 cm. Lac Bush (LACBUSH): 0-100 cm. Data are available as: (1) recorded data; (2) daily averages; (3) monthly averages; and (4) yearly averages.

Data are from the Robert-Bourassa Reservoir region, Quebec, Canada. It contains data from air and ground temperatures, air humidity, solar radiation, wind speed and direction and the average snow height. The available datasets cover the period from 1996-2016. For each site, the number of measured variables differs. For ground temperature, the depth ranges are as follows: Île Centrale (CENTRAL) : 20 cm Île aux neiges - A (NEIGESA): 20 cm Île aux neiges - B (NEIGESB) : 20 cm Île aux neiges - C (NEIGESC) : 20 cm Île de Confusion (CONFUSI) : 20 cm Lac Capitaine (CAPITAI) : 20 cm Station Relais (RELAISA) : 20 cm Station SILA - Site A (LG2DSIL) : 0-20 cm Station SILA - Site B (LG2BSIL) : 5-20 cm Station SILA - Site C (LG2CSIL) : 5-20 cm Station SILA - Site D (LG2DSIL) : 5-20 cm Data are available as: (1) recorded data; (2) daily averages; (3) monthly averages; and (4) yearly averages.

The average price for a house in Quebec stood at approximately ******* Canadian dollars in 2024 and was set to increase slightly in the next two years. In 2025, the average price is forecast to reach ******* Canadian dollars. Meanwhile, the national average house price was forecast to pick up in 2025. Compared to other provinces, Quebec was the third-most expensive province to buy housing in Canada, after British Columbia and Ontario. Quebec Located on the eastern side of Canada, Quebec had an estimated population of almost **** million people in 2023. It is the second most populated province in Canada, and the second-largest by land size, as it is ***** times the size of Texas. The largest city in Quebec is Montreal, which is close to the Vermont border in the United States. The median total family income in Quebec has been steadily rising since 2000. Housing Prices in Canada Housing prices in Canada vary province to province. The most expensive average house price was in British Columbia in 2024. Vancouver, the most populated city in British Columbia, is known for its high-priced real estate market. However, housing prices all over Canada have increased in the past couple of years.

Data are from the Grands-Jardins park in Charlevoix, Quebec, Canada. It contains data from air and ground temperatures, wind speed and direction and the average snow height. The available datasets cover the period from 2004-2019. For each site, the number of measured variables differs. For ground temperature, the depth ranges are as follows: Grands-Jardins, Pessière Lichens (GRANJAR): 2-15 cm. Grands-Jardins, Lac des Cygnes (LACYGNE): 5-260 cm. Data are available as: (1) recorded data; (2) daily averages; (3) monthly averages; and (4) yearly averages.

Data are from the Laforge Reservoir region, Quebec, Canada. It contains data from air and ground temperatures, air humidity, solar radiation, wind speed and direction and the average snow height. The available datasets cover the period from 1995-2013. For each site, the number of measured variables differs. For ground temperature, the depth ranges are as follows: Réservoir Laforge 1 (LAFORG1) : 20 cm Trans Taiga (LGTAIGA) : 0-25 cm Data are available as: (1) recorded data; (2) daily averages; (3) monthly averages; and (4) yearly averages.

This map shows the average maximum snow depth in centimetres computed over 18 winter seasons (1979 to 1997). Over southern Canada this usually occurs in January or February, while the time of maximum accumulation occurs much later in mountain areas and in the Arctic. The main features of the map are the pronounced maximum in snow accumulation over the western Cordillera, where snow depths can exceed several metres, with a secondary maximum over Quebec and Labrador. These maxima are related to their proximity to oceans, which act as sources of moisture and winter storms, and to the orographic effect of the mountains in the case of western Canada. The two maxima are linked by a band of higher snow accumulation that follows the boreal forest zone; this is a preferred track for winter storms. To the north of this zone is the relatively shallow snow cover of the Arctic (low snowfall with extensive wind packing). To the south, the depth of snow is limited by the shorter accumulation season and the substantial sublimation of snow over the Canadian Prairies.

Canada's healthcare system is supported by a vast network of hospitals, with 1,087 facilities spread across the country as of 2024. Ontario leads the way with 319 hospitals, reflecting its status as the most populous province. This extensive infrastructure plays a crucial role in delivering healthcare services to Canadians, contributing to the nation's commitment to universal health coverage. Hospital infrastructure and expenditure The density of hospital beds has been decreasing over time. In 1980, there were 6.75 hospital beds per thousand inhabitants, but by 2022, this figure had dropped to 2.53 beds per thousand population. Despite this reduction, healthcare expenditures remain significant, with hospitals accounting for 96 billion Canadian dollars in 2024. Physicians are also expected to account for nearly 50 billion Canadian dollars in health expenditures in the same year. Patient care and common procedures The average length of hospital stay in Canada has remained relatively stable in recent years, standing at 7.3 days in the fiscal year 2023 to 2024. This figure has fluctuated only slightly since 2010, with the shortest average stay recorded in 2017/18 at 6.8 days. In terms of procedures, caesarean section deliveries are the most common inpatient surgery, with 110,659 performed in 2023/24. This aligns with childbirth being the primary reason for hospital stays in Canada. Knee and hip replacements follow as the second and third most frequent inpatient surgeries, respectively, indicating a significant demand for orthopedic care among the Canadian population.

Mean fork length for returning adult Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) that spent one or two years (1SW and 2SW, respectively) in the marine environment for 16 rivers throughout Eastern Canada spanning an 10° latitudinal gradient. These data were collected as part of monitoring programs for Atlantic salmon returns run by Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO). Data from at least eight populations, spanning all provinces in Atlantic Canada, over a 50-year period (1970-2021) will be included in this meta-analysis. These data, as well as mean fork length for returning adult Atlantic salmon from three rivers in Québec (1979-2021) collected as part of monitoring programs for Atlantic salmon returns run by the Ministère de l’Environnement, de la Lutte contre les changements climatiques, de la Faune et des Parcs, Government of Québec, are also available at: http://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/78PWT.