Key information about Kenya Monthly Earnings

• Kenya Monthly Earnings stood at 590 USD in Jun 2023, compared with the previous figure of 639 USD in Jun 2022
• Kenya Monthly Earnings data is updated yearly, available from Jun 1997 to Jun 2023, with an average number of 420 USD
• The data reached the an all-time high of 651 USD in Jun 2020 and a record low of 157 USD in Jun 1997

CEIC calculates Monthly Earnings from annual Average Wage Earnings divided by 12 and converts it into USD. The Kenya National Bureau of Statistics provides Average Wage Earnings in local currency. The Central Bank of Kenya average market exchange rate is used for currency conversions. Monthly Earnings are in annual frequency, ending in June of each year. Monthly Earnings prior to 2008 are based on ISIC Rev. 2.


Further information about Kenya Monthly Earnings

• In the latest reports, Kenya Population reached 49 million people in Dec 2021
• Unemployment Rate of Kenya increased to 3 % in Dec 2020
• The country's Labour Force Participation Rate increased to 74 % in Dec 2023

In 2023, the national gross income per capita in Kenya decreased by 60 U.S. dollars (-2.76 percent) compared to 2022. Nevertheless, the last two years recorded a significantly higher national gross income than the preceding years.Gross national income (GNI) per capita is the total value of money received by a country, from both domestic or foreign sources, divided by the midyear population. The World Bank uses a conversion system known as the Atlas method, which implements a price adjusted, three year moving average, smoothing out fluctuations in exchange rates.Find more key insights for the national gross income per capita in countries like Tanzania and Mozambique.

Kenya KE: Proportion of People Living Below 50 Percent Of Median Income: % data was reported at 13.900 % in 2015. This records a decrease from the previous number of 16.800 % for 2005. Kenya KE: Proportion of People Living Below 50 Percent Of Median Income: % data is updated yearly, averaging 16.800 % from Dec 1992 (Median) to 2015, with 5 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 21.600 % in 1992 and a record low of 13.900 % in 2015. Kenya KE: Proportion of People Living Below 50 Percent Of Median Income: % data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Kenya – Table KE.World Bank.WDI: Social: Poverty and Inequality. The percentage of people in the population who live in households whose per capita income or consumption is below half of the median income or consumption per capita. The median is measured at 2017 Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) using the Poverty and Inequality Platform (http://www.pip.worldbank.org). For some countries, medians are not reported due to grouped and/or confidential data. The reference year is the year in which the underlying household survey data was collected. In cases for which the data collection period bridged two calendar years, the first year in which data were collected is reported.;World Bank, Poverty and Inequality Platform. Data are based on primary household survey data obtained from government statistical agencies and World Bank country departments. Data for high-income economies are mostly from the Luxembourg Income Study database. For more information and methodology, please see http://pip.worldbank.org.;;The World Bank’s internationally comparable poverty monitoring database now draws on income or detailed consumption data from more than 2000 household surveys across 169 countries. See the Poverty and Inequality Platform (PIP) for details (www.pip.worldbank.org).

Kenya Average Wage Earnings data was reported at 894,232.800 KES in 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 864,750.100 KES for 2022. Kenya Average Wage Earnings data is updated yearly, averaging 617,900.550 KES from Jun 2008 (Median) to 2023, with 16 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 894,232.800 KES in 2023 and a record low of 366,613.600 KES in 2008. Kenya Average Wage Earnings data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Kenya National Bureau of Statistics. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Kenya – Table KE.G009: Average Wage Earnings: by Sector and Industry: International Standard of Industrial Classification Rev 4.

Kenya Survey Mean Consumption or Income per Capita: Bottom 40% of Population: Annualized Average Growth Rate data was reported at -1.180 % in 2021. Kenya Survey Mean Consumption or Income per Capita: Bottom 40% of Population: Annualized Average Growth Rate data is updated yearly, averaging -1.180 % from Dec 2021 (Median) to 2021, with 1 observations. The data reached an all-time high of -1.180 % in 2021 and a record low of -1.180 % in 2021. Kenya Survey Mean Consumption or Income per Capita: Bottom 40% of Population: Annualized Average Growth Rate data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Kenya – Table KE.World Bank.WDI: Social: Poverty and Inequality. The growth rate in the welfare aggregate of the bottom 40% is computed as the annualized average growth rate in per capita real consumption or income of the bottom 40% of the population in the income distribution in a country from household surveys over a roughly 5-year period. Mean per capita real consumption or income is measured at 2017 Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) using the Poverty and Inequality Platform (http://www.pip.worldbank.org). For some countries means are not reported due to grouped and/or confidential data. The annualized growth rate is computed as (Mean in final year/Mean in initial year)^(1/(Final year - Initial year)) - 1. The reference year is the year in which the underlying household survey data was collected. In cases for which the data collection period bridged two calendar years, the first year in which data were collected is reported. The initial year refers to the nearest survey collected 5 years before the most recent survey available, only surveys collected between 3 and 7 years before the most recent survey are considered. The coverage and quality of the 2017 PPP price data for Iraq and most other North African and Middle Eastern countries were hindered by the exceptional period of instability they faced at the time of the 2017 exercise of the International Comparison Program. See the Poverty and Inequality Platform for detailed explanations.;World Bank, Global Database of Shared Prosperity (GDSP) (http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/poverty/brief/global-database-of-shared-prosperity).;;The comparability of welfare aggregates (consumption or income) for the chosen years T0 and T1 is assessed for every country. If comparability across the two surveys is a major concern for a country, the selection criteria are re-applied to select the next best survey year(s). Annualized growth rates are calculated between the survey years, using a compound growth formula. The survey years defining the period for which growth rates are calculated and the type of welfare aggregate used to calculate the growth rates are noted in the footnotes.

Abstract

The 2015/16 Kenya Integrated Household Budget Survey (KIHBS) was conducted over a 12-month period to obtain up-to-date data on a range of socioeconomic indicators used to monitor the implementation of development initiatives. The Survey collected data on household characteristics, housing conditions, education, general health characteristics, nutrition, household income and credit, household transfers, information communication technology, domestic tourism, shocks to household welfare and access to justice. The findings are presented at national, county, rural and urban domains.

Household Characteristics The findings of the 2015/16 KIHBS basic characteristics of the population show that the sex ratio is 97.5. About 70 per cent of households were headed by males and the reported average household size was 4 members. The age dependency ratio declined to 81.6 per cent in 2015/16 KIHBS as compared to 84.0 per cent recorded in 2005/06 KIHBS. Majority (54.4%) of the population aged 18 years and above are in monogamous unions. At the national level, 8.4 per cent of children were orphans.

Housing Conditions and amenities Information regarding housing conditions and ownership, access to water, energy, sanitation and waste disposal was collected in the 2015/16 KIHBS. Bungalow was the most common dwelling type of housing occupied by 55.4 per cent of the households. About 60 per cent of households reported that they owned the dwellings that they resided in. The findings show that 72.6 per cent of households use improved drinking water sources. The statistics show that six out ten households had access to improved human waste disposal methods. Overall, 41.4 per cent of households were connected to electricity from the main grid.

Education Findings on education are presented for; pre-primary, primary, secondary, middle level college and university levels; and informal education, Madrassa/Duksi. Nationally, 89.4 per cent of the population aged three years and above had ever attended school. The overall Gross Attendance (GAR) for pre-primary, primary and secondary levels was 94.4 per cent, 107.2 per cent and 66.2 per cent, respectively. The population aged 3 years and above that did not have any educational qualification was 49.7 per cent. Most of the population aged 3 years and above that had not attended school cited not being allowed to attend by parent(s) as the reason for non-attendance. The proportion of the population aged 15-24 years that was literate, based on respondents' self -assessment, was 88.3 per cent.

General Health Characteristics General health characteristics discussed in the report comprise: morbidity by sex, health seeking behaviour, utilization of health care services and facilities, disability and engagement in economic activities and health insurance coverage. Information on child survival such as place of delivery, assistance during delivery, immunization and incidences of diarrhoea is also presented. The results show that two out of ten individuals reported a sickness or injury over the four weeks preceding the survey. Majority of the individuals (55.5 %) with a sickness or injury visited a health worker at a health facility for diagnosis. Disabilities were reported by 2.8 per cent of the population. Slightly more than a third of persons with disabilities reported having difficulty in engaging in economic activities. moderately stunted. A higher proportion (32.4%) of children in the rural areas were moderately stunted compared to those in urban areas (24.5%). Overall, 13.0 per cent of children were moderately wasted while 6.7 per cent were moderately underweight. The statistics further indicate that 98.8 per cent of children aged 0-59 months were ever breast fed. The mean length of breastfeeding nationally stood at 16.8 months. Porridge was the most common type of first supplement given to majority (35.9%) of children aged 0-23 months. The survey findings show that eight out of ten children participated in community-based nutritional programmes.

Household Income and Credit Household income is the aggregate earnings of all household members. It includes all forms of income arising from employment, household enterprises, agricultural produce, rent, pension and financial investment. The discussion in this report focuses on income from rent, pension, financial investment and other related incomes. Information is also provided on access and sources of credit. At national level, 7.2 per cent of households reported having received income from rent, pension, financial investment and other related incomes within the 12 months preceding the survey. A third of the households sought credit and over 90 per cent successfully acquired credit.

Household Transfers Transfers constitute income, in cash or in kind, that the household receives without working for it and it augments household income by improving its welfare. Three out of ten households reported having received cash transfers within the 12 months preceding the survey period. The average amount received per household from cash transfers was KSh. 27,097. Majority of households received cash transfers through a family member. Money transfer agents were the preferred mode of transmitting money for most beneficiaries of transfers received from outside Kenya. Over half of the households gave out transfers in kind.

Information and Communication Technology The 2015/16 KIHBS collected information on ICT equipment use and ownership. Findings show that three in every four individuals aged 18 years and above owned a mobile phone with an average number of 1.3 SIM cards per person. The most commonly used ICT equipment is the radio and mobile phone, reported by 79.3 per cent and 68.5 per cent of individuals aged 3 years and above, respectively. The highest proportion (50.3%) of those that did not own a mobile phone cited its high cost as the reason. Urban areas had the highest proportion of population with ownership of a mobile phone. Nairobi City County had the highest proportion of population with a mobile phone while Turkana County had the lowest. The population aged 3 years and above that reported using internet over the last three months preceding the survey was 16.6 per cent. Three in every ten households had internet connectivity and use of internet in mobility was reported as the most common place of use of internet. The internet was used mainly for social networking. No need to use the internet was the most predominant reason for not using the internet reported by 30.1 per cent of those who did not use it.

Domestic Tourism Domestic tourism comprises activities of residents travelling to and staying at least over a night in places outside their usual environment within the country, for not more than 12 months, for leisure, business or other purposes. At national level, 13.4 per cent of individuals reported that they travelled within Kenya in the 3 months preceding the survey. Visiting friends and relatives was reported by the highest proportion (71.1%) of individuals taking trips. Majority of those who took a trip (66.4%) reported that they sponsored themselves. Transport costs accounted for the largest share (38.4%) of expenditure on domestic tourism. Majority of those who did not take a trip reported high cost as a reason.

Shocks to Household Welfare A shock is an event that may trigger a decline in the well-being of an individual, a community, a region, or even a nation. The report presents information on shocks which occurred during the five-year period preceding the survey and had a negative impact on households' economic status or welfare. Three in every five households reported having experienced at least one shock within the five years preceding the survey. A large rise infood prices was reported by the highest proportion (30.1 per cent) of households as a first severe shock. Most households reported that they spent their savings to cope with the shock(s).

Justice The survey sought information from household members on their experiences regarding grievances/disputes, resolution mechanisms, status of grievance/dispute resolution and costs incurred. Majority of households (26.2%) experienced grievances related to succession and inheritance. Approximately seven out of ten households that experienced grievances reported that they were resolved by parties from whom they sought interventions. Lawyers on average received the highest amount of money (KSh 59,849) paid to a primary organization for grievance resolution through a formal channel. Courts accounted for the highest informal costs averaging KSh 6,260 in grievance resolution.

Geographic coverage

The survey covers all the Counties in Kenya based on the following levels National, Urban, Rural and County

Analysis unit

Households Indviduals within Households and Community

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Design and Sample Selection The second Kenya Integrated Household Budget Survey 2015/16 will be the eighth household budget survey to be conducted in Kenya following those conducted in 1981/82, 1983/84, 1992, 1994, 1997 and 2005/06. The KIHBS 2015/16 is a multi-indicator survey in nature with the main objective of updating the household consumption patterns in all the Counties.

KIHBS 2015/16 is designed to provide estimates for various indicators at the County-level. A total of 50 study domains are envisaged. These are; all the forty-seven (47) counties (Each as a separate domain), urban and rural (each as a separate domain at National level), and lastly the National-level aggregate.

Sampling frame The sampling frame used for KIHBS 2015/16 is the fifth National Sample Survey and Evaluation Program (NASSEP V) master frame developed from the Population and Housing Census (KPHC) conducted in

The Gross Domestic Product per capita in Kenya was last recorded at 1853.09 US dollars in 2024. The GDP per Capita in Kenya is equivalent to 15 percent of the world's average. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - Kenya GDP per capita - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Kenya Average Wage Earnings: PR: Activities of Households as Employers, Activities of Households for Own Use data was reported at 233,630.700 KES in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 215,885.300 KES for 2016. Kenya Average Wage Earnings: PR: Activities of Households as Employers, Activities of Households for Own Use data is updated yearly, averaging 165,070.950 KES from Jun 2008 (Median) to 2017, with 10 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 233,630.700 KES in 2017 and a record low of 142,812.400 KES in 2008. Kenya Average Wage Earnings: PR: Activities of Households as Employers, Activities of Households for Own Use data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Kenya National Bureau of Statistics. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Kenya – Table KE.G010: Average Wage Earnings: by Sector and Industry: International Standard of Industrial Classification Rev 4.

Households in Kenya allocated roughly one-third of their expenditure to food and non-alcoholic beverages. Housing, water, electricity, gas, and other fuels constituted the second main category of consumption, accounting for around 14.6 percent of the household budget. Transport followed, with households devoting nearly 10 percent of their total spending on goods and services to this category.

Abstract

The study includes a merged core data file from the 7 country RuralStruc surveys conducted in 2007-2008.

Geographic coverage

Areas covered in the data are selected rural areas in the following regions:

• in Kenya: Bungoma, Nakuru North, Nyando

• in Madagascar: Alaotra, Antsirabe, Itasy, Morondava

• in Mali: Diema, Koutiala, Macina, Tominian

• in Mexico: Tequisquiapan (Queretaro), Sotavento (Veracruz)

• in Morocco: Chaouia, Saiss, Souss

• in Nicaragua: El Cua, El Viejo, La Libertad, Muy Muy, Terrabona

• in Senegal: Casamance, Mekhe, Nioro, Senegal River Delta.

For more detailed information on geographic coverage, data users can refer to the RuralStruc National Reports.

Analysis unit

The basic unit of observation and analysis that the study describes is the rural household, with the exception of Mali.The preference for rural and not only farm households was justified by the objective of identifying more precisely agriculture's role with respect to other rural activities and sources of income. This option was not neutral, as it refers to analytical categories whose definition are more complicated than one may believe a priori, like the definition of what “rural” is, its characterization varying between countries. The Program National teams considered the following definitions for rural housholds:

-Kenya: "The household was defined as a family living together, eating together, and making farming and other household decisions as a unit"'

-Madagascar :" Le ménage est un ensemble de personnes avec ou sans lien de parenté, vivant sous le même toit ou dans la même concession, prenant leur repas ensemble ou par petits groupes, mettant une partie ou la totalité de leurs revenus en commun pour la bonne marche du groupe, et dépendant du point de vue des dépenses d'une même autorité appelée chef de ménage », le chef de ménage étant la personne reconnue comme tel par l’ensemble des membres du ménage".

-Mali : "La Loi d’Orientation Agricole (LOA), dans ses articles 10 à 28, définit ce que sont les exploitations agricoles au Mali. « L’exploitation agricole est une unité de production dans laquelle l’exploitant et/ou ses associés mettent en oeuvre un système de production agricole. Elles sont classées en deux catégories : l’exploitation agricole familiale et l’entreprise agricole. L’exploitation agricole familiale est constituée d’un ou de plusieurs membres unis librement par des liens de parenté ou des us et coutumes et exploitant en commun les facteurs de production en vue de générer des ressources sous la direction d’un des membres, désigné chef d’exploitation, qu’il soit de sexe masculin ou féminin. Le chef d’exploitation assure la maîtrise d’oeuvre et veille à l’exploitation optimale des facteurs de production. Il exerce cette activité à titre principal et représente l’exploitation dans tous les actes de la vie civile. Sont reconnus comme exerçant un métier Agricole, notamment, les agriculteurs, éleveurs, pêcheurs, exploitants forestiers".

-Maroc : "L’unité ménage renvoie au groupe domestique qui est défini comme une unité de résidence, de production et de consommation. Le plus souvent, le groupe domestique a pour noyau une famille, à laquelle peuvent s’ajouter des parents éloignés ou des « étrangers ». Il peut aussi se composer de plusieurs familles nucléaires comme il peut rassembler des personnes sans aucun lien de parenté".

-Mexico : "El Instituto Nacional de Estadística Geografía e Informática (INEGI) usa el concepto de localidad que define como “todo lugar ocupado por una vivienda o conjunto de viviendas, de las cuales al menos una está habitada. El lugar es reconocido comúnmente por un nombre dado por la ley o la costumbre”, y por otro considera que una localidad es rural cuando tiene menos de 2 500 habitantes. El INEGI define también en concepto de hogar como una “unidad doméstica [que] hace referencia a una organización estructurada a partir de lazos o redes sociales establecidas entre personas unidas o no por relaciones de parentesco, que comparten una misma vivienda y organizan en común la reproducción de la vida cotidiana a partir de un presupuesto común para la alimentación, independientemente de que se dividan otros gastos”.

-Nicaragua : "Se define hogar como el número de personas comparten una olla común. Un hogar puede estar compuesto de una o más familias. La definición oficial en Nicaragua de rural es aquel territorio que “comprenden los poblados de menos de 1000 habitantes que no reúnen las condiciones urbanísticas mínimas indicadas y la población dispersa.” INEC, 2007".

-Senegal : "Le rural se définit par opposition à l’urbain, constitué par les villes et les communes, même à dominance rurale. Au Sénégal, les populations d’une commune sont de facto considérées comme des urbains ; or, plusieurs communes sont composées à plus de la moitié par des agriculteurs. Le ménage rural se définit comme un groupe familial résidant en milieu rural au sein duquel s’organisent la production agricole et/ou non agricole, la préparation et la consommation des repas. Traditionnellement, le ménage rural se confond avec le ménage agricole ; toutefois, on note de plus en plus que la nourriture du ménage rural provient de moins en moins de la production ou des revenus tirés de l’agriculture au sens large : production agricole, élevage, pêche et foresterie. L’unité familiale de production et de consommation16 ne coïncide pas forcément avec l’unité de résidence, ker en wolof ou galle en pulaar".

For detailed information on the rationale corresponding to the definition of rural households, the data users can refer to the National Reports, available as External Resources.

Universe

The universe covered by the study includes rural households and all household members that were selected in the study areas.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

With the objective of 300 to 400 surveyed households per region (i.e. between 900 and 1,200 surveys per country),the Program National teams engaged in the sampling process in two steps. The first step was the selection of the localities to be surveyed, with consideration of regions' characteristics and national team expertise. The second step was the sampling itself, which was based on existing census lists or intentionally prepared locality household lists. Then, households were selected at random, targeting a sufficient number of households per locality allowing representativeness at local level.

In the seven countries, 8,061 rural households' surveys were selected for the sample in 26 regions and 167 localities (depending on the settlement structure), and 7,269 were successfully interviewed and kept for the analysis. In Mali, the 634 household surveys (at the family farm level) were completed by 643 interviews with dependent households and 749 interviews with women.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The merged dataset was constructed from variables extracted from national datasets.

For details on questions relating to these variables, see the attached questionnaires for each country survey. Each country questionnaire was derived and adapted from a questionnaire template which was designed collectively by the RuralStruc Program Coordination team and the national teams.

The original page and question numbers for each variable is included in the variable descriptions.

Cleaning operations

Secondary editing of the data in this core dataset included:

(i) Data in local currency units (for example, incomes, prices, sales of agricultural products) were converted to international dollars ($ PPP), for comparability across national surveys. Purchasing Power Parity conversion rates were calculated using the World Bank Development Data Platform. They refer to the period January 2007 to April 2008. The conversion rates between $1 PPP and local currency units are the following: - Kenya: 34 Kenyan Shilling - Madagascar: 758.7 Ariary - Mali: 239.6 CFA Franc - Mexico: 7.3 Mexican Peso - Morocco: 4.8 Dirham - Nicaragua: 6.7 Cordoba - Senegal: 258.6 CFA Franc

(ii) Data in local currency units were converted into kilo-calories, for comparability across national surveys. In all the studied zones, diets rely primarily on cereals - at least in terms of energy. Thus, the basic cereal of each zone (or basket of cereals in the case of Mali) was used as a reference. The conversion rates between Kg of cereals and Kcal are those provided by the FAO's Food Balance Sheets (FAO 2001). The prices of cereals are those used by the RuralStruc national teams to estimate the value of self-consumption. These prices correspond with the average producer sale prices (or the median in the case of Madagascar) for the surveyed year. One will note that, in general, the farm income for the poorest households largely consists of self-consumption of cereals, which are valued, therefore, at the producer sale price. The average cereal prices and kilocalorie ratios permitted calculation of a price for units of 1000 Kcal in $PPP and then to convert the estimated monetary incomes in incomes in kilocalories equivalent. For detailed information, data users can refer to the methodological annex of the synthesis report.

(iii) Recoding of the geographical component of the household identifier

For more details on data editing, the data user should refer to the variable descriptions.

Kenya Average Wage Earnings: PR: Education data was reported at 931,440.000 KES in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 896,491.700 KES for 2016. Kenya Average Wage Earnings: PR: Education data is updated yearly, averaging 757,345.600 KES from Jun 2008 (Median) to 2017, with 10 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 931,440.000 KES in 2017 and a record low of 620,621.700 KES in 2008. Kenya Average Wage Earnings: PR: Education data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Kenya National Bureau of Statistics. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Kenya – Table KE.G010: Average Wage Earnings: by Sector and Industry: International Standard of Industrial Classification Rev 4.

Kenya Survey Mean Consumption or Income per Capita: Total Population: Annualized Average Growth Rate data was reported at -3.090 % in 2021. Kenya Survey Mean Consumption or Income per Capita: Total Population: Annualized Average Growth Rate data is updated yearly, averaging -3.090 % from Dec 2021 (Median) to 2021, with 1 observations. The data reached an all-time high of -3.090 % in 2021 and a record low of -3.090 % in 2021. Kenya Survey Mean Consumption or Income per Capita: Total Population: Annualized Average Growth Rate data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Kenya – Table KE.World Bank.WDI: Social: Poverty and Inequality. The growth rate in the welfare aggregate of the total population is computed as the annualized average growth rate in per capita real consumption or income of the total population in the income distribution in a country from household surveys over a roughly 5-year period. Mean per capita real consumption or income is measured at 2017 Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) using the Poverty and Inequality Platform (http://www.pip.worldbank.org). For some countries means are not reported due to grouped and/or confidential data. The annualized growth rate is computed as (Mean in final year/Mean in initial year)^(1/(Final year - Initial year)) - 1. The reference year is the year in which the underlying household survey data was collected. In cases for which the data collection period bridged two calendar years, the first year in which data were collected is reported. The initial year refers to the nearest survey collected 5 years before the most recent survey available, only surveys collected between 3 and 7 years before the most recent survey are considered. The coverage and quality of the 2017 PPP price data for Iraq and most other North African and Middle Eastern countries were hindered by the exceptional period of instability they faced at the time of the 2017 exercise of the International Comparison Program. See the Poverty and Inequality Platform for detailed explanations.;World Bank, Global Database of Shared Prosperity (GDSP) (http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/poverty/brief/global-database-of-shared-prosperity).;;The comparability of welfare aggregates (consumption or income) for the chosen years T0 and T1 is assessed for every country. If comparability across the two surveys is a major concern for a country, the selection criteria are re-applied to select the next best survey year(s). Annualized growth rates are calculated between the survey years, using a compound growth formula. The survey years defining the period for which growth rates are calculated and the type of welfare aggregate used to calculate the growth rates are noted in the footnotes.

Kenya Average Wage Earnings: PU: Manufacturing data was reported at 1,055,646.900 KES in 2023. This records a decrease from the previous number of 1,069,384.700 KES for 2022. Kenya Average Wage Earnings: PU: Manufacturing data is updated yearly, averaging 862,659.850 KES from Jun 2008 (Median) to 2023, with 16 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1,069,384.700 KES in 2022 and a record low of 483,420.000 KES in 2009. Kenya Average Wage Earnings: PU: Manufacturing data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Kenya National Bureau of Statistics. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Kenya – Table KE.G009: Average Wage Earnings: by Sector and Industry: International Standard of Industrial Classification Rev 4.

Kenya Average Wage Earnings: PU: Construction data was reported at 729,019.500 KES in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 712,739.500 KES for 2016. Kenya Average Wage Earnings: PU: Construction data is updated yearly, averaging 547,469.000 KES from Jun 2008 (Median) to 2017, with 10 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 729,019.500 KES in 2017 and a record low of 333,018.100 KES in 2008. Kenya Average Wage Earnings: PU: Construction data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Kenya National Bureau of Statistics. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Kenya – Table KE.G010: Average Wage Earnings: by Sector and Industry: International Standard of Industrial Classification Rev 4.

Addressing global food security demands urgent improvement in agricultural productivity, particularly in developing economies where market imperfections are perverse and resource constraints prevail. While microcredit is widely acknowledged as a tool for economic empowerment, its role in facilitating agricultural technology adoption and improving agricultural incomes remains underexplored. This study examines the synergistic effects of microcredit access and agricultural technology adoption on the incomes of maize farmers in Kenya. Using household-level data, we employ an endogenous switching regression framework to control possible endogeneity in access to microcredit. Our findings shows that microcredit access positively influences the adoption of advanced agricultural technologies. Key determinants, including marital status, use of fertilizer application, access to extension services, and cooperative membership, are identified as significant determinants of microcredit access. Notably, the Average Treatment Effect on the Treated (ATT) indicates a 40.52% increase in income among farmers who access microcredit, mainly driven by the timely adoption of high-quality seeds, improved agricultural technologies, and enhanced inputs. These results highlight microcredit’s role in promoting allocative efficiency and enhancing Total Factor Productivity (TFP) within agricultural systems. Robustness checks, including propensity score matching and sensitivity analyses, corroborate these findings. The study recommends the implementation of targeted financial policies and educational initiatives meant to promote credit access, encourage savings, and enhancing financial literacy, particularly for credit-constrained households. Integrating these measures could strengthen rural financial markets and drive sustainable agricultural development across the regions.

Kenya Average Wage Earnings: PR: Manufacturing data was reported at 664,123.900 KES in 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 617,660.200 KES for 2022. Kenya Average Wage Earnings: PR: Manufacturing data is updated yearly, averaging 403,182.750 KES from Jun 2008 (Median) to 2023, with 16 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 664,123.900 KES in 2023 and a record low of 235,931.000 KES in 2008. Kenya Average Wage Earnings: PR: Manufacturing data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Kenya National Bureau of Statistics. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Kenya – Table KE.G009: Average Wage Earnings: by Sector and Industry: International Standard of Industrial Classification Rev 4.

Kenya Average Wage Earnings: PR: Construction data was reported at 653,355.800 KES in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 631,213.100 KES for 2016. Kenya Average Wage Earnings: PR: Construction data is updated yearly, averaging 442,479.550 KES from Jun 2008 (Median) to 2017, with 10 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 653,355.800 KES in 2017 and a record low of 392,883.200 KES in 2009. Kenya Average Wage Earnings: PR: Construction data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Kenya National Bureau of Statistics. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Kenya – Table KE.G010: Average Wage Earnings: by Sector and Industry: International Standard of Industrial Classification Rev 4.

Poverty Headcount Ratio at Societal Poverty Lines: % of Population data was reported at 45.700 % in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 44.800 % for 2020. Poverty Headcount Ratio at Societal Poverty Lines: % of Population data is updated yearly, averaging 42.400 % from Dec 1992 (Median) to 2021, with 7 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 45.700 % in 2021 and a record low of 40.000 % in 1994. Poverty Headcount Ratio at Societal Poverty Lines: % of Population data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Kenya – Table KE.World Bank.WDI: Social: Poverty and Inequality. The poverty headcount ratio at societal poverty line is the percentage of a population living in poverty according to the World Bank's Societal Poverty Line. The Societal Poverty Line is expressed in purchasing power adjusted 2017 U.S. dollars and defined as max($2.15, $1.15 + 0.5*Median). This means that when the national median is sufficiently low, the Societal Poverty line is equivalent to the extreme poverty line, $2.15. For countries with a sufficiently high national median, the Societal Poverty Line grows as countries’ median income grows.;World Bank, Poverty and Inequality Platform. Data are based on primary household survey data obtained from government statistical agencies and World Bank country departments. Data for high-income economies are mostly from the Luxembourg Income Study database. For more information and methodology, please see http://pip.worldbank.org.;;The World Bank’s internationally comparable poverty monitoring database now draws on income or detailed consumption data from more than 2000 household surveys across 169 countries. See the Poverty and Inequality Platform (PIP) for details (www.pip.worldbank.org).

Kenya Survey Mean Consumption or Income per Capita: Bottom 40% of Population: 2017 PPP per day data was reported at 1.630 Intl $/Day in 2021. This records a decrease from the previous number of 1.740 Intl $/Day for 2015. Kenya Survey Mean Consumption or Income per Capita: Bottom 40% of Population: 2017 PPP per day data is updated yearly, averaging 1.685 Intl $/Day from Dec 2015 (Median) to 2021, with 2 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1.740 Intl $/Day in 2015 and a record low of 1.630 Intl $/Day in 2021. Kenya Survey Mean Consumption or Income per Capita: Bottom 40% of Population: 2017 PPP per day data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Kenya – Table KE.World Bank.WDI: Social: Poverty and Inequality. Mean consumption or income per capita (2017 PPP $ per day) of the bottom 40%, used in calculating the growth rate in the welfare aggregate of the bottom 40% of the population in the income distribution in a country.;World Bank, Global Database of Shared Prosperity (GDSP) (http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/poverty/brief/global-database-of-shared-prosperity).;;The choice of consumption or income for a country is made according to which welfare aggregate is used to estimate extreme poverty in the Poverty and Inequality Platform (PIP). The practice adopted by the World Bank for estimating global and regional poverty is, in principle, to use per capita consumption expenditure as the welfare measure wherever available; and to use income as the welfare measure for countries for which consumption is unavailable. However, in some cases data on consumption may be available but are outdated or not shared with the World Bank for recent survey years. In these cases, if data on income are available, income is used. Whether data are for consumption or income per capita is noted in the footnotes. Because household surveys are infrequent in most countries and are not aligned across countries, comparisons across countries or over time should be made with a high degree of caution.

Kenya Survey Mean Consumption or Income per Capita: Total Population: 2017 PPP per day data was reported at 3.590 Intl $/Day in 2021. This records a decrease from the previous number of 4.250 Intl $/Day for 2015. Kenya Survey Mean Consumption or Income per Capita: Total Population: 2017 PPP per day data is updated yearly, averaging 3.920 Intl $/Day from Dec 2015 (Median) to 2021, with 2 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 4.250 Intl $/Day in 2015 and a record low of 3.590 Intl $/Day in 2021. Kenya Survey Mean Consumption or Income per Capita: Total Population: 2017 PPP per day data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Kenya – Table KE.World Bank.WDI: Social: Poverty and Inequality. Mean consumption or income per capita (2017 PPP $ per day) used in calculating the growth rate in the welfare aggregate of total population.;World Bank, Global Database of Shared Prosperity (GDSP) (http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/poverty/brief/global-database-of-shared-prosperity).;;The choice of consumption or income for a country is made according to which welfare aggregate is used to estimate extreme poverty in the Poverty and Inequality Platform (PIP). The practice adopted by the World Bank for estimating global and regional poverty is, in principle, to use per capita consumption expenditure as the welfare measure wherever available; and to use income as the welfare measure for countries for which consumption is unavailable. However, in some cases data on consumption may be available but are outdated or not shared with the World Bank for recent survey years. In these cases, if data on income are available, income is used. Whether data are for consumption or income per capita is noted in the footnotes. Because household surveys are infrequent in most countries and are not aligned across countries, comparisons across countries or over time should be made with a high degree of caution.