The analysis of real wages has a long tradition in Germany. The focus of the acquisition is on company wages, on wages of certain branches or for categories of workers as well as on the investigation of long term aggregated nominal and real wages. The study of Ashok V. Desai on the development of real wages in the German Reich between 1871 and 1913 is an important contribution to historical research on wages. The study is innovative and methodically on an exemplary level. But mainly responsible for the upswing in the historical research on wages in the 50s and 60s is an extraordinary publication by Jürgen Kuczynski. “The new historical research on wages in Germany is insolubly connected with Jürgen Kuczynski. In his broad researches the history of wages is only one section among many other themes but it is a very important one can be seen as the core piece of his work.” (Kaufhold, K.H., 1987: Forschungen zur deutschen Preis- und Lohngeschichte (seit 1930). In: Historia Socialis et Oeconomica. Festschrift für Wolfgang Zorn zum 65. Geburtstag. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, S, 83). In his first study on long series on nominal and real wages in Germany he used a broad empirical basis and encouraged more research in this area. His weaknesses are methodological inconsistencies and a restricted representativeness. For example he includes tariff wages but also actually paid wages. Some important industries like food or textile industry are not taken into account. Wages in agriculture were often estimated but without enough material necessary for a good estimation. Wages for work at home are not regraded in the calculation of the index. The weight of cities in the calculation of the index is relatively too high compared to rural regions and therefor it leaks regional representativeness.In his study Desai uses the reports of trade associations for the Reich´s insurance office on the persons who are insured in the accident insurance and their wages as a basis for the calculation of annual nominal average wages. Desais focusses on industrial wages because only for them long term series are available. As the insurance premiums are calculated according to the income level the documents of the trade associations can be used for the calculation of an index for wages development. Desais study is also very useful regarding the calculation of a new index for costs of living based the model of a typical worker family. „F. Grumbach and H. König have used the same sources to derive indices of industrial earnings. The main differences between their series and ours are: (a) we have adopted the industrial classification followed by the Reichsversicherungsamt, while Grumbach and König have made larger industrial groups, (b) we have calculated average annual earnings, while they claim to have calculated average daily earnings (i.e. to have adjusted the annual figures for the average number of days worked per year per worker), and (c) they have failed to correct distortions in the original data” (Desai, A.V., 1968: Real Wages in Germany 1871–1913. Oxford. Clarendon Press, S. 4). Register of tables in HISTAT:A. OverviewsA.1 Overview: Different estimations of the real and nominal gross wages in the German Reich, index 1913 = 100 (1871-1913)A.2 Overview: Development of costs of living, index 1913 = 100 (1871-1913)A.3 Overview: Development of nominal and real wages, index 1913=100 (1844-1937) D. Study by Ashok V. DesaiD.01 Different estimations of real wages in the German Reich, index 1895 = 100 (1871-1913)D.02 Annual average wage (1871-1886)D.03 Annual gross wages in chosen production segments (1887-1913)D.04 Annual average wage in industry, transportation and trade (1871-1913)D.05 Construction of an index for costs of living, 1895 = 100 (1871-1913)D.06 Real wages, in constant prices from 1895 (1871-1913)D.07 Wheat prices and prices for wheat bread (1872-1913)D.08 Rye prices and prices for rye bread (1872-1913)D.09 Average export prices by product groups, index 1895 = 100 (1872-1913)D.10 Average import prices by product groups, index 1895 = 100 (1872-1913)D.11 Average export prices, import prices and terms of trade, index 1895 = 100 (1872-1913) O. Study by Thomas J. OrsaghO. Adjusted indices for costs of living and real wages after Orsgah, index 1913 = 100 (1871-1913)

The study is focused on the wagesand salaries proportions in the era before World War I. In respect thereof, a working hypothesis is: The proportion of wages and salaries as to the national income increases in the course of the economic progress because (and as long as) the proportion of the wage and salary earners compared to the total number of income recipients increases too; both proportions are higher in national economies with highly-developed industries as compared to less developed agricultural regions. The correlation between the income proportion generated from employed work and the national income on the one hand, and the weight of the employed part of the population within the body of socio-economic groups on the other, is explained in this study. Moreover, an empirical documentation is realised hereby.

Factual classification of corresponding data tables in ZA-Database HISTAT: A. Growth and distribution of the national income A.1 Growth and distribution of the national income in Saxony (1874-1913) A.2 Growth and distribution of the national income in Baden (1885-1911) A.3 Growth and distribution of the national income in Württemberg (1904-1913) A.4 Nominal and real per capita income in Saxony (1874-1913) A.5 Nominal and real per capita income in Baden (1885-1911) A.6 Nominal and real per capita income in Württemberg (1904-1913)

B. Per capita income and relative distribution B.1 Proportion of employed workforce (1875-1913) B.2 Per capita income and relative distribution in Baden (1885-1911) B.3 Per capita income and relative distribution in Saxony (1876-1913) B.4 Per capita income and relative distribution in Württemberg (1904-1913)

C. Estimated income of physical persons per type of income C.1 Estimated income of physical persons per type of income in Saxony (1874-1913) C.2 Income of physical persons per type of income in Baden (1885-1911) C.3 Income of physical persons per type of income in Württemberg (1904-1913)

D. Employment structure according to occupation census D.1 Employment structure according to occupation census in Saxony (1875-1925) D.2 Employment structure according to occupation census in Baden (1882-1925) D.3 Employment structure according to occupation census in Württemberg (1882-1925)

E.Distribution of income per category E.1 Development of the categorial distribution of income in Germany (1870-1913) E.2 Development of the national wage ratio (1870-1913) E.3 Development of the proportion of employed persons in the national economy (1870-1913) E.4 Development of the national per capita income of the employed workforce (1870-1913) E.5 Development of the national per capita income of self-employed persons (1870-1913)

The Data-compilation is a selection of time-series on wage- and salary development as well as on the development of the national income in Germany from 1850 to 1985. The following studies has been included: - Walther G. Hoffmann (1965): Das Wachstum der deutschen Wirtschaft seit der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts.- Rüdiger Hohls (1991): Arbeit und Verdienst. Entwicklung und Struktur der Arbeitseinkommen im Deutschen Reich und in der Bundesrepublik.- Pierenkemper, Toni (1987): Arbeitsmarkt und Angestellte im deutschen Kaiserreich 1880-1913. Interessen und Strategien als Elemente der Integration eines segmentierten Arbeitsmarktes.- Wiegand, Erich/Zapf, Wolfgang (1982): Wandel der Lebensbedingungen in Deutschland. Wohlfahrtsentwicklung seit der Industrialisierung. Tables in ZA-Online-Database HISTAT: A. Hoffmann, Walther G.: The Growth of the German Economy since the mid of the 19th centuryA.1 The average earned income per annum by industrial sector (1850-1959)A.2 The average earned income per annum in mining and saline (1850-1959)A.3 The average earned income per annum in industry and craft (1850-1959)A.4 The average earned income per annum in transport (1850-1959)A.5 The average earned income per annum in other services (1850-1959)A.6 Net national product (NNP) in factor costs in current prices and national income per capita according to Hoffmann (1850-1959)A.7 Gross value added and real national income per capita in prices of 1913 according to Hoffmann (1850-1959)A.8 The development of average earned income of employees in industry and craft, Index 1913 = 100 (1850-1959) B. Hohls, Rüdiger: The Sectoral Structure of Earnings in GermanyB.1 Nominal annual earnings of employees by industrial sector in Germany in Mark, 1885-1985B.2 Nominal earnings of white collar workers and blue collar workers in Germany, 1890-1940 C. Living costs, prices and earnings, consumer price indexC.1 Development of living costs (index) of medium employees’ households (1924-1978)C.2 Preices and earnings, index 1962 = 100 (1820-2001)C.3 Living costs, consumer price index (1820-2001) D. Pierenkemper, Toni: Employment market and employees in the German ‘Reich’ 1880-1913.D.1 Income of selected white collar categories in Mark (1880-1913)D.2 Real income of selected white collar categories (1880-1913) E. Wiegand, E.: Historical Development of Wages and Living Costs in Germany.E.1 Development of real gross income of blue collar workers in industry, index 1970 = 100 (1925-1978)E.2 Development of real gross income of blue collar workers in industry (1925-1978)E.3 Development of nominal and real national income per capita (1950-1978) E.4 Development of nominal and real national income per capita (1925-1939)E.5 National income: monthly income from dependent personal services per employee (1925-1971)E.6 Overlook: Development of wages, employed workers and gross income from dependent personal services in Germany (1810-1989)

Graph and download economic data for Average Union Hourly Earnings in Building Trades for United States (A0854BUSA052NNBR) from 1913 to 1933 about earnings, trade, buildings, hours, and USA.

This data selection represents a thematic extract from the comprehensive study “The Growth of the German Economy since the mid-19th Century“ (“Das Wachstum der deutschen Wirtschaft seit der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts”) from 1965 by Walter G. Hoffmann. The main objective of Hoffmann’s study is to work out statistical figures concerning the long-term development of the German national economy, as well as the individual fields of this subject area. In doing so, the time series shall enable the verification of various hypotheses concerning economic growth. This aim, however, can only be reached if such time series are based on comparable statistical, methodical, and content-related concepts, and if they are collected for a period with maximum length. Consequently, this data selection comprises more than 800 pages with 250 tables, featuring almost every time series between 1850 and 1960 that can be considered relevant for the economic development. Whenever necessary, these materials were completed by estimates. Moreover, the above-named analyses of long-term tendencies aim at creating a reference system for the numerous short-term changes occuring within most national economies in the course of a century. Here the special focus of Hoffman’s work lies on the visualisation of the gained materials as regards the raise, distribution, and use of the national income. The respective calculation is based on the two production factors of labour and capital and culminates in an overview of production. The calculation of the distribution, on the other hand, deals with the functional and individual, i.e. personal distribution of (earned and capital) income. In its turn, the calculation of use is divided into the sectors of private and public consumption, investment, and the national trade balance.

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Timeseries data available via the downloadsystem HISTAT

Data excerpt: earned income and capital income (income compilation, the following factors have been taken into consideration):

• average yearly earned income in mining and salt-mines (1850-1959).
• average yearly earned income in industry and handicraft (1850-1959).
• average yearly earned income in traffic system without German Federal Railways, German Federal Mail, and shipping (1950-1959).
• average yearly earned income in traffic system (1850-1959).
• average yearly earned income in trade, banks, insurances, and hotel and catering industry (1925-1939).
• average yearly earned income in trade, banks, insurances, and hotel and catering industry (1950-1960).
• average yearly earned income of employed in the public service (1851-1913).
• average yearly earned income in the public service (1925-1950).
• average yearly earned income in other services (1850-1959).
• average yearly earned income by economic sectores (1850-1959).
• earned income by economic sectores (1850-1959).
• rate of return of the industrial sector´s stock corporations (1926-1959).
• distribution of net social product in factor costs in current prices (1850 – 1959).

The present study aims to estimate the development of employment and wages in Germany based on accident insurance statistics. Data on the number of insured persons allow an estimation of employment by economic groups. Thereby it is important to take the increasing share of insured persons in the entire labor force in consideration. Data from the accident insurance is suitable for wage statistics because besides the values of the earned wages it also contains numbers on the yearly average of employees corrected for the number of working days. The investigation period is from 1888 to 1954 with the exception of the years of war and hyperinflation. The first three years after the introduction of the accident insurance are not taken into account as there are no reliable documents for this period. The analysis is restricted to the economic sectors which were subject to compulsory insurance since the beginning of the investigation period: industry, crafts and traffic. In the sector of traffic extra sources for data on railways were used. The increasing significance of the industrial sector regarding the overall economic employment volume as well as the income generation can be seen looking at the development of the number of employees and wages in relation to the per capita income growth. The industrialization process leads to structural changes in the entire economy which results in a steady relative decline in the agrarian sector. Within the industrial sector most chances and developments are in favor of the industries producing mainly investment goods. This process causes that the growth rates of industrial employment, of average wages and of the wage level primarily depend on those industry groups. Due to these different growth processes within the industrial sector a theoretical differentiation of the wage structure of both groups is necessary because the investment goods industries which has a higher need of expansion need to pay higher wages in order to get the necessary workforce for their expansion. At the beginning of the first world war the wage difference between the two industry groups has increased to 36,5% in 1913 ( it was only 26,5% in 1888). But in the following years there is not such a strong tendency. Probably the increasing power of trade unions caused a consolidation of the “traditional” wage structure. This is also supported by the fact that wage differences between all industries are quite small in the period after the First World War. The increases in real wages during the investigation period are smaller than 100%. This results in a yearly average increase of ca 1%. This is a development of real wages on a significantly lower level compared to other countries such as Sweden, France, Great Britain and The US. A reason for this is the missing real wage increase during the years of war and the first years after the war. Register of tables in HISTAT: - Working population in thousands with their main profession in Germany (1882-1950)- Employees in Germany (1882-1954)- Index number for costs of living, nominal wages and real wages in Germany (1888-1954)- Development of average wages in the industry groups in the German (1888-1912)- Shares of different industry groups in the total labor force in Germany (1882-1954)

The author discusses “growth and economic trend” at the example of Nuremberg. Especially those results economic trend and growth research will be taken into accounts, which are relevant for economic history. A difficulty is that the explanation models for economic growth are not meaningful. There is no empirically valid theory. In the present investigation the author uses the method of the in the USA developed “New Economic History” (“econometric history” or “cliometrics”). Thereby this study is also an attempt to quantify the exactly defined terms of the economic analysis which is in accordance with the request of Simon Kuznets (Kuznets, p., 1954: Summary of Discussion and Postscript, in: Journal of Economic History (4), p. 553). Therefore in the first part of this study theoretical fundamentals will be presented, especially important explanations and hypothesis about economic processes in the 19th century. Subsequently a description and interpretation of variables that are characteristic for the development of Nuremberg will be given. The aim of this work is mainly the quantification of economic variables such as Employment, Production, Income, Prices and their comparison with the hypothesis of the scientific discussion. The concrete differentiation of the subject is a compromise between the collection and preparation of data from problematic statistical sources on the one hand and their presentation on the other hand. The development of employment is described in detail because we found many interesting sources about that subject but also because of content aspects: Looking at employment it is possible to demonstrate the industrialization process, for example through increasing urbanization or the development of unemployment. The second (statistical) part shows, how the tables and data that were used in the time series were found. The focus will be on necessary explanations for the calculation methods.

Data tables in HISTAT A. Tables from the statistical appendix A.01 Labor force by economic sectors (1810-1925) A.02 Social structure of labor force (1810-1913) A.03 Employment and unemployment in annual average (1810-1913) A.04 Average of normal working hours per week (1811-1913) A.05 Working hours at the MAN (1858-1913) A.06 Net production values at MAN, current prices (1858-1896) A.07 Average annual income of different workers, in Mark (1811-1913) A.08 Comparison of real incomes (1811-1913) A.09 Most important expenditure for living (1810-1913) A.10 Weights for the costs of living index (1810-1913) A.11 Prices for food housing, heating, light (in Mark) and the costs of living index (1810-1913)

B. Tables from the text part B.01 Working age population (1810-1913) B.02 Proportion of labor force in industry in the total population of Nuremberg and Berlin (1800-1895) B.03 Proportion of employment textile / clothing and metal processing in industrial workers (1800-1849) B.04 Employment in the tobacco industry and in the production of pencils (1840-1882) B.05 The export of Bier in different cities of Bavaria, in hectoliters (1856-1869) B.06 Beer consumption, export and import (1811-1913) B.07 Components of wages in the brewing industry, in Mark (1810-1895) B.08 Annual income of workers in fabrics in the first half of the 19th century, in Mark (1840-1851)

Western Europe's GDP per capita was roughly double that of Central and Eastern Europe or Southern Europe in the period between 1870 and 1913. At the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, GDP per capita in the west was equal to 3.7 thousand FY1990 U.S. dollars, roughly two thousand more than the other two regions. Of the three regions, Western Europe experienced the largest GDP per capita growth between 1870 and 1900, although Central and Eastern Europe's growth was higher between 1900 and 1913.

This dataset contains data on annual average hourly earnings of industrial workers by profession in Kaunas in 1913-1939. Dataset "Annual Average Hourly Earnings of Industrial Workers by Profession in Kaunas (Lithuania), 1913-1939" was published implementing project "Historical Sociology of Modern Restorations: a Cross-Time Comparative Study of Post-Communist Transformation in the Baltic States" from 2018 to 2022. Project leader is prof. Zenonas Norkus. Project is funded by the European Social Fund according to the activity "Improvement of researchers' qualification by implementing world-class R&D projects' of Measure No. 09.3.3-LMT-K-712".

Variations of growth, as well as short-term cyclical variations, can be measured by different indicators. The current research relies on two measuring concepts, i.e. multivariate diffusion indeces or the national product. For the period from 1851 to 1913, there are four time series available regarding the development of the German NNP, notably the calculation of formation, distribution and application by Hoffmann (1965), and the calculation of distribution by Hoffmann and Müller (1959). ´In this article, we contribute to the ongoing debate about the data quality by presenting improvements of all four available series. In particular, we improve the output series by calculating a new Index of industrial production and by basing the index on a revised value of industrial output in 1913. In addition, we significantly enhance the capital sock and net investment series, and we present new data about capital income. Furthermore, we present a new series of net foreign capital income. Finally, we add new information about "indirect taxes" to the income and output series, and we thus calculate four series representing an NNP in market prices. Despite our significant improvements, differences between the series remain, and we solve this problem in a second step by computing a compromise estimate of Germany´s NNP for the years 1851 to 1913 as a weighted average of the four corrected original series. The remaining parts of the article analyze long-term growth and business cycles of the German economy employing the new compromise estimate. The revised data show a higher level of economic activity for 1851 as well as for 1913, but with a larger difference for 1851. Thus, the average growth rate of the German economy was lower during the industrialization period. Moreover, the driving force of this growth was a growing total factor productivity, which in turn was driven by structural change from agriculture to industry. The business cycles of the German economy had an average length of about five years during the second half of the nineteenth century; the magnitude of cycles was weaker in the last quarter of the nineteenth and the early twentieth century than before. Of special interest is our business cycle dating for the 1870s: with the new data the well-known pattern of "Gründerzeit"-boom and "Gründerzeit"-depression can not be confirmed.´ (Burhop, C. / Wolff, G. B., 2005: A Compromise Estimate of German Net National Product, 1851-1913 and its Implications for Growth and Business Cycles, in: Journal of Economic History, Vol. 65 (3), S. 614f). Factual classification of tables in HISTAT:B. Data by C. Burhop and G. B. Wolf:B. Compromise estimate and adjusted estimates of the German net national product on the basis of the prices of 1913(1851-1913)B. Time series for the calculation of the compromise estimate of the German net national product on the basis of the prices from 1913 (1851-1913) D. Data by O. Donner:D. Level of share prices, dividends, stock index, dividend index and stock rate of return for Germany according to Donner (1870-1913) H. Data by W. G. Hoffmann (1965) and W. G. Hoffmann/J. H. Müller (1957):H. Capital stock and investments according to Hoffmann (1850-1913)H. Industrial production and trade according to Hoffmann (1846-1913)H. Comparison of the four estimates of the net national product in Germany according to Hoffmann by prices from 1913 (1851-1913)H. German capital invested abroad and factor foreign income according to Hoffmann (1873-1913)H. Public consumption according to Hoffmann on the basis of the prices of 1913 (1850-1913)

Graph and download economic data for Consumer Price Index for All Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers: Purchasing Power of the Consumer Dollar in U.S. City Average (CWUR0000SA0R) from Jan 1913 to May 2025 about clerical workers, urban, wages, consumer, CPI, inflation, price index, indexes, price, and USA.

The Data-compilation is a selection of time-series on wage- and salary development as well as on the development of the national income in Germany from 1850 to 1985. The following studies has been included:

• Walther G. Hoffmann (1965): Das Wachstum der deutschen Wirtschaft seit der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts.
• Rüdiger Hohls (1991): Arbeit und Verdienst. Entwicklung und Struktur der Arbeitseinkommen im Deutschen Reich und in der Bundesrepublik.
• Pierenkemper, Toni (1987): Arbeitsmarkt und Angestellte im deutschen Kaiserreich 1880-1913. Interessen und Strategien als Elemente der Integration eines segmentierten Arbeitsmarktes.
• Wiegand, Erich/Zapf, Wolfgang (1982): Wandel der Lebensbedingungen in Deutschland. Wohlfahrtsentwicklung seit der Industrialisierung.

Tables in ZA-Online-Database HISTAT:

A. Hoffmann, Walther G.: The Growth of the German Economy since the mid of the 19th century A.1 The average earned income per annum by industrial sector (1850-1959) A.2 The average earned income per annum in mining and saline (1850-1959) A.3 The average earned income per annum in industry and craft (1850-1959) A.4 The average earned income per annum in transport (1850-1959) A.5 The average earned income per annum in other services (1850-1959) A.6 Net national product (NNP) in factor costs in current prices and national income per capita according to Hoffmann (1850-1959) A.7 Gross value added and real national income per capita in prices of 1913 according to Hoffmann (1850-1959) A.8 The development of average earned income of employees in industry and craft, Index 1913 = 100 (1850-1959)

B. Hohls, Rüdiger: The Sectoral Structure of Earnings in Germany B.1 Nominal annual earnings of employees by industrial sector in Germany in Mark, 1885-1985 B.2 Nominal earnings of white collar workers and blue collar workers in Germany, 1890-1940

C. Living costs, prices and earnings, consumer price index C.1 Development of living costs (index) of medium employees’ households (1924-1978) C.2 Preices and earnings, index 1962 = 100 (1820-2001) C.3 Living costs, consumer price index (1820-2001)

D. Pierenkemper, Toni: Employment market and employees in the German ‘Reich’ 1880-1913. D.1 Income of selected white collar categories in Mark (1880-1913) D.2 Real income of selected white collar categories (1880-1913)

E. Wiegand, E.: Historical Development of Wages and Living Costs in Germany. E.1 Development of real gross income of blue collar workers in industry, index 1970 = 100 (1925-1978) E.2 Development of real gross income of blue collar workers in industry (1925-1978) E.3 Development of nominal and real national income per capita (1950-1978) E.4 Development of nominal and real national income per capita (1925-1939) E.5 National income: monthly income from dependent personal services per employee (1925-1971) E.6 Overlook: Development of wages, employed workers and gross income from dependent personal services in Germany (1810-1989)

Years represent the tax years .Starting with 1985, tax bracket boundaries were indexed for inflation, using the U.S. Department of Labor Consumer Price Index for Urban Consumers (CPS-U).

As stated by the source, tax rates shown are for the regular income tax, i.e., for normal tax and surtax, applicable to U.S. citizens and residents. Therefore, the rates exclude provisions unique to nonresident aliens. Tax rates exclude the effect of tax credits (which reduce the tax liability), except as noted, and several specific add-on or other taxes applicable to all or some tax years. Excluded are the war excess profits tax (1917), victory tax (1942-1943), Social Security self-employment tax (starting with 1951), tax under the income averaging provisions (1964-1986) and under the farm income averaging provisions (starting with 1998), and the recapture taxes resulting from having to recompute and pay back certain tax credits in later years (starting with 1963), the maximum tax on earned income or on personal service income (1971-1981), the minimum tax on tax preferences (1970-1983), and the alternative minimum tax on tax preferences (starting with 1979).

Also excluded are such other taxes as the tax on recipients of accumulation distributions of trusts (starting with 1954) and the special averaging tax or multiple recipient special averaging tax on recipients of lump-sum distributions from qualified retirement plans (starting with 1974). In addition, data excludes the taxes associated with the preferential treatment of capital gains, starting with 1922 (although certain gains received preferential treatment as early as 1918). At various times, these treatments have taken the form of special tax rates; special definitions; different asset holding periods; ceilings on taxes; and exclusions from income. Included among these special treatments were alternative tax (1938-1986) and its variations for the earlier years, although all of these taxes were in some way tied to a structure for regular tax.

Until 1948, a single set of tax rates applied to all taxpayers, regardless of marital or filing status, and married couples filing joint returns were taxed on the combined income of each spouse. However, a second, lower set of rates was introduced, starting with 1948, for married couples filing jointly. To simplify the data presentation for these more recent years, only the lowest and highest tax rates for married persons filing jointly are shown. Under this change, the combined tax of husband and wife became twice the combined tax that would have applied if their combined taxable income (net income for years before 1954) were cut in half. Thus, taxpayers using the joint return filing status split their incomes for tax purposes, in effect doubling the width of their taxable income (or net income) size brackets. The lowest and highest tax rate brackets are, therefore, the brackets for married couples filing jointly that result from taking into account this doubling of the bracket widths. Starting with 1952, a third set of rates was introduced (not shown) for heads of household, i.e., for unmarried individuals who paid over half the cost of maintaining a home for a qualifying person (e.g., a child or parent), or for certain married individuals who had lived apart from their spouses for the last 6 months of the tax year. This filing status was liberalized, starting with 1970, and provides approximately half the advantage of the income-splitting described above. Starting with 1954, the full benefits of income-splitting allowed married couples filing jointly (i.e., the same tax rates and taxable income brackets) were extended to a new, fourth filing status, surviving spouse (i.e., individuals widowed for 1 to 2 years following the death of a spouse, provided they had a dependent child and had not remarried). The remaining filing status was for single persons, who used the rates formerly applicable to taxpayers in general. However, these latter rates were moderated, starting with 1969, by limiting the tax so that it would not exceed 20 percent more than the tax on married couples filing jointly. One result of the 1969 law change was that certain married couples filing jointly had to pay more tax than they would have paid if each spouse had filed separately. To help mitigate this effect, a special deduction in computing adjusted gross income was allowed for 1982-1986 for two-earner couples filing jointly. This deduction was initially 5 percent of the lesser of $30,000 or the earned income of the spouse with the lesser earnings. The percentage was increased to 10 percent, starting with 1983. The deduction provision was repealed, starting with 1987, when new, lower rates and a reduced number of tax brackets began. For tax years preceding 1954, the lowest tax rate was either the rate for the basic normal tax (if there was just one rate for normal tax) or the lowest of the several rates for normal tax (if there was more than one rate for normal tax). The highest tax rate was the sum of the uppermost of the graduated rates (if any) for normal tax, plus the uppermost of the additional, graduated surtax rates, provided that both rates were applied to the same income. For example, for 1932, there were two graduated rates for normal tax, 4 percent (on the first $4,000 of income) and 8 percent (on all income over $4,000), and graduated rates for surtax that ranged from 1 percent to 55 percent. The lowest rate for 1932 is, therefore, shown as 4 percent (the lower of the two normal tax rates) and the highest rate as 63 percent (the sum of the 8-percent higher, graduated rate for normal tax on income over $4,000, plus 55 percent, the highest of the graduated, surtax rates, on income over $1 million.). As another example, for 1941, there was just one rate for normal tax, 4 percent, but it applied to all income. The lowest of the surtax rates, 6 percent, was applied to all income under $2,000, so that income under $2,000 was taxed at both the 4-percent normal tax rate and the 6-percent surtax rate. Therefore, the lowest rate for 1941 is 10 percent, the sum of these two tax rates. The highest rate is the sum of the 4-percent normal tax on total statutory net income, plus the highest graduated surtax rate, 77 percent on income over $5 million, so that income over $5 million was taxed at 81.0 percent, the sum of the two rates.

For tax years starting with 1954, normal tax and surtax rates were, in effect, combined into a single rate structure.

For more information on the specific adjustments, see Appendix to Selected Historical and Other Data Tables at https://www.irs.gov/uac/soi-tax-stats-historical-table-23

Graph and download economic data for Consumer Price Index for All Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers: Food in U.S. City Average (CWUR0000SAF1) from Jan 1913 to May 2025 about clerical workers, urban, food, wages, CPI, inflation, price index, indexes, price, and USA.

This study on Prussia by Gerd Hohorst presents a number of estimations of income on a regional basis since 1816 and examines the meaning of the term ‘leading regions’ (as equivalent for: ‘leading sectors’), as well as the competing explanations for the differentiation of regional incomes in Prussia. In fact, this is a first attempt to verify the hypothesis of an agricultural cycle sui generis by means of an interregional comparison of the Prussian provinces East Prussia and Rhineland (implying regional differences as to the process of industrialisation within Prussia). As a conclusion, it can be said that the income and employment divide, as it could be assessed for the development of the Prussian regions already in 1816, was still increasing in the course of the 19th century. These findings support the Sector-Export-Basis Thesis (Borchardt) as well as the Myrdal Thesis. Furthermore, it seems that the population pressure, which was counteracted by the expansion of the inner regional agriculture, led to an increase in the per capita income at first, whereas an intensification of the protoindustrial capacities only held the per capita income on a constant level. Already in the pre-industrial age, this phenomenon had caused a growing divergence in the regional (per capita) incomes because of the complex interrelation of basic agricultural conditions and population growth. Later, particularly the technical progress and the discovery of new raw materials gave rise to a universal restructuring of the named locations. Hereby, regions with protoindustrial experience and an appropriate potential of population were especially favoured, as these factors constitute the elements of a sales-oriented infrastructure and a greater potential of demand; now agricultural monostructures, which could stand their ground against the demo-economic impulses of change, were disadvantaged although they created agricultural bases for export. Since the development in the former led to an increase in their per capita income due to rising labour productivity, the income differences increased as well. This trend was weakened by the fact that the growing population compelled progresses in productivity also in rural regions. On the other hand, the income gap was widened by the declining demand for protoindustrial products which where squeezed out of the market by industrial competition.

Factual classification of corresponding data tables in HISTAT: A.1 Income development trends in the Prussian provinces in marks (1820-1883) A.2 Per capita income in the Prussian provinces (constant weights)in marks (1821-1884) A.2 Per capita income in the Prussian provinces (variable weights) in marks (1820-1883) A.3 Estimated results of the per capita income in the Prussian administrative districts (unrevised, 1816-1883) A.4 Regional development of the per capita income in the Prussian provinces as compared to the whole of Prussia (1816-1913)

B. Development of the total price index in the Prussian provinces (1820-1883)

C. Estimated results for the agricultural labour force in the Prussian administrative districts, unrevised (1816-1883)

Interactive chart and 105 years of historical data from 1913 to 2018.

In Deutschland werden seit den 1950er-Jahren amtliche Statistiken über die Löhne und Gehälter, die Arbeitszeiten und die Arbeitskosten durchgeführt. Das lohnstatistische Berichtssystem umfasst die Gehalts- und Lohnstrukturerhebung und als weitere Strukturerhebung die Arbeitskostenerhebung. Die Strukturerhebungen werden durch die vierteljährlichen und jährlichen Verdiensterhebungen im Produzierenden Gewerbe (bis zum Berichtsjahr 1995: ‚Industrie‘, einschl. ‚Hoch- und Tiefbau mit Handwerk‘), Handel Kredit – und Versicherungsgewerbe sowie die laufenden Verdiensterhebungen im Handwerk und in der Landwirtschaft ergänzt. Zusätzlich werden laufend die Gehalts- und Lohnvereinbarungen in ausgewählten Tarifbereichen beobachtet. Die Entwicklung der Tariflöhne und Tarifgehälter wird in Form von Tarifindizes dargestellt. Als Lohn- und Gehaltsstatistiken werden detaillierte Informationen über die absolute Höhe, die Entwicklung und die Bestimmungsgründe der effektiven (tatsächlichen) und tariflichen Löhne und Gehälter angeboten. Für verschiedene Arbeitnehmergruppen (bis zum Berichtsjahr 2006) werden dabei effektive Bruttoverdienste nach Wirtschaftszweigen und Geschlecht in regelmäßigen Zeitabständen erfasst. Für die Arbeiter werden zusätzlich die bezahlten Wochenarbeitsstunden und die Mehrarbeitsstunden nachgewiesen. Die laufende Verdiensterhebung wird in vierteljährlichem Abstand für die Berichtsmonate Januar, April, Juli und Oktober im Produzierenden Gewerbe, Handel, Kredit- und Versicherungsgewerbe bei rund 40.000 repräsentativ ausgewählten Betrieben durchgeführt. Berichtseinheit ist der Betrieb. Die Verdiensterhebung informiert über die kurzfristige Entwicklung der Effektivverdienste von vollzeitbeschäftigten Arbeitern und Angestellten. Erhoben werden Daten getrennt für die beiden Arbeitnehmergruppen ‚Arbeiter/-innen‘ und Angestellte‘ (bis zum Berichtsjahr 2006). Die Erhebung erfolgt nach der Summenmethode; erfragt werden also nicht Angaben für einzelne Personen, sondern Summenangaben, also z.B. die Lohnsumme einer Arbeitergruppe sowie deren Kopfzahl. Die Betriebe liefern in vierteljährlichen Abständen Lohn- und Gehaltssummen für die einzelnen Arbeitnehmergruppen, aus denen durchschnittliche Bruttomonatsverdienste für die vier Berichtsmonate errechnet werden. Für die Arbeiter/-innen werden auch Bruttostundenverdienste, Bruttowochenverdienste und Wochenarbeitszeiten nachgewiesen. Der Erfassungsbereich der Erhebung ist für die Arbeiter- und Angestelltenangaben unterschiedlich: Die Ergebnisse der Arbeiter beziehen sich ausschließlich das Produzierende Gewerbe (bis 1996: Industrie), d.h. auf Bergbau und Gewinnung von Steinen und Erden, Verarbeitendes Gewerbe, Energie- und Wasserversorgung sowie Hoch- und Tiefbau (dieser mit Handwerk); die Ergebnisse der Angestellten beziehen sich zusätzlich noch auf den Handel sowie das Kredit- und Versicherungsgewerbe. Die Vierteljährliche Verdiensterhebung löste im Jahr 2007 die Laufende Verdiensterhebung nach dem alten Lohnstatistikgesetz ab. Die Gruppierung der Ergebnisse nach den Arbeitnehmergruppen ‚Arbeiter/-innen‘ und ‚Angestellten‘ wurde aufgegeben; tabelliert werden die Verdienste der Arbeitnehmer.Um die effektive Verdienstentwicklung unabhängig von Veränderungen der Arbeitnehmerstruktur beurteilen zu können, werden die Bruttoverdienste – und bei den Arbeitern zusätzlich die bezahlten Wochenstunden – auch als Indizes berechnet. Die folgende Datenkompilation umfasst Indizes der Effektiv- und der Tarifverdienste auf der Basis der laufenden Verdiensterhebungen, wie sie methodisch bis zum Berichtsjahr 2006 durchgeführt wurden. Die Indizes der durchschnittlichen bezahlten Wochenstunden bzw. der durchschnittlichen Bruttoverdienste der Arbeiter /Angestellten schalten den Einfluss der Veränderungen in der Zusammensetzung der Arbeiter-/Angestellten - auch im Falle eines Berichtskreiswechsels - aus und zeigen, wie sich die durchschnittlichen bezahlten Wochenstunden bzw. die durchschnittlichen Bruttoverdienste der Arbeiter/Angestellten verändert hätten, wenn im jeweiligen Vergleichszeitpunkt die gleiche Struktur der Arbeiter-/Angestellten bestanden hätte wie im Basiszeitraum. Die Gewichte für die Wägung der Verdienstreihen wurden durch Multiplikation der Personenzahlen in den einzelnen Arbeiter-/Angestelltengruppen mit ihrem durchschnittlichen Verdienst bzw. für den Arbeitszeitindex mit der Zahl der durchschnittlichen bezahlten Wochenstunden im Basisjahr gewonnen. Aus den angegebenen Indexzahlen lässt sich die Indexentwicklung nach Punkten als Differenz zwischen dem neuen und dem alten Indexstand errechnen. Ergänzend dazu geben die Tarifindizes die Entwicklung der tariflichen Lohn- und Gehaltssätze und der tariflichen Arbeitszeit wieder. Der Index der Tarifverdienste und Arbeitszeiten misst die durchschnittliche Veränderung der tariflichen Monats- und Stundenverdienste der Arbeiter/-innen und Angestellten sowie der Wochenarbeitszeiten, die durch die Tarifverträge festgelegt werden. Er i...

About this dataset

Context

The dataset presents the median household incomes over the past decade across various racial categories identified by the U.S. Census Bureau in Morris town. It portrays the median household income of the head of household across racial categories (excluding ethnicity) as identified by the Census Bureau. It also showcases the annual income trends, between 2011 and 2021, providing insights into the economic shifts within diverse racial communities.The dataset can be utilized to gain insights into income disparities and variations across racial categories, aiding in data analysis and decision-making..

Key observations

• White: In Morris town, the median household income for the households where the householder is White decreased by $1,913(3.16%), between 2011 and 2021. The median household income, in 2022 inflation-adjusted dollars, was $60,519 in 2011 and $58,606 in 2021.
• Black or African American: Even though there is a population where the householder is Black or African American, there was no median household income reported by the U.S. Census Bureau for both 2011 and 2021.
• Refer to the research insights for more key observations on American Indian and Alaska Native, Asian, Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, Some other race and Two or more races (multiracial) households

https://i.neilsberg.com/ch/morris-town-ny-median-household-income-by-race-trends.jpeg" alt="Morris Town, New York median household income trends across races (2011-2021, in 2022 inflation-adjusted dollars)">

Content

When available, the data consists of estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS) 2017-2021 5-Year Estimates.

Racial categories include:

• White
• Black or African American
• American Indian and Alaska Native
• Asian
• Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander
• Some other race
• Two or more races (multiracial)

Variables / Data Columns

• Race of the head of household: This column presents the self-identified race of the household head, encompassing all relevant racial categories (excluding ethnicity) applicable in Morris town.
• 2010: 2010 median household income
• 2011: 2011 median household income
• 2012: 2012 median household income
• 2013: 2013 median household income
• 2014: 2014 median household income
• 2015: 2015 median household income
• 2016: 2016 median household income
• 2017: 2017 median household income
• 2018: 2018 median household income
• 2019: 2019 median household income
• 2020: 2020 median household income
• 2021: 2021 median household income
• 2022: 2022 median household income
• Please note: 2020 1-Year ACS estimates data was not reported by Census Bureau due to impact on survey collection and analysis during COVID-19, thus for large cities (population 65,000 and above) median household income data is not available.
• Please note: All incomes have been adjusted for inflation and are presented in 2022-inflation-adjusted dollars.

Good to know

Margin of Error

Data in the dataset are based on the estimates and are subject to sampling variability and thus a margin of error. Neilsberg Research recommends using caution when presening these estimates in your research.

Custom data

If you do need custom data for any of your research project, report or presentation, you can contact our research staff at research@neilsberg.com for a feasibility of a custom tabulation on a fee-for-service basis.

Inspiration

Neilsberg Research Team curates, analyze and publishes demographics and economic data from a variety of public and proprietary sources, each of which often includes multiple surveys and programs. The large majority of Neilsberg Research aggregated datasets and insights is made available for free download at https://www.neilsberg.com/research/.

Recommended for further research

This dataset is a part of the main dataset for Morris town median household income by race. You can refer the same here

Over the first half of the 20th century, the Soviet Union's GDP per capita rose from 1,218 U.S. dollars to 2,8334 U.S. dollars. There was a slight decrease between 1913 and 1929 due to the devastation caused by the First World War and Russian Revolution and the transition to a communist government and socialist economic structure. However, GDP per capita grew over the following three intervals, and the Soviet Union's relative isolation in the 1920s and 1930s meant that it was relatively untouched by the Great Depression in the 1930s. At the end of the recovery period after the Second World War, in 1950, GDP per capita had already exceeded pre-war levels by a significant margin, and the Soviet Union emerged as one of the two global superpowers, alongside the United States.

Graph and download economic data for U.S Individual Income Tax: Tax Rates for Regular Tax: Lowest Bracket (IITTRLB) from 1913 to 2018 about individual, tax, income, rate, and USA.