In 2022, the gender pay gap in France stood at approximately ***percent, with men earning more than women on average. Historically, men in France have consistently earned higher salaries, but the gap has narrowed considerably over time. In 1958, men earned about ***percent more than women. By 1978, this difference had decreased to ***percent, and by 1998, it had dropped further to ***percent.

United States AHE: PW: RT: Family Clothing Stores data was reported at 17.960 USD in Nov 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 18.160 USD for Oct 2022. United States AHE: PW: RT: Family Clothing Stores data is updated monthly, averaging 6.720 USD from Jan 1958 (Median) to Nov 2022, with 779 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 18.180 USD in Sep 2022 and a record low of 1.850 USD in Mar 1958. United States AHE: PW: RT: Family Clothing Stores data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.G075: Current Employment Statistics: Average Hourly Earnings: Production Workers.

Building on arguments to political incomes, career concerns and elitist networks, this study assumes that an increasing percentage of highly incentivized former executive board members within the German Federal Government (1957–2012) will decrease the top earners’ average income tax rate during the subsequent year. Conversely, the percentage of lower incentivized former supervisory board members is assumed to increase the top earners’ average income tax rate. Both effects are assumed to be enforced if the ruling parties have strong support in the German Bundestag. The empirical results significantly confirm the unconditional effect for former executive board members and the conditional effect for former supervisory board members.

Corresponding to sociological findings (see Hartmann 2002, Der Mythos von den Leistungseliten. Frankfurt a.M., Campus) and building on Barro’s (1973, The Control of Politicians: An Economic Model. Public Choice 14(1): 19–42) approach to the selfish maximization of political income and arguments regarding career concerns from principal agent theory (see, e. g. Fama 1980, Agency Problems and the Theory of the Firm. Journal of Political Economy 88, 288–307), this study assumes a strong incentive for former executive board members in the German Federal Government (1957–2012) to maximize their political income by lowering the top earners’ average income tax rate (1958–2013) due to their social elitist homogeneity and career concerns in terms of future job opportunities in business corporations. Conversely, former supervisory board members are assumed to increase the top earners’ average income tax rate due to their differing social backgrounds. Despite possible career concerns, they are assumed to increase the top earners’ average income tax rate in order not to lose their previously gained ideological credibility. Both effects are assumed to be enforced if the ruling parties have more than or equal to 55 % of seats in the German Bundestag. By running OLS and Tobit regressions, the empirical results confirm an unconditional decreasing effect of a higher percentage of previous executive board members and a conditional increasing effect of a higher percentage of previous supervisory board members on the top earners’ average income tax rate.

United States AHE: sa: PW: RT: Family Clothing Stores data was reported at 18.320 USD in Nov 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 18.120 USD for Oct 2022. United States AHE: sa: PW: RT: Family Clothing Stores data is updated monthly, averaging 6.790 USD from Jan 1958 (Median) to Nov 2022, with 779 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 18.320 USD in Nov 2022 and a record low of 1.860 USD in Mar 1958. United States AHE: sa: PW: RT: Family Clothing Stores data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.G076: Current Employment Statistics: Average Hourly Earnings: Production Workers: Seasonally Adjusted.

United States AHE: sa: PW: RT: Shoe Stores data was reported at 20.850 USD in Nov 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 20.730 USD for Oct 2022. United States AHE: sa: PW: RT: Shoe Stores data is updated monthly, averaging 6.220 USD from Jan 1958 (Median) to Nov 2022, with 779 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 20.850 USD in Nov 2022 and a record low of 1.380 USD in Jan 1958. United States AHE: sa: PW: RT: Shoe Stores data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.G076: Current Employment Statistics: Average Hourly Earnings: Production Workers: Seasonally Adjusted.

United States AHE: PW: ML: Mining data was reported at 38.210 USD in Mar 2025. This records a decrease from the previous number of 38.370 USD for Feb 2025. United States AHE: PW: ML: Mining data is updated monthly, averaging 14.140 USD from Jan 1958 (Median) to Mar 2025, with 807 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 38.370 USD in Feb 2025 and a record low of 2.400 USD in May 1958. United States AHE: PW: ML: Mining data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.G: Current Employment Statistics: Average Hourly Earnings: Production Workers.

Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner.

The massive expansion of the state in post-war Europe has rested on a greatly enlarged fiscal base, yet little is known about how that fiscal base has evolved. This is surprising in view of the fact that the questions of how governments get money, and from whom they get it, are seen to be two of the most important political issues faced in any modern political economy. While most studies of fiscal history try to provide answers to the first question by analyzing the ideological, political and administrative inputs to tax policy, the project's aim was to provide answers to the second question.

The project focused on the outcomes of tax policy; what different households across Western Europe have paid in taxes (income tax and social security contributions) at all points on the income scale since 1958. Since such information is not in the public domain we have used national tax rules and wage rates were used in order to infer what households with particular characteristics would have paid in direct taxes each year since 1958. Using the dynamic spreadsheet EuroPTax, details of the effective rates of income tax and social security contributions paid by different households in all the major European democracies since 1958 are provided for the first time as part of the project.


Main Topics:

The dynamic Excel spreadsheets, known as EuroPTax, enable the user to calculate the income tax at both national and local level as well as the social security contributions paid by a hypothetical household of a specified structure on a specified income, in one of nine different countries in Western Europe over the period 1958-2007. The countries included in EuroPTax are: Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Norway, Sweden and the United Kingdom. The calculations are derived from the national tax rules published by the following sources: HMSO (Board of Inland Revenue); Tolley's Income Tax; International Bureau of Fiscal Documentation; Coopers and Lybrand; OECD; and German Ministry of Finance. The wages used are multiples of the average production worker's wage found in National Year Books and in the International Labour Organisation. Social Security statistics are mainly derived from Social Security Programs throughout the world of the Social Security Administration of the United States Dept of Health Education and Welfare. In those countries where local taxation is levied, the rates used are the average for the country.

United States AHE: PW: Mfg: Non Durable: Dairy Products data was reported at 29.070 USD in Mar 2025. This records a decrease from the previous number of 29.290 USD for Feb 2025. United States AHE: PW: Mfg: Non Durable: Dairy Products data is updated monthly, averaging 11.130 USD from Jan 1958 (Median) to Mar 2025, with 807 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 29.290 USD in Feb 2025 and a record low of 2.230 USD in Mar 1958. United States AHE: PW: Mfg: Non Durable: Dairy Products data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.G: Current Employment Statistics: Average Hourly Earnings: Production Workers.

United States AHE: sa: PW: Mfg: Durable: Turned Products & Screws, Nuts & Bolts data was reported at 28.780 USD in Nov 2024. This records an increase from the previous number of 28.660 USD for Oct 2024. United States AHE: sa: PW: Mfg: Durable: Turned Products & Screws, Nuts & Bolts data is updated monthly, averaging 10.980 USD from Jan 1958 (Median) to Nov 2024, with 803 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 28.900 USD in Sep 2024 and a record low of 2.020 USD in Mar 1958. United States AHE: sa: PW: Mfg: Durable: Turned Products & Screws, Nuts & Bolts data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.G076: Current Employment Statistics: Average Hourly Earnings: Production Workers: Seasonally Adjusted.

United States AHE: sa: PW: Mfg: Non Durable: Dairy Products data was reported at 29.070 USD in Mar 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 29.060 USD for Feb 2025. United States AHE: sa: PW: Mfg: Non Durable: Dairy Products data is updated monthly, averaging 11.140 USD from Jan 1958 (Median) to Mar 2025, with 807 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 29.070 USD in Mar 2025 and a record low of 2.230 USD in Mar 1958. United States AHE: sa: PW: Mfg: Non Durable: Dairy Products data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.G: Current Employment Statistics: Average Hourly Earnings: Production Workers: Seasonally Adjusted.

United States AHE: PW: RT: Shoe Stores data was reported at 21.040 USD in Nov 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 21.220 USD for Oct 2022. United States AHE: PW: RT: Shoe Stores data is updated monthly, averaging 6.220 USD from Jan 1958 (Median) to Nov 2022, with 779 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 21.220 USD in Oct 2022 and a record low of 1.350 USD in Feb 1958. United States AHE: PW: RT: Shoe Stores data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.G075: Current Employment Statistics: Average Hourly Earnings: Production Workers.

United States AHE: sa: PW: ML: Mining data was reported at 37.740 USD in Mar 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 37.620 USD for Feb 2025. United States AHE: sa: PW: ML: Mining data is updated monthly, averaging 14.190 USD from Jan 1958 (Median) to Mar 2025, with 807 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 37.740 USD in Mar 2025 and a record low of 2.400 USD in May 1958. United States AHE: sa: PW: ML: Mining data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.G: Current Employment Statistics: Average Hourly Earnings: Production Workers: Seasonally Adjusted.

Key information about India GDP Per Capita

• India Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per Capita reached 2,301.418 USD in Mar 2022, compared with 1,971.654 USD in Mar 2021.
• India GDP Per Capita data is updated yearly, available from Mar 1958 to Mar 2022, with an average number of 323.238 USD.
• The data reached an all-time high of 2,301.418 USD in Mar 2022 and a record low of 70.396 in Mar 1958.
• CEIC calculates GDP per Capita from annual Nominal GDP and annual Population and converts it into USD. Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation provides Nominal GDP in local currency based on SNA 2008, at 2011-2012 prices and Population. Federal Reserve Board average market exchange rate is used for currency conversions. GDP per Capita is in annual frequency, ending in March of each year.

Related information about India GDP Per Capita data

• In the latest reports, India GDP expanded 4.358 % YoY in Dec 2022.
• India Nominal GDP reached 844.596 USD bn in Dec 2022.
• Its GDP deflator (implicit price deflator) increased 6.571 % in Dec 2022.
• Gross Savings Rate of India was measured at 30.151 % in Mar 2022.

About this dataset

Context

The dataset presents the median household incomes over the past decade across various racial categories identified by the U.S. Census Bureau in Montpelier town. It portrays the median household income of the head of household across racial categories (excluding ethnicity) as identified by the Census Bureau. It also showcases the annual income trends, between 2011 and 2021, providing insights into the economic shifts within diverse racial communities.The dataset can be utilized to gain insights into income disparities and variations across racial categories, aiding in data analysis and decision-making..

Key observations

• White: In Montpelier town, the median household income for the households where the householder is White increased by $1,958(2.48%), between 2011 and 2021. The median household income, in 2022 inflation-adjusted dollars, was $78,945 in 2011 and $80,903 in 2021.
• Black or African American: Even though there is a population where the householder is Black or African American, there was no median household income reported by the U.S. Census Bureau for both 2011 and 2021.
• Refer to the research insights for more key observations on American Indian and Alaska Native, Asian, Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, Some other race and Two or more races (multiracial) households

https://i.neilsberg.com/ch/montpelier-wi-median-household-income-by-race-trends.jpeg" alt="Montpelier, Wisconsin median household income trends across races (2011-2021, in 2022 inflation-adjusted dollars)">

Content

When available, the data consists of estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS) 2017-2021 5-Year Estimates.

Racial categories include:

• White
• Black or African American
• American Indian and Alaska Native
• Asian
• Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander
• Some other race
• Two or more races (multiracial)

Variables / Data Columns

• Race of the head of household: This column presents the self-identified race of the household head, encompassing all relevant racial categories (excluding ethnicity) applicable in Montpelier town.
• 2010: 2010 median household income
• 2011: 2011 median household income
• 2012: 2012 median household income
• 2013: 2013 median household income
• 2014: 2014 median household income
• 2015: 2015 median household income
• 2016: 2016 median household income
• 2017: 2017 median household income
• 2018: 2018 median household income
• 2019: 2019 median household income
• 2020: 2020 median household income
• 2021: 2021 median household income
• 2022: 2022 median household income
• Please note: 2020 1-Year ACS estimates data was not reported by Census Bureau due to impact on survey collection and analysis during COVID-19, thus for large cities (population 65,000 and above) median household income data is not available.
• Please note: All incomes have been adjusted for inflation and are presented in 2022-inflation-adjusted dollars.

Good to know

Margin of Error

Data in the dataset are based on the estimates and are subject to sampling variability and thus a margin of error. Neilsberg Research recommends using caution when presening these estimates in your research.

Custom data

If you do need custom data for any of your research project, report or presentation, you can contact our research staff at research@neilsberg.com for a feasibility of a custom tabulation on a fee-for-service basis.

Inspiration

Neilsberg Research Team curates, analyze and publishes demographics and economic data from a variety of public and proprietary sources, each of which often includes multiple surveys and programs. The large majority of Neilsberg Research aggregated datasets and insights is made available for free download at https://www.neilsberg.com/research/.

Recommended for further research

This dataset is a part of the main dataset for Montpelier town median household income by race. You can refer the same here