Denmark is the European country with the highest top statutory income tax rate as of 2024, with the Nordic country having a top taxation band of 55.9 percent. Other countries with high taxes on top earners included France, with a top rate of 55.4 percent, Austria, with a top rate of 55 percent, and Spain, with a top rate of 54 percent. Many countries in Europe have relatively high top income tax rates when compared with other regions globally, as these countries have relatively generous social systems funded by tax incomes. This is particularly the case in Western, Northern, and Central Europe, where the social state is generally stronger. On the other hand, formerly communist countries in the Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) region tend to have lower top income tax rates, with Romania and Bulgaria having the lowest rates in Europe in 2024, with their top income tax brackets both being only 10 percent. These countries often have less well-developed social systems, as well as the fact that they must compete to retain their workers against other European countries with higher average wages. In spite of low-income taxes, these countries may take other deductions from employee's wages such as pension and healthcare payments, which may not be included in income taxation as in other European countries.

The Corporate Tax Rate in France stands at 25 percent. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - France Corporate Tax Rate - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

France FR: Total Tax Rate: % of Profit data was reported at 62.200 % in 2017. This records a decrease from the previous number of 64.000 % for 2016. France FR: Total Tax Rate: % of Profit data is updated yearly, averaging 67.900 % from Dec 2005 (Median) to 2017, with 13 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 72.600 % in 2006 and a record low of 61.900 % in 2015. France FR: Total Tax Rate: % of Profit data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.World Bank.WDI: Company Statistics. Total tax rate measures the amount of taxes and mandatory contributions payable by businesses after accounting for allowable deductions and exemptions as a share of commercial profits. Taxes withheld (such as personal income tax) or collected and remitted to tax authorities (such as value added taxes, sales taxes or goods and service taxes) are excluded.; ; World Bank, Doing Business project (http://www.doingbusiness.org/).; Unweighted average; Data are presented for the survey year instead of publication year.

Between 2006 and 2022, the average monthly income per tax household in the City of Marseille, located in the south of France, as well as in the rest of France, has increased. It amounted to 1.267 euros in 2006 and had reached 2,117 euros in 2022. Over this period, the average monthly income of Marseille residents was lower than that of the rest of the French population, and the gap has even widened.

This dataset provides values for CORPORATE TAX RATE reported in several countries. The data includes current values, previous releases, historical highs and record lows, release frequency, reported unit and currency.

Between 2006 and 2020, the average monthly income per tax household in the region of Bretagne, located in northwestern France, as well as in the rest of the country, has increased. It amounted to 1.358 euros in 2005, and had reached 2,215 euros in 2020. Over this period, the average monthly income of Bretagne residents was lower than that of the rest of the French population, and the gap has even widened overall.

Portugal had the highest combined corporate income tax rate in 2023, reaching 31.5 percent, and was followed by Germany with a rate of 29.94 percent. On the other hand, Hungary had the lowest combined corporate income tax rate, reaching just nine percent in 2023.

Since 2012, the tax revenue in France has been increasing. Tax revenue in France comes from various types of tax. Income tax, corporate tax, and VAT represent most of the French state’s revenue. In 2021, the total public revenue in France reached 422.9 billion euros.

Value-Added Tax, main revenue of the French government

It appears that the amount of the revenue of the VAT in France has increased from 2012 to 2018. That year, the revenue of the Value-Added Tax reached 157 billion euros, compared to 146 billion in 2016. In 2021, the VAT represented a third of the tax revenues collected by the State in France. However, other types of taxes in France have also increased, like the income tax, which went from 60 billion euros in 2012, up to 75 billion in 2020.

A State in debt

France is considered to be one of the leading countries in Europe, but the nation has also one of the highest debt levels in the European Union. In 2017, a Eurostat survey displayed that France had a deficit and public debt amounting to 98.5 percent of the national GDP. In 2021, the government revenue reached 1.31 trillion euro, whereas its spending came to around 1.49 trillion euros. This difference between France’s income and spending causes difficulties for the country’s economy. The budget balance of the state keeps being negative, while the cost of interest on the debt of France came in at over 34 billion euros in 2017.

In France, the 2018 finance law provided that the carbon tax would increase from 44.6 to 55 euros per ton of CO2 in 2020. However, this increase was frozen following the Yellow Vests movement, the issue of carbon taxation being one of their core concerns. The increase in this tax, implemented in 2014 to limit gas emissions responsible for climate change, would have had a proportionally higher impact among the most modest households than among the wealthiest. Indeed, the differences in impact between living standards are significant, in particular, the first decile is largely more affected than the others.

The impact of this tax is one and a half times greater than the average impact on the population (0.2 percent of disposable income), and 2.6 times greater than the impact on the richest ten percent. The carbon component is integrated into energy taxes, based on the amount of greenhouse gases emitted by a product. Expressed in euros per ton of CO2, it is paid by individuals and companies, and integrated into the final price of gasoline, diesel, fuel oil or natural gas. It is also subject to value added tax.

According to the budget document voted for the year 2021 by the French government, the revenue collected by the State from sources other than taxation was assessed to reach over 21 billion euros that year.  

States’ revenues and expenses in France  

As of 2022, the total revenues of the French State amounted to over 422 billion euros, which represents an increase compared to the 360 billion euros from 2010. On the other hand, the state’s expenditure amounted to around 562 billion euros in 2020. The government’s general budget vote for 2019 was to be mainly consecrated to refunds and rebates, while 15.53 percent of the general budget was dedicated to school education.

  Taxation revenue in France  

Regarding the French State’s tax revenue, the main item generating revenues was the value-added tax (VAT) - which amounted to 114billion euros in 2020 - before the intakes from the income tax collection. The total amount collected from incomes taxes approached 100 million euros in 2021, an increase compared to ten years earlier (about 58 million euros in 2011).

This dataset provides values for SALES TAX RATE reported in several countries. The data includes current values, previous releases, historical highs and record lows, release frequency, reported unit and currency.

We compile raw data from the Datastream database for all stocks traded on the Spanish equity market. Particularly, we compile the following data series: (i) total return index (RI series), (ii) market value (MV series), (iii) market-to-book equity (PTBV series), (iv) total assets (WC02999 series), (v) return on equity (WC08301 series), (vi) dividend yield (DY series), (vii) price-to-earnings ratio (PE series), and (viii) effective tax rate (WC08346 series). We use the filters suggested by Griffin, Kelly, and Nardari (2010) for the Datastream database to exclude assets other than ordinary shares from our sample. Hence, our sample comprises 443 companies, including all firms that started trading within the time interval under study, as well as those that were delisted. As a proxy for the risk-free rate, we use the three-month Treasury Bill rate for Spain, as provided by the OECD. Accordingly, the dataset comprises the following series:

1. Spain_9_Portfolios_SIZE_BEME: Monthly returns for 9 size-book-to-market equity portfolios, following the Fama and French (1993) methodology. (Raw data source: Datastream database)
2. Spain_9_Portfolios_DY_PE: Monthly returns for 9 dividend yield-price-to-earnings ratio, following the Fama and French (1993) methodology. (Raw data source: Datastream database)
3. Spain_9_Portfolios_SIZE_TR: Monthly returns for 9 size-effective tax rate portfolios, following the Fama and French (1993) methodology. (Raw data source: Datastream database)
4. Spain_FF_3_Factors: Monthly returns for the constituents of the three classic factors of Fama and French, following the Fama and French (1993) methodology. (Raw data source: Datastream database)
5. Spain_FF_5_Factors: Monthly returns for the constituents of the five factors of Fama and French, following the Fama and French (2015) methodology. (Raw data source: Datastream database)
6. Spain_RF: Three-month Treasury Bill rate for Spain. (Raw data source: OECD)
7. Spain_Avg_Tax_Rate: Value-weighted effective tax rate paid by companies traded in Spain. (Raw data source: Datastream database)

REFERENCES:

Fama, E. F. and French, K. R. (1993). Common risk factors in the returns on stocks and bonds. Journal of Financial Economics, 33, 3–56. Fama, E. F. and French, K. R. (2015). A five-factor asset pricing model. Journal of Financial Economics, 116, 1–22. Griffin, J. M., Kelly, P., and Nardari, F. (2010). Do market efficiency measures yield correct inferences? A comparison of developed and emerging markets. Review of Financial Studies, 23, 3225–3277.

This dataset presents information on historical central government revenues for 31 countries in Europe and the Americas for the period from 1800 (or independence) to 2012. The countries included are: Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Denmark, Ecuador, Finland, France, Germany (West Germany between 1949 and 1990), Ireland, Italy, Japan, Mexico, New Zealand, Norway, Paraguay, Peru, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, the United States, Uruguay, and Venezuela. In other words, the dataset includes all South American, North American, and Western European countries with a population of more than one million, plus Australia, New Zealand, Japan, and Mexico. The dataset contains information on the public finances of central governments. To make such information comparable cross-nationally we have chosen to normalize nominal revenue figures in two ways: (i) as a share of the total budget, and (ii) as a share of total gross domestic product. The total tax revenue of the central state is disaggregated guided by the Government Finance Statistics Manual 2001 of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) which provides a classification of types of revenue, and describes in detail the contents of each classification category. Given the paucity of detailed historical data and the needs of our project, we combined some subcategories. First, we are interested in total tax revenue (centaxtot), as well as the shares of total revenue coming from direct (centaxdirectsh) and indirect (centaxindirectsh) taxes. Further, we measure two sub-categories of direct taxation, namely taxes on property (centaxpropertysh) and income (centaxincomesh). For indirect taxes, we separate excises (centaxexcisesh), consumption (centaxconssh), and customs(centaxcustomssh).

For a more detailed description of the dataset and the coding process, see the codebook available in the .zip-file.

Purpose:

This dataset presents information on historical central government revenues for 31 countries in Europe and the Americas for the period from 1800 (or independence) to 2012. The countries included are: Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Denmark, Ecuador, Finland, France, Germany (West Germany between 1949 and 1990), Ireland, Italy, Japan, Mexico, New Zealand, Norway, Paraguay, Peru, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, the United States, Uruguay, and Venezuela. In other words, the dataset includes all South American, North American, and Western European countries with a population of more than one million, plus Australia, New Zealand, Japan, and Mexico. The dataset contains information on the public finances of central governments. To make such information comparable cross-nationally we have chosen to normalize nominal revenue figures in two ways: (i) as a share of the total budget, and (ii) as a share of total gross domestic product. The total tax revenue of the central state is disaggregated guided by the Government Finance Statistics Manual 2001 of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) which provides a classification of types of revenue, and describes in detail the contents of each classification category. Given the paucity of detailed historical data and the needs of our project, we combined some subcategories. First, we are interested in total tax revenue (centaxtot), as well as the shares of total revenue coming from direct (centaxdirectsh) and indirect (centaxindirectsh) taxes. Further, we measure two sub-categories of direct taxation, namely taxes on property (centaxpropertysh) and income (centaxincomesh). For indirect taxes, we separate excises (centaxexcisesh), consumption (centaxconssh), and customs(centaxcustomssh).

In 2019, the average disposable income in France reached over 38,400 euros. According to the source, the average annual disposable income in France picked in 2011, at 38,790 euros. In 2020, the total gross disposable income of French households reached about 1,495 billion euros, compared to 1,291.9 billion euros in 2011.

French households’ disposable income

The disposable income of a household includes income from work (net of social contributions), income from wealth, transfers from other households and social benefits (including pensions and unemployment benefits), net of direct taxes. Thus, the average annual household disposable income in France has been oscillating between 33,640 and 38,790 euros. From 2016 to 2020, the change in the gross disposable income of French households has always been positive. France was one of the European countries with the highest household disposable income in 2019.

Households spending in France

In 2021, the household consumption spending as a share of GDP in France reached 52.67 percent. French households spent over 145 billion euros for food in 2016. Two years later, in 2018, in a survey conducted by BVA, most of responding French declared that they spent between 50 and 149 euros on food per week. Regarding other expense areas, recreational and cultural services households’ expenditure represented more than 32 billion euros. However, a lot of middle-income households in France stated having difficulties to make ends meet in 2017.

This statistic shows the personal income tax rates in the Benelux region (which consists of Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands) in 2022. As of 2022, the personal income tax rate in Belgium reached 52.9 percent, which was the highest in the Benelux region. The personal income tax rate for the Netherlands was 49.5 percent, and for Luxembourg it was 45.8 percent.

The Local Direct Taxation Elements (LTT) Census File is an aggregated file at municipal level. It details all the data on direct local taxation by tax and by beneficiary collectivity (municipal, trade unions and similar, inter-municipal, department, region). These data relate exclusively to primitive taxes, i.e. do not take into account additional taxes resulting from omissions or inadequacies of the initial tax. This file contains, in particular, information on the following main local taxes: - the property tax on unbuilt property (TFPNB); - the property tax on built property (TFPB); - the housing tax (TH); - the business property tax (CFE); - the contribution on the added value of companies (CVAE); - the special equipment tax for the region of Île-de-France and public establishments (TSE); - the household waste collection tax (TEOM); - flat-rate charges on network undertakings (Ifer); - the tax on commercial areas (Tascom). It also includes information on ancillary taxes for the benefit of chambers of agriculture, the agricultural accident insurance fund, chambers of commerce and industry and chambers of trade.

This study contains selected demographic, social, economic, public policy, and political comparative data for Switzerland, Canada, France, and Mexico for the decades of 1900-1960. Each dataset presents comparable data at the province or district level for each decade in the period. Various derived measures, such as percentages, ratios, and indices, constitute the bulk of these datasets. Data for Switzerland contain information for all cantons for each decennial year from 1900 to 1960. Variables describe population characteristics, such as the age of men and women, county and commune of origin, ratio of foreigners to Swiss, percentage of the population from other countries such as Germany, Austria and Lichtenstein, Italy, and France, the percentage of the population that were Protestants, Catholics, and Jews, births, deaths, infant mortality rates, persons per household, population density, the percentage of urban and agricultural population, marital status, marriages, divorces, professions, factory workers, and primary, secondary, and university students. Economic variables provide information on the number of corporations, factory workers, economic status, cultivated land, taxation and tax revenues, canton revenues and expenditures, federal subsidies, bankruptcies, bank account deposits, and taxable assets. Additional variables provide political information, such as national referenda returns, party votes cast in National Council elections, and seats in the cantonal legislature held by political groups such as the Peasants, Socialists, Democrats, Catholics, Radicals, and others. Data for Canada provide information for all provinces for the decades 1900-1960 on population characteristics, such as national origin, the net internal migration per 1,000 of native population, population density per square mile, the percentage of owner-occupied dwellings, the percentage of urban population, the percentage of change in population from preceding censuses, the percentage of illiterate population aged 5 years and older, and the median years of schooling. Economic variables provide information on per capita personal income, total provincial revenue and expenditure per capita, the percentage of the labor force employed in manufacturing and in agriculture, the average number of employees per manufacturing establishment, assessed value of real property per capita, the average number of acres per farm, highway and rural road mileage, transportation and communication, the number of telephones per 100 population, and the number of motor vehicles registered per 1,000 population. Additional variables on elections and votes are supplied as well. Data for France provide information for all departements for all legislative elections since 1936, the two presidential elections of 1965 and 1969, and several referenda held in the period since 1958. Social and economic data are provided for the years 1946, 1954, and 1962, while various policy data are presented for the period 1959-1962. Variables provide information on population characteristics, such as the percentages of population by age group, foreign-born, bachelors aged 20 to 59, divorced men aged 25 and older, elementary school students in private schools, elementary school students per million population from 1966 to 1967, the number of persons in household in 1962, infant mortality rates per million births, and the number of priests per 10,000 population in 1946. Economic variables focus on the Gross National Product (GNP), the revenue per capita per household, personal income per capita, income tax, the percentage of active population in industry, construction and public works, transportation, hotels, public administration, and other jobs, the percentage of skilled and unskilled industrial workers, the number of doctors per 10,000 population, the number of agricultural cooperatives in 1946, the average hectares per farm, the percentage of farms cultivated by the owner, tenants, and sharecroppers, the number of workhorses, cows, and oxen per 100 hectares of farmland in 1946, and the percentages of automobiles per 1,000 population, radios per 100 homes, and cinema seats per 1,000 population. Data are also provided on the percentage of Communists (PCF), Socialists, Radical Socialists, Conservatives, Gaullists, Moderates, Poujadists, Independents, Turnouts, and other political groups and p

This graph presents the amount of taxes on companies in France in 2022, according to the type of tax. That year, capital taxation in France recorded more than 26 billion euros from taxes on the capital of companies.

In France, in 2021, the average net monthly income of people living in the Île-de-France region was around 3,218 euros. In comparison, men living in this same region earned almost 3,400 euros per month, while women received around 2,970 euros. Overall, French people living in the region around Paris were the richest, meanwhile the population living on La Réunion island was the poorest, with an average net monthly income of 2,123 euros.

In 2021 in France, the average net monthly full-time equivalent salary was 2,524 euros. That year, 10 percent of the poorest French employees earned less than 1,366 euros per month. On the other hand, 10 percent of the richest French employees received more than 4,010 euros. The French people who were part of the richest one percent of the working population earned a salary over 9,602 euros per month.