The Long Depression was, by a large margin, the longest-lasting recession in U.S. history. It began in the U.S. with the Panic of 1873, and lasted for over five years. This depression was the largest in a series of recessions at the turn of the 20th century, which proved to be a period of overall stagnation as the U.S. financial markets failed to keep pace with industrialization and changes in monetary policy. Great Depression The Great Depression, however, is widely considered to have been the most severe recession in U.S. history. Following the Wall Street Crash in 1929, the country's economy collapsed, wages fell and a quarter of the workforce was unemployed. It would take almost four years for recovery to begin. Additionally, U.S. expansion and integration in international markets allowed the depression to become a global event, which became a major catalyst in the build up to the Second World War. Decreasing severity When comparing recessions before and after the Great Depression, they have generally become shorter and less frequent over time. Only three recessions in the latter period have lasted more than one year. Additionally, while there were 12 recessions between 1880 and 1920, there were only six recessions between 1980 and 2020. The most severe recession in recent years was the financial crisis of 2007 (known as the Great Recession), where irresponsible lending policies and lack of government regulation allowed for a property bubble to develop and become detached from the economy over time, this eventually became untenable and the bubble burst. Although the causes of both the Great Depression and Great Recession were similar in many aspects, economists have been able to use historical evidence to try and predict, prevent, or limit the impact of future recessions.

Graph and download economic data for Dates of U.S. recessions as inferred by GDP-based recession indicator (JHDUSRGDPBR) from Q4 1967 to Q3 2025 about recession indicators, GDP, and USA.

As of February 2026, the probability of an economic recession in the United States over the next 12 months stood at ***** percent. This reflected an increased likelihood compared to the previous month. By January 2027, it is projected to decrease to a likelihood of ***** percent.

Graph and download economic data for Real-time Sahm Rule Recession Indicator (SAHMREALTIME) from Dec 1959 to Feb 2026 about recession indicators, academic data, and USA.

View monthly updates and historical trends for US Recession Probability. from United States. Source: Federal Reserve Bank of New York. Track economic data…

The 2020 recession did not follow the trend of previous recessions in the United States because only six months elapsed between the yield curve inversion and the 2020 recession. Over the last five decades, 12 months, on average, has elapsed between the initial yield curve inversion and the beginning of a recession in the United States. For instance, the yield curve inverted initially in January 2006, which was 22 months before the start of the 2008 recession. A yield curve inversion refers to the event where short-term Treasury bonds, such as one or three month bonds, have higher yields than longer term bonds, such as three or five year bonds. This is unusual, because long-term investments typically have higher yields than short-term ones in order to reward investors for taking on the extra risk of longer term investments. Monthly updates on the Treasury yield curve can be seen here.

The COVID-19 pandemic saw growth fall by 2.2 percent, compared with an increase of 2.5 percent the year before. The last time the real GDP growth rates fell by a similar level was during the Great Recession in 2009, and the only other time since the Second World War where real GDP fell by more than one percent was in the early 1980s recession. The given records began following the Wall Street Crash in 1929, and GDP growth fluctuated greatly between the Great Depression and the 1950s, before growth became more consistent.

There have been ups and downs in the history of the Dow Jones Industrial Average index (DJIA). Some years brought as much as ** percent of decrease in its value. Great Recession, however, took the largest toll on the Dow. In 1931, the index lost ***** percent of its value.

Index history

Dow Jones Industrial Average index (DJIA) is one of the most important stock market indices worldwide. It was created in 1896 by Charles Dow and Edward Jones. DJIA is the second oldest U.S. stock index after the Dow Jones Transportation Average, which was established in 1984.

Index components

DJIA reflects the performance of thirty large U.S. publicly traded companies. When the index was created, it was primarily composed of industrial companies, hence the index name. With time, the economic situation in the U.S. has changed and apart from industrial companies, which played a huge role in the market in the **** and the beginning of the **** century, also companies from other leading industries were incorporated into the index. At present, the DJIA index is composed of most renowned U.S. corporations, such as Coca Cola, Microsoft or Walt Disney.

During the Great Recession, governments across the continent implemented austerity policies. A large literature claims that such policies are surprisingly popular and have few electoral costs. This article revisits this question by studying the popularity of governments during the economic crisis. The authors assemble a pooled time-series data set for monthly support for ruling parties from fifteen European countries and treat austerity packages as intervention variables to the underlying popularity series. Using time-series analysis, this permits the careful tracking of the impact of austerity packages over time. The main empirical contributions are twofold. First, the study shows that, on average, austerity packages hurt incumbent parties in opinion polls. Secondly, it demonstrates that the magnitude of this electoral punishment is contingent on the economic and political context: in instances of rising unemployment, the involvement of external creditors and high protest intensity, the cumulative impact of austerity on government popularity becomes considerable.

The Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) is a stock market index used to analyze trends in the stock market. While many economists prefer to use other, market-weighted indices (the DJIA is price-weighted) as they are perceived to be more representative of the overall market, the Dow Jones remains one of the most commonly-used indices today, and its longevity allows for historical events and long-term trends to be analyzed over extended periods of time. Average changes in yearly closing prices, for example, shows how markets developed year on year. Figures were more sporadic in early years, but the impact of major events can be observed throughout. For example, the occasions where a decrease of more than 25 percent was observed each coincided with a major recession; these include the Post-WWI Recession in 1920, the Great Depression in 1929, the Recession of 1937-38, the 1973-75 Recession, and the Great Recession in 2008.

How do fast growing firms weather recession? Do they change strategy? Do they invest aggressively when others retrench, or go ex-growth and stick to their knitting? Gulati, Nohria and Wohlgezogen (2010) identified four strategies at play in their study of 4700 firms during three recession periods. We apply their methods to a study of Fortune’s top 100 fastest growing firms of 2015-2018, 40% of which are 20 years or older and 80% are 10 years or older. We follow these firms through three recession periods, including what we are calling “the lead up to a new recession” (2013-2018), the Great Recession (2005-2012) and the Tech Bust (1999-2004).

Firm and industry data for SG&A, PP&E, R&D, RPE are derived from the FT Mergent Database, 1999-2018. We calculate the compound average growth for each area of business investment for each firm and each industry (where this data is available in Mergent) for the entire period.

We found in every recession period (including the period we are calling "Lead Up to a New Recession, 2013-2018), top growing firms making a focused strategic decision to delay SG&A investment or PP&E or R&D depending firm strategy and customer needs, rather than fit with industry. Based on our study of compromises made by firms between 2013-2018, we can see that the top 100 firms preferred to subsidize investment in SG&A, PP&E or R&D not by reducing cost of goods sold, but instead by reinvesting CapEx back into the business.

Subjective well-being changes from 2006/7 to 2009/2010 (individual recession exposure characteristics, pre-recession demographic and socio-economic variables): Differences relative to an uneducated average aged man, living in in London, and who remained employed.

Inflation is generally defined as the continued increase in the average prices of goods and services in a given region. Following the extremely high global inflation experienced in the 1980s and 1990s, global inflation has been relatively stable since the turn of the millennium, usually hovering between three and five percent per year. There was a sharp increase in 2008 due to the global financial crisis now known as the Great Recession, but inflation was fairly stable throughout the 2010s, before the current inflation crisis began in 2021. Recent years Despite the economic impact of the coronavirus pandemic, the global inflation rate fell to 3.26 percent in the pandemic's first year, before rising to 4.66 percent in 2021. This increase came as the impact of supply chain delays began to take more of an effect on consumer prices, before the Russia-Ukraine war exacerbated this further. A series of compounding issues such as rising energy and food prices, fiscal instability in the wake of the pandemic, and consumer insecurity have created a new global recession, and global inflation in 2024 is estimated to have reached 5.76 percent. This is the highest annual increase in inflation since 1996. Venezuela Venezuela is the country with the highest individual inflation rate in the world, forecast at around 200 percent in 2022. While this is figure is over 100 times larger than the global average in most years, it actually marks a decrease in Venezuela's inflation rate, which had peaked at over 65,000 percent in 2018. Between 2016 and 2021, Venezuela experienced hyperinflation due to the government's excessive spending and printing of money in an attempt to curve its already-high inflation rate, and the wave of migrants that left the country resulted in one of the largest refugee crises in recent years. In addition to its economic problems, political instability and foreign sanctions pose further long-term problems for Venezuela. While hyperinflation may be coming to an end, it remains to be seen how much of an impact this will have on the economy, how living standards will change, and how many refugees may return in the coming years.

Inflow rate, average slope, Manning’s roughness, inflow duration, advance time, CR, infiltrated volume, and KE equation coefficients for each irrigated bordera.

Abstract This case series reports a modified tunnel technique with connective tissue graft for the root coverage of multiple Miller Class I, II, and III gingival recessions. The modified approach presents an innovative suture technique to improve the stability and position of the graft. Ten patients with multiple gingival recessions (n=85 teeth) received surgical root coverage treatment. The gingival recession height and width were measured and presented as median, minimum, and maximum values. The percentage of the root coverage after at least 12 months expressed the treatment effectiveness. The Shapiro-Wilk test evaluated the normality; pared Wilcoxon test determined the exact P-value for the differences in the height of the gingival recession before and after surgical treatment (α = 0.05). An average of 97.9% (± 5.6%, p < 0.0001) root coverage after treatment occurred, and 73 out of 85 recessions presented complete root coverage after 12 months. Treatment of Miller class I and II gingival recessions resulted in root coverage higher than 99 and class III higher than 95% (p < 0.0001). The presented case series report the efficacy of a modified surgical technique promoting more than 95% of root coverage after 12 months in multiple Miller Class I, II, and III gingival recessions. Well-designed blind randomized controlled trials are needed to validate the proposed technique.

The Ahklun Mountains support the only extant glaciers in western Alaska. The glaciers were originally mapped by the U.S. Geological Survey using photogrammetry methods based on 1972 - 1973 aerial photos. We surveyed for presence or absence of the glaciers by fixed-wing aircraft in 2006. Of 109 glaciers originally mapped, 10 (9%) had disappeared. Using aerial imagery of a subset of 76 glaciers at three time steps between 1957 - 2009, we determined the average rate of areal loss was 45% over 52 years. At this rate, it is likely that all Ahklun Mountain glaciers will be extinguished by the end of the current century.

View economic output, reported as the nominal value of all new goods and services produced by labor and property located in the U.S.

Mean dry season prey biomass (measured as wet weight) and mean prey length (pooled across all sites) for 2005–2010 dry seasons.

This statistic depicts the average trips made per month by U.S. shoppers in 2014, by channel. During that period, U.S. shoppers made, on average, *** trip per month to dollar stores.Shopping behavior: Shopping patternsTrip behavior has been on the slow decline for several years. But, a more granular assessment of shopping trip behavior tells a more complex story. The grocery channel still clearly holds the lion's share of CPG trips. However, like most CPG channels, this one saw frequency decline in 2014.These declines are caused by a number of factors. The economic downturn and fluctuating -- sometimes very high -- gas prices have left an indelible mark on shoppers, and many recession-driven efforts to conserve money have become long-standing CPG habits. Competition for share of spending has also escalated as retailers hone assortments and store formats in an effort to win over shoppers and, ultimately, find new ways to grow in an evolving marketplace.During the past year, several value channels such as club and dollar have experienced increased trip frequency. Some of the momentum these channels are experiencing can be explained by changing trip mission strategies. For example, pantry-stocking missions, which are shopping trips in which consumers purchase relatively large baskets of goods in an effort to stock their pantry for the upcoming week, have recovered from the economic downturn and are key in regards to club channels.Dollar channel growth is being supported by a number of factors, including increased store population, beefed-up assortments, and store remodels that are helping to increase channel appeal among middle and upper-income consumers.Advancing technology, evolving demography and a transforming economy are coming together to catalyze an industry revolution like none before. An understanding of these factors is a required foundation for building a bridge of near constant and real-time communication with these shoppers that will drive purchase behavior and solidify long-term shopper loyalty.

Productivity in the United States increased to 119.64 points in the fourth quarter of 2025 from 118.81 points in the third quarter of 2025. This dataset provides - United States Productivity - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.