As of 2024, around ** percent of Indonesians aged 15 years and above had completed senior high school or more. On the other hand, nearly ***** percent of Indonesians never went to school. Education quality and employment In Indonesia, completing 12 years of education is mandatory, which consists of six years of primary school, three years of middle school, and three years of high school. Despite the decreasing unemployment rate over the years, many high-school and even university graduates still struggled to find jobs, highlighting the urgency in aligning the education system in Indonesia with the job market demands. Access to education While progress has been made in expanding access to education in Indonesia, many obstacles are still found in certain areas. Economic factors are said to be the leading issue in pursuing higher education, forcing many students to drop out of school to contribute to their family’s income. In 2024, Mountains Papua had the highest share of students who had to work and study simultaneously. The government has been gradually increasing the budget for education in Indonesia, including specific budget allocations for higher education and the 12-year compulsory education program, aiming to improve access and equity in education.

In 2023, approximately ***** percent of the female population who attended school in Indonesia completed their senior high school, slightly higher than the male population. The education completion rate in Indonesia decreases as the education level gets higher.

Indonesia: Ratio of female to male students in tertiary level education: The latest value from 2023 is 1.2 percent, an increase from 1.18 percent in 2022. In comparison, the world average is 1.16 percent, based on data from 62 countries. Historically, the average for Indonesia from 1970 to 2023 is 0.86 percent. The minimum value, 0.33 percent, was reached in 1970 while the maximum of 1.2 percent was recorded in 2023.

Indonesia Monthly Average Wage: By Education (BE): Rural data was reported at 1,852,039.000 IDR in 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 1,751,981.000 IDR for 2017. Indonesia Monthly Average Wage: By Education (BE): Rural data is updated yearly, averaging 709,477.000 IDR from Aug 1997 (Median) to 2018, with 22 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1,852,039.000 IDR in 2018 and a record low of 207,335.000 IDR in 1997. Indonesia Monthly Average Wage: By Education (BE): Rural data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Central Bureau of Statistics. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Indonesia – Table ID.GBB003: Monthly Average Wage: by Education Level.

As of 2024, there were 848 active private universities with religious affiliation in Indonesia. Overall, the number of private universities with religious affiliation in the country has been increasing over the past decade.

In 2024, there were around 168,830 lecturers in private universities in Indonesia. Private universities in Indonesia operate on budgets that are almost entirely tuition-fee driven, and students get limited, if any, financial support from the government to attend such universities. In the same year, around 4.6 million students were enrolled in private universities in Indonesia.

Indonesia Monthly Average Wage: BE: Urban: Bachelor data was reported at 5,077,426.000 IDR in 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 4,991,029.000 IDR for 2017. Indonesia Monthly Average Wage: BE: Urban: Bachelor data is updated yearly, averaging 2,371,129.500 IDR from Aug 1997 (Median) to 2018, with 22 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 5,077,426.000 IDR in 2018 and a record low of 578,021.000 IDR in 1997. Indonesia Monthly Average Wage: BE: Urban: Bachelor data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Central Bureau of Statistics. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Indonesia – Table ID.GBB003: Monthly Average Wage: by Education Level.

Indonesia Monthly Average Wage: BE: Male: Junior High School: General data was reported at 2,054,708.000 IDR in 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 1,938,093.000 IDR for 2017. Indonesia Monthly Average Wage: BE: Male: Junior High School: General data is updated yearly, averaging 820,595.000 IDR from Aug 1996 (Median) to 2018, with 23 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2,054,708.000 IDR in 2018 and a record low of 202,494.000 IDR in 1996. Indonesia Monthly Average Wage: BE: Male: Junior High School: General data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Central Bureau of Statistics. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Indonesia – Table ID.GBB003: Monthly Average Wage: by Education Level.

In 2023, the average consumption of cigarettes among adults who completed elementary school in Indonesia was the highest, with approximately 13 sticks per day. Despite the increase in excise duty for cigarettes and tobacco products by the Indonesian government, the prevalence of smoking among adults remains high in the country, especially among men.

In the 2024/2025 school year, there were approximately 360,000 active senior high school teachers in Indonesia. East, Central and West Java have the most teachers, as they have the most students compared to other provinces in Indonesia.

Indonesia Monthly Average Wage: BE: Female: Primary School data was reported at 1,114,228.000 IDR in 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 1,016,353.000 IDR for 2017. Indonesia Monthly Average Wage: BE: Female: Primary School data is updated yearly, averaging 427,966.000 IDR from Aug 1996 (Median) to 2018, with 23 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1,114,228.000 IDR in 2018 and a record low of 69,360.000 IDR in 1996. Indonesia Monthly Average Wage: BE: Female: Primary School data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Central Bureau of Statistics. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Indonesia – Table ID.GBB003: Monthly Average Wage: by Education Level.

In 2023, approximately 0.65 percent of women in Indonesia who were between seven and 24 years old have never attended school. In comparison, around 0.74 percent of Indonesian men in the same age range never went to school.

This research is a study of literacy, dialogue and interfaith religious sensitivity of educators in schools, madrasahs and Islamic boarding schools. The research was conducted in four cities/regencies in Indonesia, namely Manado City, Makassar City, Salatiga City, and Poso Regency. Data collection was conducted using questionnaires and semi-structured interviews with 80 educators, especially religious teachers, as respondents. Educational institutions and informants were selected purposively. The focus of the research questions is how is the quality of interfaith religious literacy of educators in schools, madrasahs and Islamic boarding schools; what are their views on the importance of interfaith literacy in the education process in Indonesia; what are their views on the importance of interfaith dialogue in everyday life; and what is the orientation of their religious sensitivity as educators. The results of this study provide an overview of the position of literacy, dialogue, and interfaith religious sensitivity among educators in Indonesia, namely in schools, madrasahs, and Islamic boarding schools at the same time. The results of the study show that the average teacher has a level of interfaith knowledge below six. This means that their interfaith knowledge tends to be low. In terms of their views on interfaith literacy, most teachers have a minimalist view of the need for interfaith knowledge as educators, especially in the field of religion. Interfaith knowledge for them is just enough. Then, in terms of their views on interfaith dialogue in everyday life, they also have views besides being minimalist, also instrumentalist. Interfaith dialogue for most of them is not something that is very important to do with various considerations. Finally, in terms of the orientation of interfaith religious sensitivity, they tend to be minimalist on average and simply accept the existence of other religions without being followed by a desire to adapt, let alone integrate across religions. Thus, teachers, especially religious teachers, who are the respondents with the largest presentation in this study have not been able to carry out their function as agents of developing interfaith relations to create good relations between adherents of religions based on good interfaith knowledge and understanding.

Indonesia Monthly Average Wage: BE: Rural: Junior High School: General data was reported at 1,773,759.000 IDR in 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 1,649,717.000 IDR for 2017. Indonesia Monthly Average Wage: BE: Rural: Junior High School: General data is updated yearly, averaging 670,729.000 IDR from Aug 1997 (Median) to 2018, with 22 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1,773,759.000 IDR in 2018 and a record low of 209,628.000 IDR in 1997. Indonesia Monthly Average Wage: BE: Rural: Junior High School: General data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Central Bureau of Statistics. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Indonesia – Table ID.GBB003: Monthly Average Wage: by Education Level.

Indonesia Monthly Average Wage: BE: Urban: Senior High School: Vocational data was reported at 2,824,782.000 IDR in 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 2,746,903.000 IDR for 2017. Indonesia Monthly Average Wage: BE: Urban: Senior High School: Vocational data is updated yearly, averaging 1,163,859.500 IDR from Aug 1997 (Median) to 2018, with 22 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2,824,782.000 IDR in 2018 and a record low of 315,668.000 IDR in 1997. Indonesia Monthly Average Wage: BE: Urban: Senior High School: Vocational data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Central Bureau of Statistics. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Indonesia – Table ID.GBB003: Monthly Average Wage: by Education Level.

In the 2024/2025 school year, there were approximately 337,310 teachers in vocational high schools in Indonesia. Sekolah menengah kejuruan, or vocational high schools, offers three-year courses in technology and engineering, health, arts and craft, tourism, ICT, agro-business and agro-technology, and business management. About five million students attended vocational high school in Indonesia in that same year.

Abstract

PNPM Generasi known as the National Community Empowerment Program - Healthy and Smart Generation (Program National Pemberdayaan Masyarakat-Generasi Sehat dan Cerdas) began in mid-2007 in rural areas of five Indonesian provinces selected by the government: West Java, East Java, North Sulawesi, Gorontalo, and Nusa Tenggara Timur. The Generasi project is implemented by Indonesia’s Ministry of Home Affairs, and is funded through government of Indonesia resources, loans from the World Bank and grants from several bilateral donors.

In Generasi, all participating villages receive a block grant each year to improve education, and maternal and child health in their villages. The village block grants ranged from an average of $8,500 in 2007 up to an average of $18,200 in 2009.

In order to evaluate the overall impact of Generasi, as well as to separately identify the impact of Generasi's performance incentives, program locations were selected by lottery to form a randomized, controlled field experiment. Each location was randomly allocated to one of two versions of the program: an "incentivized" treatment with the pay-for-performance component (treatment A) and an otherwise identical "non-incentivized" treatment without the pay-for-performance incentives (treatment B).

The impact evaluation project was conducted from 2007 until 2010, in three waves. Documented here is the baseline round, carried out from June to August 2007, prior to Generasi implementation.

The sample for the research covered each of the 300 subdistricts that were included in the original Generasi randomization. In each subdistrict, eight villages were randomly selected (unless the subdistrict had fewer than eight villages, in which case all were selected). Overall, 2,313 villages were sampled in each of the three survey waves.

The data for the impact analysis was gathered from surveys of households, mothers, health service providers, and school and village officials.

Geographic coverage

West Java, East Java, North Sulawesi, Gorontalo, and Nusa Tenggara Timur provinces

Analysis unit

• Households,
• Married women, age 16-49,
• Children age 6-15, respondent: mother of the child,
• Children age < 3, respondent: mother of the child,
• Villages,
• Community health centers (Puskesmas),
• Village midwives,
• Village health posts,
• Junior secondary schools.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

In order to evaluate the overall impact of Generasi, as well as to separately identify the impact of Generasi's performance incentives, Generasi locations were selected by lottery to form a randomized, controlled field experiment.

The Generasi randomization was conducted at the subdistrict (kecamatan) level, so that all villages within the subdistrict either received the same treatment of Generasi (treatment A or treatment B) or were in the control group. Randomizing at the subdistrict level is important since many health and education services, such as community health centers (puskesmas) and junior secondary schools, provide services to multiple villages within a subdistrict.

The Generasi locations were selected through the following procedure. First, 300 target subdistricts were identified, targeting poor, rural areas that had an existing community-driven development infrastructure.

Each subdistrict was then randomly assigned by computer into one of three equal-sized groups: treatment A, incentivized (100 subdistricts); treatment B, non-incentivized (100 subdistricts); or control (100 subdistricts). Within a subdistrict, all villages received the same treatment. The randomization was stratified by district (kabupaten), to ensure a balanced randomization across the 20 different districts in the study.

The sampling design for the household component of the Generasi surveys was chosen to ensure adequate coverage in the key Generasi demographic groups: mothers who recently were pregnant or gave birth, children under age three, and children of school age. Within each village, one hamlet (dusun) was randomly selected, and a list of all households was obtained from the head of the hamlet. Five households were randomly sampled from that list to be interviewed. These households were stratified so that two selected households had at least one child under age two, two selected households had a child under age 15 but no children under age two, and one household had no children under age 15.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Indonesia Monthly Average Wage: By Education (BE): Female data was reported at 2,178,134.000 IDR in 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 2,070,274.000 IDR for 2017. Indonesia Monthly Average Wage: By Education (BE): Female data is updated yearly, averaging 814,142.000 IDR from Aug 1996 (Median) to 2018, with 23 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2,178,134.000 IDR in 2018 and a record low of 153,737.000 IDR in 1996. Indonesia Monthly Average Wage: By Education (BE): Female data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Central Bureau of Statistics. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Indonesia – Table ID.GBB003: Monthly Average Wage: by Education Level.

In 2024, the highest educational attainment of around 25.2 million workers working in the agriculture, forestry, hunting, and fisheries sector in Indonesia was primary school. In comparison, there were around 800 thousand agricultural workers who finished college that year.

Indonesia Monthly Average Wage: By Education (BE) data was reported at 2,554,703.000 IDR in 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 2,442,499.000 IDR for 2017. Indonesia Monthly Average Wage: By Education (BE) data is updated yearly, averaging 730,753.000 IDR from Aug 1991 (Median) to 2018, with 27 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2,554,703.000 IDR in 2018 and a record low of 101,651.000 IDR in 1991. Indonesia Monthly Average Wage: By Education (BE) data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Central Bureau of Statistics. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Indonesia – Table ID.GBB003: Monthly Average Wage: by Education Level.